Fisher v Bell

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Fisher v Bell, [1961] 1 Q.B. 394 (1960)
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*394
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Fisher v Bell.
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10 November 1960
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[1960] 3 W.L.R. 919
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[1961] 1 Q.B. 394
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Divisional Court
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Lord Parker C.J. , Ashworth and Elwes JJ.
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1960 Nov. 10.
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Crime\u8212\'3fOffensive weapon\u8212\'3f\rdblquote Offers for sale\rdblquote \
u8212\'3f\rdblquote Flick knife\rdblquote displayed in shop window with ticket
bearing description and price\u8212\'3fWhether an offence committed\u8212\'3f
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Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act, 1959 (7 & 8 Eliz. 2, c. 37), s. 1 (1)
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.
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Statute\u8212\'3fConstruction\u8212\'3fOmission\u8212\'3fInterpretation of words
used\u8212\'3fNo power in court to fill in gaps.
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A shopkeeper displayed in his shop window a knife of the type commonly known as a \
ldblquote flick knife\rdblquote with a ticket behind it bearing the words \
ldblquote Ejector knife - 4s.\rdblquote An information was preferred against him
by the police alleging that he had offered the knife for sale contrary to
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section 1 (1) of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act, 1959
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but the justices concluded that no offence had been committed under the section
and dismissed the information. On appeal by the prosecutor:-
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Held, that in the absence of any definition in the Act extending the meaning of \
ldblquote offer for sale,\rdblquote that term must be given the meaning attributed
to it in the ordinary law of contract, and as thereunder the display of goods in a
shop window with a price ticket attached was merely an invitation to treat and not
an offer
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*395
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for sale the acceptance of which constituted a contract, the justices had
correctly concluded that no offence had been committed.
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Keating v. Horwood(1926) 28 Cox C.C. 198
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, D.C. and
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Wiles v. Maddison[1943] W.N. 40; [1943] 1 All E.R. 315
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, D.C. distinguished.
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Per
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Lord Parker C.J. At first sight it seems absurd that knives of this sort cannot be
manufactured, sold, hired, lent or given, but can apparently be displayed in shop
windows; but even if this is a casus omissus it is not for the court to supply the
omission.
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CASE STATED by Bristol justices.
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On December 14, 1959, an information was preferred by Chief Inspector George
Fisher, of the Bristol Constabulary, against James Charles Bell, the defendant,
alleging that the defendant, on October 26, 1959, at his premises in The Arcade,
Broadmead, Bristol, unlawfully did offer for sale a knife which had a blade which
opened automatically by hand pressure applied to a device attached to the handle of
the knife (commonly referred to as a \ldblquote flick knife\rdblquote ) contrary to
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section 1 of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act, 1959
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The justices heard the information on February 3, 1960, and found the following
facts: The defendant was the occupier of a shop and premises situate at 15-16, The
Arcade, Broadmead, at which premises he carried on business as a retail shopkeeper
trading under the name of Bell\rquote s Music Shop. At 3.15 p.m. on October 26,
1959, Police Constable John Kingston saw displayed in the window of the shop
amongst other articles a knife, behind which was a ticket upon which the words \
ldblquote Ejector knife - 4s.\rdblquote were printed. The words referred to the
knife in question. The police constable entered the shop, saw the defendant, and
said he had reason to believe it was a flick knife displayed in the shop window. He
asked if he might examine the knife. The defendant removed the knife from the
window and said he had had other policemen in there about the knives. The constable
examined the knife and pursuant to the invitation of the defendant took it away
from the premises for examination by a superintendent of police. Later the same day
he returned to the defendant\rquote s premises and informed him that in his opinion
the knife was a flick knife.
}
The defendant said \ldblquote Why do manufacturers still bring them round for us to
sell?\rdblquote The constable informed the defendant that he would be reported for
offering for sale a flick knife and the defendant replied \ldblquote Fair enough.\
rdblquote
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*396
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It was contended by the prosecutor that the defendant by his actions in displaying
the knife in the window with the ticket behind it and referring to it, such actions
being carried out with the object of attracting the attention of a buyer of such
knife and selling the same to such buyer, had on the day in question offered the
knife for sale within the meaning of the
}
"http://uk.westlaw.com/Document/I81E49370E44811DA8D70A0E70A78ED65/View/
FullText.html?
Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act, 1959
}}}
.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
It was contended by the defendant that on the facts he at no time offered the knife
for sale within the meaning of the Act.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The justices were of opinion that in the absence of a definition in the Act of
1959, the words \ldblquote offer for sale\rdblquote ought to be construed as they
were in the law of contract, so that, in this instance, the defendant\rquote s
action was but an invitation to treat, and not a firm offer which needed but a
customer\rquote s acceptance to make a binding contract of sale. They accordingly
dismissed the information. The prosecutor appealed.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
J. A. Cox
}
}
for the prosecutor. The sole question is whether this knife exhibited in the shop
window with the price ticket behind it was an offer for sale within the meaning of
}
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}}}
. Having regard to the context in which the words are found and the mischief at
which the Act is aimed, the words \ldblquote offer for sale\rdblquote should be
construed to cover circumstances such as the present, although it is conceded that
in the ordinary law of contract the exhibition of goods in a shop window amounts to
no more than an invitation to treat. Support for that submission is to be found in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Keating v. Horwood,
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
2
}}}
}
where, in a prosecution under the Sale of Food Order, 1921 , which prohibited the
offering or exposing for sale of under-weight bread, Lord Hewart C.J. held
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
3
}}}
}
that a quantity of bread placed in a baker\rquote s motor-car and taken on a
delivery round was both offered and exposed for sale. See also
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Wiles v. Maddison,
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
4
}}}
}
where there was a prosecution under the Meat (Maximum Retail Prices) Order, 1940 .
Reliance is placed on the words of Viscount Caldecote C.J.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
5
}}}
}
to the effect that a person who put goods in his shop window to be sold at an
excessive price could be convicted of making an offer at too high a price. That
case also shows that for the purpose of provisions of this kind an offer can exist
without its actually being communicated to the offeree. This knife in the shop
window was offered
}
{\b1 \cf27 \f2 \i1 \fs20
*397
}
}
for sale. It may have been a conditional offer, but if a person entered the shop
and asked why it was in the window the answer must have been: It is for sale.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
[LORD PARKER C.J. In
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Keating v. Horwood
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
6
}}}
}
two members of the court are in your favour, but this point was not argued.]
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The original authority for the proposition that under the law of contract putting
something in a shop window is merely an invitation to treat is the old case of
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Timothy v. Simpson,
}
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
7
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}
which is cited in
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
"http://uk.westlaw.com/Document/I1E7F3991E42811DA8FC2A0F0355337E9/View/
FullText.html?
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd.
}}}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
8
}}}
}
The latter case is not of assistance as it turned on the provisions of an Act
which was concerned solely with completed sales as opposed to offers for sale.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
"http://uk.westlaw.com/Document/I809F6E70E43611DA8FC2A0F0355337E9/View/
FullText.html?
Phillips v. Dalziel,
}}}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
9
}}}
}
which was concerned with emergency legislation relating to the sale of footwear,
turned on a statutory definition, but the facts there were similar to those in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Wiles v. Maddison.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
10
}}}
}
In both cases there was an intention to sell goods later. Had the court not had to
consider a statutory definition in
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
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Phillips v. Dalziel,
}}}
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
11
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}
it would not have been surprising if it had decided that the transaction in that
case had reached the stage reached in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Wiles v. Maddison
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
12
}}}
}
Once the legislature embarks on a definition the expression unius rule applies.
Where there is no definition
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Wiles v. Maddison
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
13
}}}
}
is authority for the proposition that in legislation which is aimed at a
particular mischief it is permissible to construe words more widely than they can
be construed in the general law of contract. The Act of 1959 is clearly intended to
effect a complete ban on flick knives, and therefore the words \ldblquote offer for
sale\rdblquote in section 1 (1) should be given a meaning wide enough to prevent
such goods being placed in shop windows with price tickets behind them.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
P. Chadd
}
}
for the defendant. The Act upon its face prohibits the manufacture, disposition
and marketing of flick knives, but it is not aimed against possession. Mere
possession of such a knife, even if it is in a shop window, is not an offence
within the Act. The expression \ldblquote offer for sale\rdblquote is not defined
by the Act and therefore it can only be interpreted by reference to the general
law. Displaying goods in a shop window does not amount to an offer for sale; it is
merely an invitation to treat:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Timothy
}
}
}
{\b1 \cf27 \f2 \i1 \fs20
*398
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
v. Simpson.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
14
}}}
}
Where Parliament wishes to extend the ordinary meaning of \ldblquote offer for
sale\rdblquote it usually adopts a standard form: see
}
"http://uk.westlaw.com/Document/I8ED8961005B011E5BD63C0D5DCDE84B3/View/
FullText.html?
Prices of Goods Act, 1939, s. 20
}}}
, and
}
"http://uk.westlaw.com/Document/I9BEA01724E9711E482178273912C6F36/View/
FullText.html?
Goods and Services (Price Control) Act, 1941, s. 20 (4)
}}}
. It would have been simple for the draftsman to have included a definition of \
ldblquote offer for sale\rdblquote in the Act of 1959, but he has not done so. The
words of section 1 are clear. \ldblquote Exposed for sale\rdblquote is not an
offence under the section. This is not an omission or a mistake on the part of
Parliament, and, even if it were, it would not be for this court to read words into
the Act to perfect it:
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
"http://uk.westlaw.com/Document/IB58A7B20E42711DA8FC2A0F0355337E9/View/
FullText.html?
Bristol Guardians v. Bristol Waterworks Co.
}}}
}
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15
}}}
}
\par
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\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
[LORD PARKER C.J. There is a stronger statement of the principle by Lord Simonds in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
"http://uk.westlaw.com/Document/IED0C8890E42711DA8FC2A0F0355337E9/View/
FullText.html?
Magor and St. Mellons Rural District Council v. Newport Corporation.
}}}
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
16
}}}
}
]
\par
}
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\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Yes; it is not necessary to read words into the Act in order to make it effective.
In a civil case no one would contend that it was. Still less should such a course
be adopted in a criminal case. In a penal statute the court should not do violence
to the words of a statute in order to bring people within it.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
As to
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Keating v. Horwood,
}
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
17
}}}
}
there was there an obvious exposure for sale, so that it was unnecessary for the
court to decide whether there was an offer for sale or not. No authorities on this
point were cited in that case, nor was this point argued in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Wiles v. Maddison,
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
18
}}}
}
the whole basis of which was that the prosecution only proved an intention to
commit an offence the following day. It would be wrong to attach importance to the
incidental words of Viscount Caldecote C.J.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
19
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}
on which the appellant relies.
\par
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\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Cox
}
}
in reply. The Act of 1959 may not be aimed at possession, but it is aimed at
preventing people from getting possession of flick knives. Its object is to prevent
trafficking in such articles. The meaning of the words \ldblquote offer for sale\
rdblquote in this particular statute must be drawn from the four corners of the
statute itself, and if, interpreting the statute as a whole, and bearing in mind
its object, the words are seen to be given a wider meaning than they would bear in
the law of contract, that is the meaning that should be given to them.
\par
}
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\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The definitions in the
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Prices of Goods Act, 1939
}}}
, and the
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Goods and Services (Price Control) Act, 1941
}}}
, cover matters so
}
{\b1 \cf27 \f2 \i1 \fs20
*399
}
}
widely different, e.g., publishing a price list, making a quotation, that, were it
not for the definitions, they could not amount in law to an offer for sale and so
would have fallen outside the statutes, but that is no reason for saying that where
there is no definition section the words must necessarily be construed as in the
law of contract. It is not suggested that words should be read into the Act. The
intention of the Act is clear and the court should give the words the meaning they
ought to bear having regard to the object of the Act.
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
LORD PARKER C.J.
\par
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\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
read
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}}}
, stated the facts and continued:
\par
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}
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\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The sole question is whether the exhibition of that knife in the window with the
ticket constituted an offer for sale within the statute. I confess that I think
most lay people and, indeed, I myself when I first read the papers, would be
inclined to the view that to say that if a knife was displayed in a window like
that with a price attached to it was not offering it for sale was just nonsense. In
ordinary language it is there inviting people to buy it, and it is for sale; but
any statute must of course be looked at in the light of the general law of the
country. Parliament in its wisdom in passing an Act must be taken to know the
general law. It is perfectly clear that according to the ordinary law of contract
the display of an article with a price on it in a shop window is merely an
invitation to treat. It is in no sense an offer for sale the acceptance of which
constitutes a contract. That is clearly the general law of the country. Not only is
that so, but it is to be observed that in many statutes and orders which prohibit
selling and offering for sale of goods it is very common when it is so desired to
insert the words \ldblquote offering or exposing for sale,\rdblquote \ldblquote
exposing for sale\rdblquote being clearly words which would cover the display of
goods in a shop window. Not only that, but it appears that under several statutes -
we have been referred in particular to the
}
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Prices of Goods Act, 1939
}}}
, and the
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Goods and Services (Price Control) Act, 1941
}}}
- Parliament, when it desires to enlarge the ordinary meaning of those words,
includes a definition section enlarging the ordinary meaning of \ldblquote offer
for sale\rdblquote to cover other matters including, be it observed, exposure of
goods for sale with the price attached.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In those circumstances I am driven to the conclusion, though I confess reluctantly,
that no offence was here committed. At first sight it sounds absurd that knives of
this sort cannot be
}
{\b1 \cf27 \f2 \i1 \fs20
*400
}
}
manufactured, sold, hired, lent, or given, but apparently they can be displayed in
shop windows; but even if this - and I am by no means saying it is - is a casus
omissus it is not for this court to supply the omission. I am mindful of the strong
words of Lord Simonds in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
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Magor and St. Mellons Rural District Council v. Newport Corporation.
}}}
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
20
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}
In that case one of the Lords Justices in the Court of Appeal
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
21
}}}
}
had, in effect, said that the court having discovered the supposed intention of
Parliament must proceed to fill in the gaps - what the Legislature has not written
the court must write - and in answer to that contention Lord Simonds in his speech
said
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
22
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}
: \ldblquote It appears to me to be a naked usurpation of the legislative function
under the thin disguise of interpretation.\rdblquote
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Approaching this matter apart from authority, I find it quite impossible to say
that an exhibition of goods in a shop window is itself an offer for sale.
}
We were, however, referred to several cases, one of which is
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Keating v. Horwood,
}
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
23
}}}
}
a decision of this court. There, a baker\rquote s van was being driven on its
rounds. There was bread in it that had been ordered and bread in it that was for
sale, and it was found that that bread was under weight contrary to the Sale of
Food Order, 1921 . That order was an order of the sort to which I have referred
already which prohibited the offering or exposing for sale. In giving his judgment,
Lord Hewart C.J. said this
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
24
}}}
}
: \ldblquote The question is whether on the facts there were, (1) an offering, and
(2) an exposure, for sale. In my opinion, there were both.\rdblquote Avory J. said
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
25
}}}
}
: \ldblquote I agree and have nothing to add.\rdblquote Shearman J., however,
said
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
26
}}}
}
: \ldblquote I am of the same opinion. I am quite clear that this bread was
exposed for sale, but have had some doubt whether it can be said to have been
offered for sale until a particular loaf was tendered to a particular customer.\
rdblquote There are three matters to observe on that case. The first is that the
order plainly contained the words \ldblquote expose for sale,\rdblquote and on any
view there was an exposing for sale. Therefore the question whether there was an
offer for sale was unnecessary for decision. Secondly, the principles of general
contract law were never referred to, and thirdly, albeit all part of the second
ground.
}
{\b1 \cf27 \f2 \i1 \fs20
*401
}
}
the respondent was not represented and there was in fact no argument. I cannot
take that as an authority for the proposition that the display here in a shop
window was an offer for sale.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The other case to which I should refer is
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Wiles v. Maddison.
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
27
}}}
}
I find it unnecessary to go through the facts of that case, which was a very
different case and where all that was proved was an intention to commit an offence
the next day, but in the course of his judgment Viscount Caldecote C.J. said
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
28
}}}
}
: \ldblquote A person might, for instance, be convicted of making an offer of an
article of food at too high a price by putting it in his shop window to be sold at
an excessive price, although there would be no evidence of anybody having passed
the shop window or having seen the offer or the exposure of the article for sale at
that price.\rdblquote Again, be it observed, that was a case where under the Meat
(Maximum Retail Prices) Order, 1940 , the words were \ldblquote No person shall
sell or offer or expose for sale or buy or offer to buy.\rdblquote Although the
Lord Chief Justice does refer to the making of an offer by putting it in the shop
window, before the sentence is closed he has in fact turned the phrase to one of
exposing the article. I cannot get any assistance in favour of the prosecutor from
that passage. Accordingly, I have come to the conclusion in this case that the
justices were right, and this appeal must be dismissed.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
ASHWORTH J.
\par
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}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
I agree.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
ELWES J.
\par
}
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\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
I also agree.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
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}
\u160\'3f
\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
Representation
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Solicitors: Robins, Hay & Waters for T. J. Urwin, Town Clerk, Bristol ; Haslewoods
for Cooke, Painter, Spofforth & Co., Bristol .
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\qr \b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i1 \fs20 \li0
Appeal dismissed with costs. (E. M. W. )
\par
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FullText.html?
Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act, 1959, s. 1 (1)
}
: \ldblquote Any person who manufactures, sells or hires or offers for sale or
hire, or lends or gives to any other person - (a) any knife which has a blade which
opens automatically by hand pressure applied to a button, spring or other device in
or attached to the handle of the knife, sometimes known as a \lquote flick knife\
rquote or \lquote flick gun\rquote ; ... shall be guilty of an offence and shall
be liable on summary conviction in the case of a first offence to imprisonment for
a term not exceeding three months or to a fine not exceeding fifty pounds or to
both such imprisonment and fine, ...\rdblquote
\par
}
}
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(1926) 28 Cox C.C. 198
}
}
}
, D.C.
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3
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\par
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Ibid. 201.
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4
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
[1943] 1 All E.R. 315
}
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}
, D.C.
\par
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5
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Ibid. 317.
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{\ri0 \li0
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28 Cox C.C. 198
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.
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{\ri0 \li0
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{\ri0 \li0
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(1834) 6 C. &
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
P. 499
}
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
8
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\par
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}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
"http://uk.westlaw.com/Document/I1E7F3991E42811DA8FC2A0F0355337E9/View/
FullText.html?
[1953] 1 Q.B. 401; [1953] 2 W.L.R. 427; [1953] 1 All E.R. 482
}
}
, C.A.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
9
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\par
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{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
FullText.html?
(1948) 64 T.L.R. 628; [1948] 2 All E.R. 810
}
}
, D.C.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
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\par
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{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
[1943] 1 All E.R. 315
}
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
11
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\par
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{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
FullText.html?
[1948] 2 All E.R. 810
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
12
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\par
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{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
[1943] 1 All E.R. 315
}
}
}
.
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}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
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13
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\par
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}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
[1943] 1 All E.R. 315
}
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
14
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
6 C. &
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
P. 499
}
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
15
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
"http://uk.westlaw.com/Document/IB58A7B20E42711DA8FC2A0F0355337E9/View/
FullText.html?
[1914] A.C. 379
}
}
, H.L.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
16
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
FullText.html?
[1952] A.C. 189 ; [1951] 2 T.L.R. 935; [1951] 2 All E.R. 839
}
}
, H.L.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
17
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
28 Cox C.C. 198
}
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
18
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
[1943] 1 All E.R. 315
}
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
19
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
Ibid. 317.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
20
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
FullText.html?
[1952] A.C. 189; [1951] 2 T.L.R. 935; [1951] 2 All E.R. 839
}
}
, H.L.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
21
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
[1950] 2 All E.R. 1226
}
}
}
, 1236, C.A.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
22
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\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
FullText.html?
[1952] A.C. 189
}
}
, 191.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
23
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
(1926) 28 Cox C.C. 198
}
}
}
, D.C.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
24
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
Ibid. 201.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
25
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
Ibid.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
26
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
Ibid.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
27
}
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
[1943] W.N. 40; [1943] 1 All E.R. 315
}
}
}
, D.C.
\par
}
}
}
cell \row }
\clcbpat2 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clwWidth920 \cellx920
\clcbpat2 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \clwWidth9160 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
28
}
\par
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}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs16 \li0
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs16
[1943] 1 All E.R. 315
}
}
}
, 317.
\par
}
}
}
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}
}
{\b0 \cf30 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
(c) Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England & Wales
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
}
}
}
}\sect }

Fisher v Bell

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