Ezzy V Workers Comp Appeals BD

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Ezzy v. Workers\rquote Comp. Appeals Bd., 146 Cal.App.3d 252 (1983)
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194 Cal.Rptr. 90, 48 Cal. Comp. Cases 611
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Tabo v. W.C.A.B.
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Cal.App. 1 Dist.,
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January 10, 2013
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146 Cal.App.3d 252
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Marilyn EZZY, Petitioner,
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v.
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WORKERS\rquote COMPENSATION APPEALS BOARD and Gassett, Perry & Frank et al.,
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A019625.
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|
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Aug. 19, 1983.
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Employee sought and was granted writ of review after Workers\rquote Compensation
Appeals Board denied her petition for reconsideration and affirmed decision of
workers\rquote compensation judge who found that her injury did not arise out of
and in course of her employment. The Court of Appeal, Smith, J., held that injury
to employee\rquote s finger, which occurred during company-sponsored softball game,
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Decision annulled and cause remanded.
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Rouse, J., filed concurring opinion.
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Arising Out of and in the Course of Employment
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Proceedings to Secure Compensation
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Hearing or Trial
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Questions of Law and Fact
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Arising Out of and in the Course of Employment
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In General
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Question of existence of \u8220\'3freasonable expectancy\u8221\'3f within meaning
of workers\rquote compensation provision that no recovery may be had where injury
arises from voluntary participation in athletic activities, unless athletic
activities are either reasonable expectancy of, or expressly or impliedly required
by, the employment is question of law, not of fact.
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West\rquote s Ann.Cal.Labor Code \u167\'3f 3600(a)(8)
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8 Cases that cite this headnote
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Recreation of Employees
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Injuries for Which Compensation May Be Had
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Particular Causes, Circumstances, and Conditions of Injury
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Test of reasonable expectancy of employment in context of whether athletic
activities are reasonable expectancy of, or expressly or impliedly required by,
employment entitling injured employee to compensation for injury arising in
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Employer is protected from liability for injuries sustained in voluntary
participation in athletic activities where employee\rquote s belief that he or she
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employer to insure that no subtle or indirect pressure or coercion is applied to
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413
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
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413VIII
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
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}
}
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413VIII(D)
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
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413VIII(D)10
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
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{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
413k664
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
\cellx600
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\intbl
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}
}
{\li30 \ri30
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{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Factors relevant in determining objective reasonableness of employee\rquote s
belief that participation in athletic activity was expectancy of employment so that
injury sustained in activity would be compensable under Workers\rquote
Compensation Law include whether employer purchased athletic uniforms or equipment,
whether such uniforms bore employer\rquote s name or insignia, whether wages were
paid during practice or play and whether participation was voluntary.
}
.
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
co_headnoteId_19831386730042005122716313}
\sb200
\par
}
}
}
\cell \row }}\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {
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\intbl
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{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5]
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
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{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d494844520000001c0000001008020000008aad88b800000019744558745
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426082}}
}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
413
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
413VIII
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
413VIII(D)
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
413VIII(D)10
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
413k664
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
\cellx600
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Injuries occurring under circumstances in which employers use indirect means to
encourage participation in athletic activity are \u8220\'3fwork connected\u8221\'3f
and fall within coverage of workers\rquote compensation scheme.
}
.
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
co_headnoteId_19831386730052005122716313}
\sb200
\par
}
}
}
\cell \row }}\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {
\cellx600
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[6]
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \ri30
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{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d494844520000001c0000001008020000008aad88b800000019744558745
36f6674776172650041646f626520496d616765526561647971c9653c000002e34944415478da9c545d
426082}}
}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
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}
}
{\li30 \ri30
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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413
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
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413VIII
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
413VIII(D)
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
413VIII(D)10
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
413k664
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\par
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
\cellx600
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
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}
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Employee\rquote s injury in softball game resulted from participation in activity
which was \u8220\'3freasonable expectancy\u8221\'3f of her employment, and
therefore in course of her employment and compensable, where employee\rquote s
position as part-time law clerk in her second year of law school made her more than
usually vulnerable to pressure of suggestion that she join law firm softball team,
when urged to play by one of firm\rquote s partners, there was more pressure on
female employees to participate due to requirement that four women be present on
field at all times, and firm paid for all equipment, tee shirts, and postgame
refreshments.
}
.
\par
}
}
}
{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
co_headnoteId_19831386730062005122716313}
\sb200
\par
}
}
}
\cell \row }}\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
}
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_headnotesEnd_1}{\*\bkmkend co_headnotesEnd_1}
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf21 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_attorneysAndLawFirms_1}{\*\bkmkend co_attorneysAndLawFirms_1}
Attorneys and Law Firms
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_227_91_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_227_91_1}
**91
}
}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*256
}
}
Eugene Michael Hyman, Dailey & Hyman, Inc., San Jose, for petitioner.
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Clark Barber, Hoge, Fenton, Jones & Appel, Inc., San Jose, for respondents,
Workers\rquote Compensation Appeals Bd., Gassett, Perry & Frank, and General
Accident Group.
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf21 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_opinion_1}{\*\bkmkend co_opinion_1}
Opinion
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
SMITH, Associate Justice.
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I34f6e9015cd911e08b05fdf15589d}{\*\bkmkend
co_anchor_I34f6e9015cd911e08b05fdf15589d}
\par
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Petitioner, Marilyn Ezzy, sought and was granted a writ of review after the
Workers\rquote Compensation Appeals Board
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*257
}
}
denied Ezzy\rquote s petition for reconsideration and affirmed the decision of the
Workers\rquote Compensation judge who found that petitioner\rquote s injury did
not arise out of and in the course of her employment.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The sole issue before us is whether the injury to petitioner\rquote s finger, which
occurred during a company-sponsored softball game, arises out of and in the course
of her employment, and is therefore compensable.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Marilyn Ezzy (hereafter \u8220\'3fEzzy\u8221\'3f) at all relevant times was
employed by the law firm of Gassett, Perry & Frank (hereafter
\u8220\'3fGPF\u8221\'3f) as a law clerk. On or about August 15, 1980 Ezzy
participated in an employer-sponsored softball game, during which she injured the
little finger on her right hand as she attempted to catch a fly ball.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The record of the WCAB hearing discloses that GPF participated in a softball league
composed primarily of civil defense law firms. The rules of the league required
that the teams be composed of both men and women, and required forfeiture if less
than four women were present on each team.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
John Burton, (hereafter \u8220\'3fBurton\u8221\'3f) is a partner in GPF, and was
the team coach. Burton stated that he did not have to recruit players; a sign up
was conducted of all those who wanted to play. Burton testified that it was not a
requirement that everyone play. Some of the older and less athletically inclined
members of the firm did not play. Some, but not all, of the secretaries
participated. Everyone in the GPF firm, player and non-player alike, was provided
at the firm\rquote s expense a special teeshirt emblazoned with his or her GPF
billing number.
}
Burton testified that GPF paid for the balls, bats and post-game refreshments. A
post-season awards banquet was provided by GPF to which all employees were invited.
Burton stated that no one was ever reprimanded or fired for not playing.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Burton further testified that his secretary sent around memos reminding office
personnel of games or practice. Burton stated that Administrative Director\rquote s
Rule 9883, regarding off-duty recreational activities, was neither posted nor read
to employees. Burton testified that \u8220\'3fthe better players were more
encouraged to be present than some of the ones that were not so good. That would
also depend on how many men we had and how many women we had.\u8221\'3f Burton
stated that his team had never forfeited a game, and that he always had the correct
number of female players there. He further testified that he did have one or two
problems making sure one of their key women would be present at the games. Burton
admitted that, although no
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
**92
}
}
business was derived from the games, they were very good for office spirit.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Ezzy testified that she did not volunteer but was \u8220\'3fdrafted\u8221\'3f to
join the team. On the first day after she returned from vacation, Burton approached
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*258
}
}
Ezzy, handed her a teeshirt, a schedule of games and practices, and said,
\u8220\'3fAt the next one we\rquote ll see you there.\u8221\'3f Ezzy understood
there was a coed requirement, and when there appeared to be a shortage of women,
the female members were urged to get out and play. Ezzy felt there was a spirit of
camaraderie that the firm was trying to create, and that the strong urgings to play
and the concern over having an adequate number of females led her to believe that
she should play softball. Ezzy stated that the firm paid for post-game pizza and
other refreshments. Ezzy testified that on one occasion home movies of a softball
game were shown in the conference room of GPF offices during working hours, and
that she and others were called in to watch. At the awards banquet, Burton received
a whip as a gag-gift because he was such a \u8220\'3fhard driver.\u8221\'3f
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
In his \u8220\'3fOpinion On Decision,\u8221\'3f the Workers\rquote Compensation
Judge stated that participation in the softball game, while encouraged, was not a
requirement or a reasonable expectancy of petitioner\rquote s job. Petitioner
contends that the Workers\rquote Compensation Judge erred in concluding that
petitioner\rquote s injury did not occur in the course of employment. We agree.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
DISCUSSION
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
I
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
At the outset, we note that the application of
}
Labor Code section 3600
}}}
, subdivision (a)(8) (hereafter referred to as \u8220\'3f
}
section 3600, subdivision (a)(8)
}}}
\u8221\'3f) to the instant factual setting presents a close case. We find nothing
in the case law to guide us; no appellate court has yet construed
}
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Before examining the evidence as reflected by the record, we must consider the
applicable statute,
}
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_B00111983138673_ID0}{\*\bkmkend
co_footnoteReference_B00111983138673_ID0}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_B00111983138673_1" }{\fldrslt
1
}}}
}
, which reads, in pertinent part, as follows:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3f(a) Liability for the compensation provided by this division ... shall,
without regard to negligence, exist against an employer for any injury sustained by
his or her employees arising out of and in the course of the employment and for the
death of any employee if the injury proximately causes death, in those cases where
the following conditions of compensation concur:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3f ...
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*259
}
}
\u8220\'3f(8) Where the injury does not arise out of voluntary participation in
any off-duty recreational, social, or athletic activity not constituting part of
the employee\rquote s work-related duties,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
except where these activities are a reasonable expectancy of, or are expressly or
impliedly required by, the employment.
}
}
The administrative director shall promulgate reasonable rules and regulations
requiring employers to post and keep posted in a conspicuous place or places a
notice advising employees of the provisions of this subdivision. Failure of the
employer to post such a notice shall not constitute an expression of intent to
waive the provisions of this subdivision.\u8221\'3f (Emphasis added.)
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The clear language of
}
}}}
first states the rule\u8212\'3frecovery may be had for injuries arising out of and
in the course of employment if those injuries do
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
not
}
}
arise out of voluntary participation in athletic activities. Stated conversely, no
recovery may be had where the injury arises from voluntary participation in
athletic activities. The section then states exceptions to the rule of non-
compensability. Where athletic activities are either a \u8220\'3freasonable
expectancy of, or are expressly or impliedly required by, the employment\u8221\'3f
injuries arising therefrom
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
are compensable.
\par
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The key legal question to be decided here is whether Ezzy\rquote s participation
was a reasonable expectancy of her employment at GPF.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F11983138673_1" }{\fldrslt
[1]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B11983138673_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B11983138673_1}
}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
**93
}
}
Respondent erroneously assumes that the question of \u8220\'3freasonable
expectancy\u8221\'3f is one of fact. While factual findings form the foundation
upon which a court bases its determination that a \u8220\'3freasonable
expectancy\u8221\'3f exists, the question requires a conclusion derived from those
facts which is itself
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
legal
}
}
in nature. Furthermore, the question of \u8220\'3freasonable expectancy\u8221\'3f
is but a subset of the ultimate issue\u8212\'3fwhether the applicant\rquote s
injury arose out of and in the course of her employment.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
With respect to the ultimate issue, the scope of our review is clear: \u8220\'3f
\u8216\'3fWhere ... there is no real dispute as to the facts, the question of
whether an injury was suffered in the course of employment is one of law and a
purported finding of fact on that question is not binding on an appellate
court.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f (
}
findType=Y&serNum=1972123541&pubNum=661&originatingDoc=I51552b97faae11d99439b076ef9
ec4de&refType=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Docum
entItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Dimmig v. Workmen\rquote s Comp. Appeals Bd.
}
}
(1972) 6 Cal.3d 860, 864, 101 Cal.Rptr. 105, 495 P.2d 433;
}}}
see also
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Reinert v. Industrial Acc. Com.
}
}
(1956) 46 Cal.2d 349, 358, 294 P.2d 713
}}}
;
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Hulbert v. Workmen\rquote s Comp. Appeals Bd.
}
}
(1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 634, 639, 121 Cal.Rptr. 239.)
}}}
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Other areas of the law have attempted to give a specific meaning to this phrase. In
connection with insurance law, the \u8220\'3fdoctrine of reasonable
expectations\u8221\'3f has been applied so that ambiguities in an insurance policy
are to be resolved in accordance with
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
the reasonable expectations of the insured.
}
}
(
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*260
}
}
}
ec4de&refType=RP&fi=co_pp_sp_350_721&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&
transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)#co_pp_sp_350_721" }{\fldrslt
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Jensen
}
}
(1981) 667 F.2d 714, 721.)
}}}
With respect to Fourth Amendment law, a person\rquote s \u8220\'3freasonable
expectation of privacy\u8221\'3f is one which is
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
subjectively
}
}
held by the person searched, and which society recognizes as
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
objectively
}
}
reasonable. (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
People v. Bradley
}
}
(1969) 1 Cal.3d 80, 85, 81 Cal.Rptr. 457, 460 P.2d 129.)
}}}
In the context of labor law, for purposes of establishing whether a person is an
employee when determining whether a majority of employees have agreed to union
representation, the determination is based upon
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
the employee\rquote s reasonable expectation
}
}
of future or continued employment. (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc. v. N.L.R.B.
}
}
(1981) 668 F.2d 291, 298.)
}}}
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[2]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
In each of the situations mentioned above, the law looks to the expectations of
the person who is being protected and measures his subjective understanding against
a neutral and unbiased standard. It is our view that the test of
\u8220\'3freasonable expectancy of employment\u8221\'3f in the context of the case
at bar consists of two elements: (1) whether the employee subjectively believes his
or her participation in an activity is expected by the employer, and (2) whether
that belief is objectively reasonable.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[3]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
The effect of this test is to recognize
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
only
}
}
expectations which are objectively reasonable. Stated another way, the employer is
protected from liability for injuries where an employee\rquote s belief that he or
she is expected to participate in an activity is unreasonable. The burden rests
upon an employer to insure that no subtle or indirect pressure or coercion is
applied to induce involuntary participation by an employee. We do not find this
burden to be an onerous one, for the employer\rquote s means of protecting himself
are peculiarly within his own control.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
2
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
We turn next to legislative intent. Prior to the enactment of
}
}}}
,
}
section 3600
}}}
made no specific reference to athletic or recreational activities.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
3
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
**94
}
}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*261
}
}
}
Section 3600, subdivision (h)
}}}
, now
}
}}}
, originated as Assembly Bill 2555 (1977\u8211\'3f78). The bill analysis prepared
by the Assembly Committee on Finance, Insurance, and Commerce when that committee
heard AB 2555 stated \u8220\'3f[t]he thrust of [the proposed legislation] appears
to overrule ....
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Goodman v. Fireman\rquote s Fund American Insurance Company
}
}
(1974) 74 OAK 49472, [which] found that a water skiing injury to an airline
stewardess during a four-day layover in Tahiti was an employment-related
injury\u8221\'3f and therefore compensable. According to the bill analysis, the
legislation was also intended to overrule
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1
Lizama v. Workmen\rquote s Comp. Appeals Bd.
}
}
(1974) 40 Cal.App.3d 363, 115 Cal.Rptr. 267,
}}}
which held compensable an injury to a janitor, who, after receiving permission
from his employer, used a company power saw after work hours. The committee report
emphasized that the activities were held compensable because they were reasonably
foreseeable or expectable in the work setting.
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Section 3600, subdivision (a)(8)
}}}
was therefore intended to draw a brighter line delimiting compensability by
replacing the general foreseeability test with one of \u8220\'3freasonable
expectancy\u8221\'3f of employment.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
At the time AB 2555 was under consideration, two cases adjudicated by the WCAB in
1976 and 1977 were presumptively
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
4
}}}
}
known to the Legislature, yet there is no hint in the committee analysis that the
Legislature was displeased with those results.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
In
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Workers\rquote Comp. Appeals Bd.
}
}
(Brady)
}
findType=Y&pubNum=885&cite=41CALCOMPCAS771&originatingDoc=I51552b97faae11d99439b076
ef9ec4de&refType=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Do
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt
(1976) 41 Cal.Comp.Cases 771,
}}}
Ms. Brady, an employee of the phone company, was injured while playing softball on
a team made up wholly of Pacific Telephone Co. employees. The team played other
phone company teams comprising the league. The games were played off the
employer\rquote s premises after working hours. Ms. Brady was not a regular team
member, but participated on this occasion because the team would otherwise have
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*262
}
}
had to forfeit for lack of sufficient players. Ms. Brady felt job pressure to play
when asked to do so by team members who included Ms. Brady\rquote s supervisor. The
management of the telephone company permitted league formation meetings to be
conducted on the premises, and promulgated safety rules. The company photocopy
machine was used in the dissemination of league and team information. Also, raffles
to benefit the league were conducted on company premises during working hours. The
WCAB judge relied upon (1) substantial employment involvement in creation and
operation of the league, (2) benefit to the employer of improved employee morale,
and (3) the job-related pressure upon Mr. Brady which led to her participation. The
Court of Appeal denied a petition for writ of review.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
In
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
California Highway Patrol v. Workers\rquote Comp. Appeals Bd.
}
}
(Loveless)
}
findType=Y&pubNum=885&cite=42CALCOMPCAS264&originatingDoc=I51552b97faae11d99439b076
ef9ec4de&refType=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Do
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt
(1977) 42 Cal.Comp.Cases 264,
}}}
the WCAB found that a highway patrol officer\rquote s injury was compensable.
Officer Loveless played on a softball team representing the Monterey area office of
the CHP which participated in the Central Coast Counties Police League. Notices of
games were posted in the locker room, play was encouraged by state and local
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
**95
}
}
CHP management. The WCAB judge concluded the softball activity was part and parcel
of Loveless\rquote job. The Court of Appeal denied CHP\rquote s petition for a
writ of review.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Both the
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Pacific Tel. & Tel.
}
}
and
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
California Highway Patrol
}
}
cases, in finding athletic injuries compensable, go beyond the broad
\u8220\'3fforeseeability\u8221\'3f test of
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Goodman
}
}
and
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Lizama.
}
}
Rather these cases rely upon the more specific factors of employer involvement,
benefit to employer, and job-related pressure to participate to find an activity
within the course of employment.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[4]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
Prior to the enactment of
}
}}}
, the general rule was that athletic injuries were \u8220\'3fnot compensable unless
either (1) the employee is required by the employer to take part in such
activities, (2) the employer sponsors the activity primarily to obtain advertising
benefit from the use of his or her name in connection with the team, or (3) the
employer encourages participation in such activities. Relevant factors indicating
the purpose of an athletic activity such as a baseball team are: (1) whether the
employer purchases the athletic uniforms or equipment; (2) whether such uniforms
bear the employer\rquote s name or insignia; (3) whether wages are paid during
practice or play; and (4) whether participation is voluntary.\u8221\'3f (2 Hanna,
Cal.Law of Employee Injuries and Workmen\rquote s Compensation (2d ed. 1982),
\u167\'3f 9.03[2], p. 9\u8211\'3f32.2. [Footnotes citing case authority omitted.] )
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
These factors outlined in the Hanna volume, while they predate the passage of
}
}}}
, are still relevant to the extent that they help bring the focus to the
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
objective
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*263
}
}
reasonableness
}
}
of applicant\rquote s subjective belief that participation in an activity is an
expectancy of employment.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[5]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
We conclude that it was the Legislature\rquote s intent to eliminate from the
workers\rquote compensation scheme
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
only
}
}
those injuries which were remotely work-connected. The use of such terms as
\u8220\'3freasonable expectancy\u8221\'3f and \u8220\'3fimpliedly
required\u8221\'3f in
}
}}}
is evidence that the Legislature recognized the potential use by employers of
indirect means to encourage participation in an activity, and that such indirect
encouragement changes the voluntary character of such participation. The
Legislature intended that injuries occurring under such circumstances should be
considered work-connected, and must fall within the coverage of the workers\rquote
compensation scheme.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
II
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[6]
}}}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0
}
In the case at bar we conclude that facts evident from the record establish that
petitioner\rquote s injury resulted from participation in an activity which was
a \u8220\'3freasonable expectancy\u8221\'3f of her employment, and therefore
occurred in the course of her employment.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Petitioner was a part-time law clerk in her second year of law school, a position
which is low in the legal profession\rquote s hierarchy. As such, petitioner was
more than usually vulnerable to pressure or suggestion that she join the law
firm\rquote s softball team. Thus, when she was urged to play by one of the
firm\rquote s partners, who was also the team coach, it was reasonable for
petitioner to feel that she was expected to participate.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
There was relatively more pressure on female employees to participate because of
the league\rquote s requirement that four women be present on the field at all
times.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
A substantial benefit to the firm was generated by participation in the softball
team by virtue of improved office cooperation, spirit, morale and camaraderie.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The law firm paid for all equipment, for teeshirts for team members and other
employees of the firm, as well as for post-game refreshments. The firm sponsored an
awards banquet to which team members and other employees were invited.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
It is also undisputed that the law-firm employer had neither posted nor read to its
employees the contents of Administrative Directors Rule 9883, which reads as
follows:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*264
}
}
\u8220\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1
Notice to Employee Concerning Off-Duty Recreational Social, or Athletic Activity.
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
**96
}
}
}
}
Every employer shall post and keep posted in a conspicuous place or places, the
following notice:
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3fYour employer or its insurance carrier may not be liable for the payment
of workers\rquote compensation benefits for any injury which arises out of an
employee\rquote s voluntary participation in any off-duty recreational, social, or
athletic activity which is not a part of the employee\rquote s work-related
duties.\u8221\'3f
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Section 3600, subdivision (a)(8)
}}}
states that \u8220\'3f[f]ailure of the employer to post such a notice shall not
constitute an expression of intent to waive the provisions of this
subdivision.\u8221\'3f Nonetheless, in the case at bar, employer\rquote s failure
to post the required notice was contrary to a statutory directive which was
intended to inform an employee of the jeopardy of non-coverage by workers\rquote
compensation insurance when voluntarily involved in athletic events. While not a
waiver of the subdivision\rquote s provisions, an employer\rquote s failure to post
the required notice makes any action by the employer which tends to encourage
participation in athletic events appear more coercive in effect.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The facts present a close case. We are, however, mindful of
}
}}}
which mandates: \u8220\'3fThe provisions of Division 4 and Division 5 of this code
shall be liberally construed by the courts with the purpose of extending their
benefits for the protection of persons injured in the course of their
employment.\u8221\'3f
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
In the case at bar, the record shows that petitioner subjectively believed that her
employer expected her to participate in the company sponsored baseball activities.
Petitioner so stated under oath. We have determined that her subjective belief was
objectively reasonable, and, therefore, conclude that petitioner\rquote s injury
arose out of and in the course of her employment.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The decision of the Workers\rquote Compensation Appeals Board is annulled and the
cause is remanded to that board for proceedings consistent with the views expressed
herein.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
MILLER, J., concurs.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf21 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_concurrance_opinion_1}{\*\bkmkend co_concurrance_opinion_1}
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
ROUSE, Associate Justice, concurring.
\par
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
\par
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
I concur, but not without comment.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Admittedly, the question of whether this particular activity was a reasonable
expectancy of petitioner\rquote s employment is a legal issue which this court may
properly redetermine, based upon facts set forth in the record. Nevertheless, I am
reluctant to \u8220\'3fsecond guess\u8221\'3f the Workers\rquote Compensation
judge
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*265
}
}
(a specialist in that field) whose adjudication has been reviewed and endorsed by
the Workers\rquote Compensation Board, in what, in my perception, is a close case.
Since substantial evidence supports that judge\rquote s conclusion I would hold
that his determination of the matter must prevail were it not for those cases cited
wherein awards of compensation were made in situations which are, in my judgment,
factually indistinguishable from petitioner\rquote s case.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
One of the functions of an appellate court in announcing its decision is to ensure
uniformity and consistency in the rules applied by various inferior tribunals.
}
I believe that is what the decision in this case seeks to accomplish, and it is
for this limited reason that I concur in the opinion.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf21 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_allCitations_1}{\*\bkmkend co_allCitations_1}
All Citations
\par
}
}
146 Cal.App.3d 252, 194 Cal.Rptr. 90, 48 Cal. Comp. Cases 611
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {
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Footnotes
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, subdivision (a)(8) (added by Stats.1978, ch. 1303, \u167\'3f 5) was formerly
denominated
}
section 3600, subdivision (h)
.
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}
}
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For example, we note that the Legislature has specifically placed the burden upon
the employer to post a notice which advises employees of the contents of
subdivision (a) of
}
regarding the possible noncompensability of injuries resulting from voluntary
participation in athletic activities.
\par
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Section 3600 of the Labor Code
prior to amendment read as follows:
\par
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{\li1880 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3fLiability for the compensation provided by this division, in lieu of any
other liability whatsoever to any person except as provided in Section 3706, shall,
without regard to negligence, exist against an employer for any injury sustained by
his employees arising out of and in the course of the employment and for the death
of any employee if the injury proximately causes death, in those cases where the
following conditions of compensation concur:
\par
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}
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{\li1880 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3f(a) Where, at the time of the injury, both the employer and the employee
are subject to the compensation provisions of this division.
\par
}
}
}
{\li1700 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li1880 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3f(b) Where, at the time of the injury, the employee is performing service
growing out of and incidental to his employment and is acting within the course of
his employment.
\par
}
}
}
{\li1700 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li1880 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3f(c) Where the injury is proximately caused by the employment either with
or without negligence.
\par
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}
}
{\li1700 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li1880 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3f(d) Where the injury is not caused by the intoxication of the injured
employee.
\par
}
}
}
{\li1700 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li1880 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3f(e) Where the injury is not intentionally self-inflicted.
\par
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}
}
{\li1700 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li1880 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3f(f) Where the employee has not willfully and deliberately caused his own
death.
\par
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}
}
{\li1700 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li1880 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
\u8220\'3f(g) Where the injury does not arise out of an altercation in which the
injured employee is the initial physical aggressor.\u8221\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
}
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It is well established that the Legislature, in enacting legislation, is assumed to
be familiar with existing judicial decisions. (
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs18 \cf5 \i1
Bailey v. Superior Court
}
}
(1977) 19 Cal.3d 970, 977\u8211\'3f978, fn. 10,
}
140 Cal.Rptr. 669, 568 P.2d 394;
see also generally
}
findType=Y&serNum=0284170851&pubNum=0122580&originatingDoc=I51552b97faae11d99439b07
6ef9ec4de&refType=TS&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=D
ocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt
58 Cal.Jur.3d, Statutes, \u167\'3f 92, pp. 446\u8211\'3f449
.) Decisions of the Worker\rquote s Compensation Appeals Board are
\u8220\'3fjudicial\u8221\'3f in nature. (
}
findType=L&pubNum=1000298&cite=CALBS111&originatingDoc=I51552b97faae11d99439b076ef9
ec4de&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Docum
Lab.Code, \u167\'3f 111
; see generally 2 Witkin, Summary of Cal.Law (8th ed. 1973), Workmen\rquote s
Compensation, \u167\'3f 14, pp. 860\u8211\'3f861.)
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End of Document
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\u169\'3f 2016 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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