PROPOSED DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TWO STOREY LADIES HOSTELS AT

ALDAI TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

PRESENTED BY: KIPCHIRCHIR SHADRACK

INDEX NO: 5231020116

COURSE: DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT: BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

PAPER CODE : 2707/305A

COURSE CODE: 2707

CENTER CODE: 523102

SUPERVISOR: MR AMOS

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXAM SERIES: NOVEMBER 2024

i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that all the information given in this document has been obtained and presented
in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that this is my original
work to the best of my knowledge as a sole author. I accept responsibility for any omission and
error of whatever nature that may be conducted, positive critism is therefore welcomed.
STUDENT: Kipchirchir Shadrack
INDEX NO: 5231020116
SIGN:
DATE:

SUPERVISOR: MR AMOS
SIGN:
DATE:

ii
DEDICATION
I dedicate my work to my parents and friends. A special gratitude to my beloved parents for the
moral and material support. I also thank God for giving me good health throughout the cause of
the project.

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The project was not one’s man effort but concert effort of many people whose effort must not go
unmentioned. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone I met and worked with
alongside this work; school and home environment for their total support, your motivation,
immense knowledge and support must not go unmentioned. It would be impossible to thank
everyone individually please accept deepest gratitude.

iv
ABSTRACT
There are many female students at institution and the existence of hostels is not available to
accommodate all the fast growing population of the institution, hence the proposed construction
will accommodate most female students in the institution. The insitution is fast growing in both
infrastructure and education in the country. Due to congestion I proposed to have student hostel
facility which will reduce discomfort to student during their session hence providing high
conducive environment for students thus motivating learning and interaction among students.
The materials used will be more economical and cheap than the previous.

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LIST OF ACCRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
IS: Indian standard
BS: British Standard
b: Width of any cross section
d: Effective depth of section
fcu : Characteristic concrete cube strength
fy :Characteristic strength of reinforcement
Gk: Characteristic dead load (Permanent load)
Qk: Characteristic live load (Live load): Imposed load
d: Effective depth of the beam
M: Bending moment
n: Ultimate design load
sv: Spacing links along member
V: Ultimate shear force
- Dead = 1.40
- Imposed (live load) = 1.60
FEM: Fixed End Moment load
DF: Distribution Factor
COM: Carryover moment
TOTM: Total moment (sum of moments)
COF: Carryover factor
Rxns: Reaction at supports
TOT V: shear (algebraic sum of shears i.e. DIRV and AUXV)
Ø: Bar diameter
Vmax: Maximum shear force
GK: Dead load (permanent load to be calculated
QK: (n): Live load = 1.5 KN/m2
for residential house
As: Area of steell
Qmax : Maximum shear force in the beam
βSx : Short span coefficient in slab design

II. MATERIAL STRENGTHS

1. (Cube strength of concrete) = 25N/mm2
2. Density of concrete = 24KN/m3
3. Characteristic strength of reinforcement =460N/mm2
(High yield steel)

Table of Contents

vi
DECLARATION.................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION...................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................v
LIST OF ACCRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................vi
CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.3 PROPLEM STATEMENT......................................................................................................1
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVE...............................................................................................................1
1.3 SOURCES OF DATA.................................................................................................................1
1.3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE SHEET...................................................................................................1
1.3.2 USE OF EXISTING DATA...................................................................................................1
1.3.3 DIRECT PERSONNAL INTERVIEW.....................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................................3
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................3
2.1 Definition of Hostel................................................................................................................3
2.2 Historical Development of Hostel..........................................................................................3
CHAPTER THREE...............................................................................................................................5
3.0 METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................5
3.1 SURVEY...................................................................................................................................5
3.1.1 RECONNAISANCE.............................................................................................................5
3.1.2 CHAIN SURVEY.................................................................................................................5
3.1.3 LEVELLING........................................................................................................................6
3.1.4 CONTOURING..................................................................................................................7
3.2 SOIL MECHANICS....................................................................................................................9
3.2.1 ATTERBERG LIMITS..........................................................................................................9
3.2.1.1 PLASTIC LIMITS (PL)......................................................................................................9
3.2.2 PROCTOR.......................................................................................................................12
3.2.3 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO.........................................................................................15
CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................................17
4.0 ARCHITERAL DRAWINGS..........................................................................................................17

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4.1 DESIGN.....................................................................................................................................17
4.2MEASUREMENT........................................................................................................................17
4.3 ESTIMATION.............................................................................................................................17
4.2.3 ESTIMATION AND COSTING..........................................................................................38
4.2.4 BILL OF QUANTITIES......................................................................................................50
4.2.5 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT...................................................................................53
....................................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER FIVE................................................................................................................................54
FINDING,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................................54
5.1 FINDING AND CONCLUSION.................................................................................................54
5.2 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................................................54
REFERENCE.....................................................................................................................................55

viii
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The performance of industry directly affects the development and management of infrastructure
facilities and service. As stated in Kenya’s vision 2030 transforming Kenya into newly
industrializing, middle income country in providing high quality life to all citizens in 2030.There
is need to provide infrastructure in schools and middle level colleges to accommodate the
number of students enrolling to middle level college. This prompted the desire to come up with
the design of two storey ladies hostels at The Mugen Polytechnic which will help in reducing the
congestion at the existing hostels and help the students to have most of the resources available in
the institution.
1.3 PROPLEM STATEMENT
Due to increased number of students in the institution there has been the need to improve all the
facilities to accommodate the fast growing number of students. The current available hostels are
scarce hence could no longer accommodate such high number of students.
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVE
The students are facing problems to find cheap affordable rented houses which would solved to
the greater extend as follows;
Students would learn from each other and produce good grades.
Privacy and quiet places where people will live in close proximity and able to share facilities
provided by the college.
More students will not have opportunity to choose their neighbors or relatives for
accommodation since the proposed hostel will be affordable.
There will be maximum interchange of formal, academic and social growth among the students.
It will reduce the current accommodation crisis at the institution.
1.3 SOURCES OF DATA
1.3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE SHEET
A questionnaire sheet will be issued to the neighboring communities to analyze the expectancy
of the project. Our analysis showed a strong need for sheltering facilities, also certain limitation
was encountered.
1.3.2 USE OF EXISTING DATA
This is the introduction of new investigative question in addition to other than one original
gathered. It involves adding measurement to study or research in this case. I search data at
institution planning office, the data that was given, its accuracy was very high and it was highly
accessible.

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1.3.3 DIRECT PERSONNAL INTERVIEW

I took time to conduct interview where I conducted face to face conversation for not less than 50
people in college taking the important notes which help in study. Although the interview was
faced with challenges I was able to come up with relevant information which is of much help in
this project.

2
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of Hostel
Davies et al (2008), defined hostel as an establishment which provides cheap lodging and food
for travelers, a place of residence for students. It is also defined as a budget-oriented, shared-
room ("dormitory") accommodation that accepts individual travelers or groups for short-term
stays, and that provides common areas and communal facilities (Wikipedia Encyclopedia). It
further stated that for it to be considered a hostel, the property must provide short-term, shared
(dormitory-style) accommodation for individual travelers, though many hostels also provide
private rooms. Hostel has become an opportunity to develop and improve the quality of
education inmost academic institutions. The desire to provide spaces for students that allow
active interaction, comfort and convenience, and opportunities for socialization is foremost in
university and college planning (Perkin & Will, 2001). They also assert that all these need to be
considered along with the pragmatic spatial needs of furnishings, integration of efficient
effective mechanical, electrical, plumbing and safety requirements when planning for hostel
buildings.
2.2 Historical Development of Hostel
The first youth hostel was founded by Richard Schirrmann around
1909(www.hostelscentral.com/hostels-article-6.html).He was a German teacher who organized
trips and visits with his students. During one of these excursions, a sudden rainstorm forced his
group to seek shelter in an empty school. It was then that Schirrmannhad the idea of using
schools that were empty during holidays as guest houses for young people that were travelling in
groups in the countryside (www.hostelscentral.com/hostels-article-6.html).The concept of
student "youth hostels" was born. The movement flourished in Germany. Permanent hostels were
established by gifts of hiking and recreation clubs, wealthy patrons and local communities. By
1932, Germany had more than 2000 youth hostels recording more than 4.5 million overnights
annually(http://hiusa.org/about_us/history). In the meantime, Switzerland, Poland, the
Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, the British Isles, Ireland, France and Belgium had joined the
movement and added another 600 hostels in Europe7(http://hiusa.org/about_us/history). With
national hosteling associations spreading across Europe, in 1932 the first international meeting
was held in Amsterdam to develop common standards. The International Youth Hostel
Federation was formed(http://hiusa.org/about_us/history). Americans Isabel and Monroe Smith
attended the second international meeting in 1933. Shortly afterwards, they opened the first U.S.
youth hostel in Northfield, Massachusetts in 1934(http://hiusa.org/about_us/history). Pre-war
European political currents overshadowed much of the international movement in the late 1930's.
Hostels were closed, and even appropriated by governments for military purposes. The
operations of many European hosteling associations were suspended. During the war, the growth
of the hosteling movement stalled, although parts of the European youth hostel system still
continued to operate, as well as a small network of hostels in the US and Canada. The end of the
war brought a time of rebuilding and reflection worldwide. Groups of American youth went to
Europe to help rebuild hostels. International youth travel, while still nascent, was embraced by
governments as a way to encourage understanding, and avoid future conflict. The International
Youth Hostel Federation grew, as the German youth hostel system was re-established and new
hostel associations were formed in Africa, Asia, Australia and South

3
America(http://hiusa.org/about_us/history). In recent times, the concept of hostel has broadened,
and now providing cheap but comfortable accommodation and a unique atmosphere that cannot
be found in hotels. Worldwide, there about 4000 hostels recording over 33 million overnights in
more than80 countries.(www.hiusa.org/about_us/history).

4
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
Grid methods will be used to take surveys and contour generation. The
procedure will include leveling, reconnaissances, chain surveys and contouring. Soil sample will
be taken where California bearing will be used to test the soils.
3.1 SURVEY
Survey is the technic of determining the relation position of features on, above or beneath the
surface of the earth by means direct or indirect measurement and finally representing them on a
sheet of paper known as plan. The purpose of survey is to prepare plan and a section of an area to
be covered by a project of any magnitude which is constructed along the lines and points
established by surveying.
3.1.1 RECONNAISANCE
This is where our group visited the site and examine it through to obtain the overall picture of the
area. The main aim was to establish the possible arrangement of the survey framework to
establish the existing service to decide on the suitable equipment and tools that will be used to
carry out the actual survey.
We found out the following;
Levelling staff
Steel tape
Field note book
Dumpy level
Field notebook is used to take notes.
Steel tape is used to measure distance.
The levelling staff is used to check the evenness of the surface.
ACTUAL SURVEY
After carrying out survey, it was found out that the site was not flat and has some few trees.
3.1.2 CHAIN SURVEY
Method of surveying where only measurements are taken in the field and the rest work done in
the office. Such work includes plotting calculation.
PROCEDURE

5
3.1.3 LEVELLING
Levelling is the process of determining the height of one level relative to another. It was used to
establish the elevation of appoint relative to the datum and to establish a point at a given
elevation to a datum.
Levelling was taken using a dumpy level and reading entered on levelling book. Afterwards the
checks were made using the formula below;
Sum of BS-sum of FS=LRL-FRL
Sum of BS=1.055
Sum of FS=1.265
LRL=2099.79
FRL=2100.00
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF A DUMPY LEVEL
Setting up dumpy level over station.
Levelling the instrument to make vertical axis of the instrument truly vertical.
Focusing of the instrument to form image through objective lens at a plan of the diaphragm and
to view the clear image of the object through the eye piece.
LEVELLING SHEET
STATION BS IS FS HI REDUCE REMARKS
D LEVEL
BM 1.055 2101.055 2100 TBM
A1 0.808 2100.247
A2 0.970 2100.085
A3 1.080 2099.975
A4 1.135 2099.920
A5 1.172 2099.883
B5 1.168 2099.887
B4 1.254 2099.801
B3 1.240 2099.815
B2 1.245 2099.810
B1 1.165 2099.890
C1 1.262 2099.793
C2 1.350 2099.705
C3 1.377 2099.678
C4 1.345 2099.710
C5 1.285 2099.770
D1 1.348 2099.707
D2 1.341 2099.714
D3 1.374 2099.681
D4 1.367 2099.688

6
 D5 1.333 2099.722
E1 1.298 2099.757
E2 1.282 2099.773
E3 1.312 2099.743

E4 1.371 2099.684
E5 1.265 2099.790

3.1.4 CONTOURING
A contour line is an imaginary line which links up a series or the level on the earth surface. It is
used to determine elevations of various points on the land and fixing these points on the same
horizontal positions in the contour map.
Methods of contouring
Direct contouring
Indirect contouring
3.1.4.1 DIRECT CONTOURING
It consists of vertical and horizontal contours of the points which lie on selected contour lines.
For vertical control, levelling instruments is commonly used. A level is set in a commanding
position in the area after taking fly levels from nearby benchmark. The height of collimation is
found and required staff for a contour line is calculated.
3.1.4.2 INDIRECT CONTOURING
In this method levels are taken at the same selected points and their level are reduced. In this
method horizontal control is established first and then the levels of these points are found. After
locating the points on the plan, reduced level are marked and contours are interpolated between
selected points.

7
8
3.2 SOIL MECHANICS
3.2.1 ATTERBERG LIMITS
Used to determine the general consistency of soil.
3.2.1.1 PLASTIC LIMITS (PL)
Minimum moisture content that changes a soil from soil to a plastic state. It is determined as
moisture content, which allows a soil sample to be moulded into a loop that cracks when its
diameter is about 3 mm.
TEST PROCEDURE
1. Sieve air dried soil on 0.425mm sieve to obtain about 300g and take about 20g of the
material for the test.
2. Place the sample on a glass plate and mix it thoroughly with distilled water using
spatula.
3. Mould a ball with fingers and then roll it between the palms of the arm until slight
cracks appear on the surface.
4. Form a thread of about 6 mm between the first finger and the thumb.
5. Roll the thread between tips of the fingers and the glass plate until it cracks.
6. Collect the pieces of the thread into two containers and determine the moisture
content.
7. Report the average moisture content as the plastic limit (PL).
3.2.1.2 LIGUID LIMIT (LL)
Liquid limit is the moisture content that changes soil from plastic state to a liquid state. It is
determined in the laboratory as the moisture content that makes a soil groove close with 25
blows of the Casagrande apparatus; or the moisture content that allows a cone to penetrate 20mm
in a soil sample in 5 seconds. Liquid limit is the moisture content that changes soil from plastic
state to a liquid state. It is determined in the laboratory as the moisture content that makes a soil
groove close with 25 blows of the Casagrande apparatus; or the moisture content that allows a
cone to penetrate 20mm in a soil sample in 5 seconds.
PENETROMETER METHOD PROCEDURE
1) Sieve air-dried soil on 0.425mm sieve and take about 200g of the material passing the sieve.
2) Place sample on a glass plate and mix it thoroughly with distilled
water using spatula (soaking for 24 hrs. is required for clayey soils).
3) Place a portion of the mixed sample in the soil cup and level it off with the edge of the cup.
4) Place the cup under cone and lower the cone until it just touches
the surface of the soil; then record the dial gauge reading.
5) Release the cone for 5 seconds and then lock it in position
6) Lower dial gauge to touch the cone and record the reading.
7) Lift the cone up, remove some soil from the cup and add more soil from the mixing glass.
8) Place the cup under the cone, penetrate it again (repeat this step three times) and record the
average of the three readings.

9
9) Take a small portion of the material from the cup for moisture content.
10)Lift the cone up, remove the soil, add little water, mix thoroughly and repeat step 3) to 8) at
least four times by adding little water in the same sample.
11)Plot cone penetration on y-axis and moisture content on x-axis on a linear scale and join the
points by straight line.
12)Interpolate the moisture content corresponding with the penetration of 20mm and report it as
the Liquid limit.
9) Take a small portion of the material from the cup for moisture content.
10)Lift the cone up, remove the soil, add little water, mix thoroughly and repeat step 3) to 8) at
least four times by adding little water in the same sample.
11)Plot cone penetration on y-axis and moisture content on x-axis on a linear scale and join the
points by straight line.
12)Interpolate the moisture content corresponding with the penetration of 20mm and report it as
the Liquid limit.
3.2.1.3 PLASTICITY INDEX
Apparatus
• Wash bottle
• Weigh balance
• Pallete/knives
• Groove
• Glass plate
• Pestle and mortar
• Sieve
• Penetrometer
• Receiver
Procedure
I. Sieve air-dried soil on 0.425mm sieve and take about 200g of the material passing the
sieve.
ii. Place sample on a glass plate and mix it thoroughly with distilled water using spatula
(soaking for 24hrs is required for clay soil)
iii. Place a portion of the mixed sample in the soil cup and level it off with the edge of the
cup.
iv. Place the cup under cone and lower the cone until it just touches the surface of the soil,
then record the dial gauge reading.
v. Release the cone for 5 seconds and then lock in position.
vi. Lower dial gauge to touch the cone and record the reading.

10
vii. Lift the cone up, remove some soil from the cup and add more. soil from the mixing
glass.
viii. Place the cup under the cone, penetrate again (repeat this step three times) and record the
record the average of the three readings

Penetration point 16 18 20 22
Container no. A5 A1 A2 A4
Wt. of container+wet 37.6 25.9 40.6 26.1
soil (g)
Wt. of container+dry 31.5 23.9 33.5 23.89
soil (g)
Wt. of container (g) 18.6 18.8 18.7 18.6
Wt. of moisture (g) 6.1 2.0 7.1 2.21
Wt. of dry soil (g) 12.9 5.1 4.8 5.29
Moisture content (%) 47.3 39.2 41.79

Linear shrinkage Initial length (mm) Final length (mm)

5.0 280 280-5=275

%moisture content = moisture/weight of dry soil *100%

6.1/12.9*100%=47.3%,
2.0/5.1*100%=39.2%,
7.1/14.8*100%=47.97%,
2.21/5.29*100%=44.23%

PI=LL-PL
48-24.4=23.6
PI=23.6g

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3.2.1.4 LINEAR SHRINGAGE
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the mould,measure the length and apply a thin film of grease at the inside walls.
2. Take about 150g of the soil paste at Liquid limit,fill it fully in the mould and tap it on a
hard surface to remove air pockects.
3. Level the mould and remove surplus soil around it.
4. Allow specimen to dry in air for 24hours,and then dry it in oven.
5. Allow specimen to cool and measure its length.
%linear shrinkage =linear shrinkage/initial length *100%
5/280*100=1.79%
3.2.2 PROCTOR
Compaction method used in the laboratory to show the relationship of moisture content and
density of the materials.
AMERICAN STANDARDS (AASHTO)
Mould size:101.6mm dia.*116.4mm high(volume=950cm^3)
T99(2.5kg rammer) _3 layers 25 blows per layer.
PROCEDURE
1. Obtain about 6 kg of air dried soil passing 20mm sieve.
2. Weigh the mould with its baseplate and record its mass. (m1)
3. Put the soil in a tray and mix it thoroughly with water.

12
 4. Place the mould on a concrete base and fix the collar.
5. Compact the soil in accordance with the specified method. (AASHTO) using proper
mould and rammer.
6. Distribute the blows uniformly over the surface of each layer.
7. After the last layer, remove the collar, trim the excess soil over the mould and weigh it
with its base plate and soil. (m2).
8. Place the mould in a tray, remove the soil and take a small portion for moisture content.
9. Break the specimen, mix it with the reminder material in the tray, add more water and
mix it thoroughly.
10. Repeat step 5) and 8) at least four times.
Calculation
Moisture content (w)= (wt. of moisture/wt. of dry) *100%
6.9/54.4*100% = 12.68%
8.3/53.9*100% = 15.40%
10.2/64*100% = 15.94%
10.5/53*100% = 19.81%
Bulk density=wt. of wet soil/volume of mould
Dry density = (bulk density*100)/(w+100)

Sample no.1 1

Compaction type T99

Water to add ml 200 250 300 350 400

Weight of sample 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

% water added 2% 100 150 200 250 300
Wt. Of wet soil +mould (g) M2 6535.4 6611.4 6784.1 6776.7 6846
Wt. of mould (g) M1 4921 4929. 4921 4921 4921
Wt. of wet soil (M2-M1) 1614.4 1690.4 1863.1 1855.7 1925
Volume of mould (cm³) 880 880 880 880 880
Bulk density of soil (g/cm³) 1.8345 1.9209 2.1172 2.1081 2.1875
Dry density of soil (kg/cm³) 1628 1665 1826 1760 1779

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Tin no. B3 A2 A3 A5 B2

Wt. of wet soil+tin (g) 79.7 81.2 93.0 82.2 75.0

Wt. of dry soil+tin (g) 72.8 72.9 82.8 71.7 64.5

Wt. of tin (g) 18.4 19.0 18.8 18.7 18.8

Wt. of moisture 5.9 8.3 10.2 10.5 10.5
Wt. of dry soil 55.4 53.9 64.0 53.0 45.7
Moisture content (w) % 10.65 15.40 15.94 19.81 22.98

MDD=1820kg%MC = moisture/dry mass of soil * 100%

6.9/54.4*100% = 12.68%
8.3/53.9*100% = 15.40%
10.2/64*100% = 15.94%
10.5/53*100% = 19.81%
10.5/45.7*100=22.98%

14
MDD=1820kg
OMC=17%
3.2.3 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
The purpose of the test is to determine the strength and stability of the soil material for pavement
construction.
It involves penetration of a moulded soil sample with a cylindrical plunger at a constant
1mm/min.
Apparatus
• Mixing plate
• Weighing balance
• Spacer disc
• Mould base place and collar
• Measuring cylinder
• 2.5kg rammer
PROCEDURES
I. Using obtain proctor results, weigh the dry sample and measure the amount of water then
mix to obtain wet material.
II. Prepare about 6kgs of air-dried soil passing 20mm sieve for each of the CBR specimen.

15
III. Determine the natural moisture content (NMC) of the dry soil before adding water.
IV. Calculate the amount of water to be added to the soil to get the optimum moisture
content(OMC)
water to be added (w)=(OMC-NMC) *M/(NMC+100)
OMC =optimum moisture content
NMC=natural moisture content of the sample (dry soils normally contain slight moisture)
M=weight of dry sample e.g.(6kgs)
v. weigh the mould with its perforated base plate and records its mass.
vi. put the soil in a tray and add amount of water calculated in step 4
vii. Mix the sample thoroughly and take small portion for moisture content.
viii. Place mould on hard surface and fix the collar.
ix. Place layers according to specified method. (3 layers BS 62 blows per leg.)
x. Remove collar, trim excess soil over the mould and take the weight of the mould with the
base plate and soil.
xi. Remove plate and put filter paper on it, invert the specimen (top to be on the plate) and
tie the base plates back on the moulds.
xii. Put perforated swell plate on the specimen, add surcharge weights (of about 4.5kgs) and
put specimen in a curing tank.
xiii. Place swell gauge on specimen, record the initial readings, then add water to
approximately 5mm below the top of the collar and leave the specimen in water for 4 days.
Compact factor=dry density *100/MDD

Mass of wet soil=0.95*23.0*MDD*(OMC+100)/100

= {0.95*23.0*1820*(17+100)}/100
=4652.74g.
Dry soil= (wet soil +500) (OMC+1CHAPTER FOUR

16
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ARCHITERAL DRAWINGS

4.1 DESIGN

4.2MEASUREMENT

4.3 ESTIMATION

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
SUPPORT REACTION
K=h-(Cover-D/2)
=300-(40+12/2) =254mm
K= (59.79*10^6)/ (1000*254^2*25))
=0.037
Z=d(0.5+(0.25-k/0.9) ^1/2)>0.95d
=d (0.5+(0.25-0.037/0.9))>0.95d
=0.96d
Take 0.95d
Z=0.95*254=241.3

MAIN REINFORCEMENT
As=Mu/ (0. 87Fy.Z)

= (59.79*10^6)/ (0.87*460*241.3)

=619.15mm^2

Use 4D16 (804mm^2)

MID SPAN

K=Mu/ (bd^2.Fcu)

D=h-(cover+D/2)

=300-(40+10/2) =255mm

K= (39.86*10^6)/ (10.00*255^2*25)

=0.025

Z=d(0.5+(0.25-k/0.9) ^1/2)>0.95d

=d (0.5+(0.25-0.025/0.0) ^1/2))

28
0.97d>0.95d

Use 0.95d

Z=0.95*255=242.25

MAIN REINFORCEMENT

As=Mu/ (0.87*460*242.25)

=411.15mm^2

Use 3D16 (603MM^2)

4.2.1.3DESIGN OF COLUMN
Number of storey=G+1
Height of floors=3000mm
Size of beam=400*400
Size of column=300*300
Wall thickness=200mm

Roof
1. LOAD OF ROOF SLAB 200mm
Self-weight=0.2*25=5kn/m^2
Live load=1.5 =1.5kn/m^2
Floor finishes=1 =1kn/m^2 2.6m
Water proofing =0.8=0.8kn/m^2
Total roof loads =8.3kn/m^2 1st floor
Factored total loads=8.3*1.5=12.45kn/m^2

2.LOADS OF FLOOR SLAB 2.6m

Self-weight=0.2*25=5kn/m^2 Ground floor
Live load=3 =3kn/m^2
Floor finishes=1 =1kn/m^2 200mm
Total floor loads =9.0kn/m^2
Factored total loads=9.0*1.5=13.5kn/m^2

3.LOADS OF WALL

29
 Height of walls=3.0-0.4=2.6m
Self-weight=0.2*2.6*20=10.4kn/m^2
Total wall loads =8.3kn/m^2
Factored total loads=8.3*1.5=15.6kn/m^2

4.LOADS OF BEAMS
Self-weight=0.4^2*25=4.0kn/m^2
Total beam loads =4.0kn/m^2
Factored total loads=4.0*1.5=6.0kn/m^2

LOADS ON COLUMN C2
1. ROOF TO 1ST FLOOR
Roof loads=12.45*3.95*3.975=195.48kn
Beam loads =5.76*7.975 =45.648kn
Wall loads=15.6*7.925 =123.63kn
Total =364.759kn
2. 1ST FLOOR TO GROUND FLOOR
Floor loads=13.5*3.95*3.975=211.967kn
Beam loads =5.76*7.975 =45.648kn
Wall loads=15.6*7.925 =123.63kn
Total =381.245kn
Total loads from top floor =364.759kn
Total =381.245+364.759=746.004kn

Allow 10% for bending due to effect of fixity.

110/100*746.006=820.604kn
Design reinforcement of the column
DATA
Size (200*200) mm^2
Axial load=820.604kn
Fcu=25n/mm^2
Characteristic strength of concrete=24 kn/m^3
Fy=460n/mm^2

GROUND FLOOR PART OF THE COLUMN

30
N=0.45Fcu.Ac+0.75Fy.Asc
Ag=Ac+Asc
Ac=Ag-Asc
Ag=200*200
820.604*10^3=0.45*25*(Ag-Asc)+0.75*460*Asc
820.604*10^3=0.45*25*(400-Asc)+0.75*460*Asc
820.604*10^3-450000=-11.25Asc+345Asc
370604.4=333.425Asc
Asc=1110.425
Provide 4D20 (1257)
Stirrups
Diameter size =¼*20=5
Use diameter 6mm
Spacing of links=12*minimum diameter
=12*20=240mm
4.2.2 MEASUREMENTS

Description
CONSTRUCTION FOR A TWO STOREY LADIES
HOSTELS AT THE RIFT VALLEY TRCHNICAL
INSTITUTE.

31
CHECK LIST
1. Site clearance
2. Excavation of top soil
3. Excavation to reduce level
4. Excavation of trenches
5. Excavation of column pits
6. Dewatering
7. Plunking and strutting
8. Leveling of base of excavated trenches
9. Concrete on column pits
10. Concrete on foundation trenches
11. Formwork to columns
12. Concrete on column
13. Sub walling
14. Backfilling of excavated trenches
15. Hardcore
16. Blinding
17. DBM
18. Formwork to slab
19. BRC mesh
20. Pouring of concrete slab
21. DBC

32
 SUBSTRUCTURES
SITE CLEARANCE
34.00 L W
18.00 32000 16000
Add working area 2000
34000 18000
Clear site away from all trees, shrubs and burn.

EXCAVATION OF TOP SOIL

900mm

200mm

600mm
Fen. width 600
Less block work 200
2)400
32.40 L W
16.40 32000 16000
Add spread 2)200
32400 16400
Excavate over site average 150mm deep to remove
vegetable soil load up, wheel and cart away

EXCAVATION TO REDUCE LEVEL

Hardcore 2500
Add blinding 25
Add concrete slab 100

33
 375
32.40 Less veg. soil 150
16.40 225
0.25 Less ground level to hardcore 200
25
Excavate to reduce level av. depth of 25 mm and remove
from site commencing from stripped level.
20.00
L W
4.00
20000 4000

Ddt. Ditto

EXCAVATION OF TRENCHES
Width 600
Depth 200
Add 900
1100
Less 175
41/ 114.80
925
0.60

MEAN GIRTH= 2(31800+15800) +11800+2(3900)

=114800
Exc. trenches for foundation starting from reduced level but
not exceeding 1.5m deep and backfill.

EXCAVATION OF COLUMN PIT

41/ 0.60
Length 600
0.60
Width 600
0.20
Height 200

ITEMS
Excavation of column pits 200 mm commencing from 1100
mm below ground level but not exceeding 3m

34
114.80 Allow for keeping excavations free from general surface
water.
0.60
Allow for plunking and strutting to sides to excavations.

114.80
Level and compact the bottom of the trench to receive
0.60
concrete.

CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION TRENCHES

Concrete in foundation using plain concrete (1:3:6) in
foundation trenches.

0.60 FORMWORK TO COLUMN

0.60 L=600mm
0.20 W=600mm
Height=200mm
Sawn softwood to the edge of the floor slab bed of
thickness 100mm.

CONCRETE TO COLUMN
Concrete in columns using plain concrete (1:3:6) in
foundation trenches.

FOUNDATION WALING
MG=110800
Height= 900
Add above ground level 200
1100
114.80
Less concrete slab 100
1.00
1000

200mm thick natural quarry stone walling bedded and

jointed in cement sand (1:2) mortar and reinforced with and
including 20 swg × 25mm wide hoop iron every alternate

35
 course
12mm thick cement sand (1:3) wood float render to plinth

HARDCORE
Thickness 250 mm
L W
15.80 15800 7800
7.80
0.25 L W
15800 7800
Apply approved hardcore filling to make up levels and
compact in layers of 125mm thickness and apply approved
chemical treatment on hardcore.
31.80
15.80

MURRAM BLINDING
25mm thick murram blinding on top of hardcore
and
apply approved chemical treatment on murram blinding
and
500g gauge polythene DBM on blinding.

115.80
FORMWORK TO SLAB
MG=114800+200=115000
Height=100mm
Sawn softwood to the edge of the floor slab bed of
thickness 100mm.

32.00 CONCRETE ON FLOOR SLAB

16.00 L W
32000 16000
100mm thick VRC mix (1:2:4) in floor bed
and

36
 BRC mesh.
110.80
DBC
MG=110800
10mm thick dpc in one coat.

END OF SUBSTRUCTURE

SUPERSTRUCTURE
CHECK LIST
1. Form work to column
2. Concrete to column
3. Walling
4. Form work to beam and slab
5. Concreting
FORMWORK TO COLUMN

0.20 L=200

0.20 W=200

3.00 H=3000
Sawn softwood formwork to vertical sides of the columns.

0.20
0.20
3.00
CONCRETING TO COLUMN
Pour VRC concrete mix (1:2:4) in the vertical formwork and
allow for formwork on setting.

103.00
WALLING
2.60
EXTERNAL WALLING
Natural quarry stone bedded and jointed in cement sand
(1:3) mortar and with 25mm wide × 20 swg hoop iron every
alternate course
200mm thick walling

37
 INTERNAL WALLING

Solid concrete block walling bedded and joined in cement

sand (1:3) mortar with hoop iron every alternate course

4.2.3 ESTIMATION AND COSTING

PROJECT; The proposed design and construction of the two storey ladies hostel at The Rift Valley
Technical Institute
PREPARED By,ATAPALE KEVIN MNANGAT
SITE CLEARANCE
Assumptions
Skilled labor=ksh 80 per hour
Unskilled labor =ksh 40 per hour
Output per labor=10 m^2 per hour
1 skilled and 2 unskilled labor
Cost of labor= [40*2] +80= 160
allow 30% profits and overheads
=130/100*160=208
Cost per m^2=208/30=6.93

TOP SOIL EXCAVATION

Data assumption
Excavation is 100m^2 per hour
Hiring a dumper=4000 per hour
Hiring excavator=3000 per hour
Tipping distance=50 m away
Efficiency= 90%
Cost of excavation

38
No of hours of excavation
=612/100*0.95=5.814 hours
Cost =5.814*3000=17442 shillings.
Cost of disposal
Assume 2 hours to wheel away
Cost of transport=2*3000=6000
Total cost=6000+17442=23442
Add 30% profit and overheads
=130%*23442/100=30474.60
Total =30474.40
Cost of 612m^2=30474.40
Cost per m^2=30474.40/612=49.80
Excavation of pit per column
Data
Hiring a dumper= 4000/hr.
Hiring an excavator inclusive of an operator=4000/hr.
Output=80m^3/hr.
Efficiency=75%
Volume=80m^3
70/ [6.93*0.75] =13.47
Cost of hiring dumper
Dumper=13.47*4000=53880
Excavator =13.47*4000=53880
Total cost=53880+53880=107760
80m^3=107760
1m^3=107760/80=1347shillings

Excavation for column base

Unskilled labor= 40
Labor constants= 5hr/m^3
Allow 30% profits and overheads
Labor=40*5=200
Profits and overheads 130/100*200=260
39
Total=260

Trench excavation not exceeding 1.5 m

Assumption
Labor constants=2.8/hr.
Unskilled labor=40/hr.
Labor cost=40*2.8=112.00
Allow 30% profits and overheads
130/100*112=145.60
Disposal
Labor constants
Filling materials into wheelbarrows =1.5hr/m^3
Wheel away=0.5hr/m^3
Spread=0.75hrs/m^3
Labor cost=1.5*40=60
=0.5*40=20
=0.75*40=30
Total=30+60+20=110
Allow 30% profits and overheads
130/100*110=143.00
Backfilling
Assumptions
Labor=1hr/m^3
Unskilled=40/hr.
Labor cost=1*40=40
Allow 30 % profits and overheads
=130/100*40=52

General water removal

Data
Hiring sump pump and fuel together=4000
Assume 5 days of pumping
Skilled labor=80/hr.
40
Cost of labor= [5*80*8]
=3200
Cost of hiring pump= [4000*8*5]
=160000
Total cost=160000+3200=163200
Cost per hour=163200/ [5*8] =4080

Plunking and strutting

Data
Skilled labor= 80/hr.
Unskilled labor=40/hr.
250*25mm cypress board=150/m
Nails 8kg@150
75*50mm rails boards=70/
50*50mm struts=60/m
Consider 1.5m length
Polling board 250*25mm@c/c 1.2m
15/1.2+1=13.5 say 14 no
Length=1.5m
Cost=14*2*1.5*150=6300
Rails=75*50mm
Length in one side =1.5
Cost=15*2*70=2100
Struts=50*50mm 1200c/c
No = [15*100/1200] +1=13.5 say 14no
Length 1500- [2/15+2/50] =1350mm
Cost=14*1*1.350*60=1134
Total=6300+2100+1134=9534
Allow 5% wastage=105*9534/100=10,010.70
Allow 4 times reuse
=10010.70/4=2502.68
Nails= 8kg@150=8*150=1200
Labor= (skilled + unskilled)
41
=10(80+40) =1200
Total labor plus materials=2502.68+1200
=3502.68

Blinding
Data
(1:4:8)
Cement=0.35m^3=900 transported to site
Sand 10m^3=2000
Cost of materials and transport
Cement cost =1/13*0.135*900=37.38
Cost of ballast=8/13*1500*1/10=92.31
Total cost=33.25+92.31=125.56
Cost of materials
Cement=1/13*136=10.46m^2
Take 6m^2=800

10.46*800/6=1394.67
Add 5% waste
105%*1394.67=1464.40

Sand=4/13*136=11.85m^2
Assume 500m^2=7105*41.85/500=594.69

Ballast 8/13*136=83.69
Add 10%=110%*83.69=92.06m^2
Take 500m^2=3000
92.06m^2=?
=92.06*3000/500=552.36

Cost of labor
Skilled labor@ 120/hr.
4 unskilled labor@60/hr.
42
Cost= (8*120) + (4*8*60) =2880
Total cost=1394+574.63+552.36+2880=5400.98
Allow 30% profits and overheads
=130%*5400.98=7021.27
Cost of 136m^2
1m^2=7021.27/136=51.63
Concrete bed
Data 1:2:4 VRC mix
Unskilled labor= 40/hr.
Skilled labor=80/hr.
Cost of cement bag=900
Foundation concrete
Data
1:2:4
Ballast /10m^2=3000
Sand /10m^3=4000
Take 40m^3
Cement=1/7*40=5.71m^3
Sand=2/7*40=11.43m^3
Ballast=4/7*40=22.86m^3
Cost
Sand=11.43*4000/10=4572
Ballast=22.86*3000/10=6858
Cement=5.71*900/0.195=26353.85
Total=4572+6858+26353.85
=37783.85
Cost of labor
Assumption
3 no vibrators and operators @3500/day
2skiiled labor @80/hr.
8 unskilled labor @ 40/hr.
Concreting to take 5 days
Cost (5*8) *(80+40) =40*180=4800
43
Cost of mixing and placing=4800
Cost of compacting =3500*3 assuming compaction was done in a day=10500
Total cost=10500+4800=15300
Cost of hiring
3 no vibrators=2000/hr.=16000/day
Mixer= 1500/hr.=12000/day
Total=3(16000) +12000=60000
Total cost of material, labor and machines
=60000+15300+37783.85=113083.85
Allow 30% profits and overheads
130/100*113083.85=147009.005
1m^3=147009.005/40=3675.23

Foundation walling
Data
Sand/tonne=1800
Cement=900/bag
Cost of mixing mortar=400/m^2
Assume length of wall 1.5 by 0.9 high
Area of the wall= (12*1.5) -(4*0.2*1.5) =16.8m^2
Cost of materials
Cost of block=20/piece
Area of 1 block= (0.45*0.2) =0.09m^2
No of blocks= (16.8/0.09) +1=188 blocks
Add 5% wastage=105/100*188=197
Cost of blocks=197*20=3940
Cost of mortar= (1:3)
Cement say 8 bags= 900*8=7200
Sand ¾*8*0.135/10*7100=575.10
Total cost=3940+7200+575.10=11715.10
Cost of labor
No of bags=8
Cost= (2*40*8*8) +(1*80*8*8) =10240
44
Total=11715.10+10240
=21955.10
Allow 30% profits and overheads
130/100*21955.10=28541.63
Cost of 16,8m^2=28,541.63
1m^2=28,541.63/16.8
=1698.91

Hardcore
Cost of hardcore=2000/m^2
2 skilled labor@80/hr.
6 unskilled labor@40/hr.
Cost of placing and compacting
(2*80*8) +(6*40*8) =3200
1m^3 =2,000
Area=123.24m²
Volume=123.24*0.25=30.81m³
30.81m³=30.81*2,000=61620
Assume transport takes 2,500
Total =61620+2500=64120
Add 30% overheads and profits
=130/100*64120=83356
1m³=83356/30.81=2705.49

Anti-termite treatment
Assumptions
Assume 15kg @2000/kg
Cost of materials
2000*15=30000
Cost of labor
Assume 5 unskilled labor@40
2 skilled labor @80
Cost= (5*8*40) +(2*8*80) =1920
45
Total cost=30000+1920=31920
Add 30% profits and overheads
=130/100*31920
=41496
1m^2=41496/30.81
=1346.84

Blinding on hardcore
Data
Mix ratio 1:4:8
Take 8 hrs./day
Assume 200m² of sand @10000
200m² of ballast @ 8000
Assume concreting takes 4 days
Cost of materials
Cement=1/7*200=28.57m^2
1m^3=900
28.57*900=25713
Add 5 % bulking
105/100*25713
=26998
Sand=2/7*200=57.14
200m^2=10000
57.143*10000/100=2857
Add 10% bulking and wastage
110/100*2857
=3,142.70
Ballast 4/7*200=114.29
200m^2=8000
114.29/200*8000
=4,571.60
Add 5 % wastage105/100*4571.60
=4800.18
46
Total cost of materials
=26998.65+3142.70+4800.18
=34941.53
Cost of labor
Assume 3 skilled and 9 unskilled labor
Cost of mixing= (3*80*8*4) +(9*40*8*4) =19200
Cost of placing
(9*40*8) +(3*80*8) =4800
Curing takes 2 skilled labor @40 /day for 6 days
=2*40*8*6=3840
Total cost=19200+4800+3840=27840
Cost of machine
vibrators@2000/hr.
mixer@1500/hr.
mixer=1500*2*8=24000
vibrator=2000*8=16000
Total= 24000+16000=40000
Total cost
Cost of materials=34941.53
Cost of labor=27840
Machine=40000
Total cost=34941.53+27840+40000=102781.53
Add 30%profits and overheads
130/100*102781.53=133615.99

Formwork on bed
Data
Assume length 100m
Timber reuse= 4 times
Timber 200per 3m length
Time taken= 1 day
Cost of materials
Timber waste 5%
47
100/3*200=6666.67
Allow 4 times reuse=6666.67/4=1666.67
Add 5% waste
=105/100*1666.67=1750
Cost of labor
2 skilled @40= (2*40*8) =640
1 skilled @ 80=80*8=640
Total=640+640=1280
Total cost of labor and materials
=1280+1750=3030
Add 30% profits and overheads
130/100*3030=3939
Cost/m²=3939/100=39.39

Reinforcement and BRC mesh

BRC=20000
Spaces=5 each
Tying wires=150/kg
Skilled labor=80
Unskilled labor=40
Materials, consider 300m³ per roll
Cost of a roll=20000
1kg tying wires=150
Spacer blocks =100*6=600
Total cost =20750
Add 5% waste
=105/100*20750=21787.50
Labor 1 skilled= 1*80=80
3 unskilled=3*40=120
Total = 200
Total cost of materials and labor
=200+21787.50=21987.50
Allow 30% profits and overheads
48
130/100*21987.50=28583.75
Unit cost= 28583.75/300=95.28

Bituminous felt DBC

Data
200mm wide bituminous felt
Cost of bituminous felt=100/m
1 skilled=80/hr.
1unskilled=40/hr.
Cost of materials
1m=100
Allow 10% profit and overhead
110/100*100=110
Labor
Assume 2min to lay 1m
Cost of labor= (40+80) =120
60min=120
5min*120/60=10
Total material and labor
=110+10=120
Add 30% profit and overheads
120/100*120
=156

STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Data
Cost of 1kg =100
Labor constant for 10kg
Binding time =12hrs
Cutting=0.3
Fixing=2.0
Assumptions
49
10kg reinforcement
Skilled @80/hr.
Unskilled labor@40/hr.
Cost of bars
=100*10=1000
Tying wires; assume 1.2kg@125=150
Spacer blocks 60@50=3000
Add 5% waste
105/100(150+3000) =3307.50
Labor
Total time for cutting, bending and fixing
=1.2+0.3+2=3.5 hrs.
Skilled=3.5*80=280
Unskilled=3.5*40=140
Total =420
Total cost of materials and labor
3307.50+420=3727.50
10kg=3727.50
1*3727.50/10=372.75
Add 30%profits and overheads
130/100*372.75=484.58

4.2.4 BILL OF QUANTITIES

ITEM Description Quan Unit Rate Shs

tity
CONSTRUCTION FOR A TWO STOREY LADIES
HOSTELS AT THE RIFT VALLEY TECHNICAL
INSTITUTE.

50
 SUBSTRUCTURES
(ALL PROVISIONAL)
A
SITE CLEARANCE 612 6.93 SM 4241.
16
Clear site away from all trees, shrubs and burn.
B
26461
EXCAVATION OF TOP SOIL 531. 49.80 SM
.73
36
Excavate over site average 150mm deep to remove
vegetable soil load up, wheel and cart away

C
EXCAVATION OF COLUMN PIT
96.98
0.07 1347 CM
2
Excavation of column pits 200 mm commencing from 1100
mm below ground level but not exceeding 3m

4080 LM
4080
Allow for keeping excavations free from general surface
water. 3502. LM
3502.
23
Allow for plunking and strutting to sides to excavations. 23

502. 51.63
Level and compact the bottom of the trench to receive 44 SM 25940
concrete. .98

D FOUNDATION WALING
200mm thick natural quarry stone walling bedded and 68.8 1698. 11702
CM
jointed in cement sand (1:2) mortar and reinforced with8 and 91 0.92
including 20 swg × 25mm wide hoop iron every alternate
course
12mm thick cement sand (1:3) wood float render to plinth

E HARDCORE
Thickness 250 mm CM
2705. 83356
Apply approved hardcore filling to make up levels and30.8 49 .15
compact in layers of 125mm thickness 1

51
 apply approved chemical treatment on hardcore.
1346. LM 1346.
84 84
MURRAM BLINDING
F 25mm thick murram blinding on top of hardcore
13361
502. SM
5.99
44 266.0
FORMWORK TO SLAB
5
G Sawn softwood to the edge of the floor slab bed of
thickness 100mm. 115. LM
80 39.39 4561.
362

40422
COLLECTION 4.342

52
 4.2.5 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

SECURITY

MAIN GATE

ADM BLOCK

EXISTING
CAFETERIA BUILDING

FOOT PATH

GRASS AREA

PROPOSED
BUILDING

Construction management deals with site layout of the proposed ladies hostel .
Function of construction management:
1. Safety management in site
2. Security maintainance in site
3. Directing staffing
4. Controlling and coordination

53
 CHAPTER FIVE

FINDING,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 FINDING AND CONCLUSION
During the process of the project it was found out that there was not enough equipment to carry
out the practicals eg not enough equipment like theodolite for taking levelling process and not
enough equipment for testing soil samples. There was shortage of time in planning for the project
practicals and designing process, not enough materials for literature review and there were heavy
rains during the process which make planning of the projects eg for taking soil samples difficult.
From the project I concluded that there is the difference between theoretical and practical work
which enable me to have more knowledge in analysis the design of beams, slabs and columns
after knowing the loads and know who levelling and contouring are taken and interpolated. In
this project I designed the project according to the end moments and corresponding bending
moments. The coefficient has been calculated as per 1.5 code method for corresponding Ly/Lx
ratio. The calculation has been done for loads on slabs strength and effective capacity for design
and moments distribution method.

5.2 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

Due to an availability of enough equipments at the institution I propose that the institution should
put as part of the requirements.
Usage of cheap affordable materials which met the requirements of the design due to fluctuation
of materials prices.
Since there is not enough research I recommend that further research be done on the same in
future.
Due to unlimited time I recommend earlier commencement of the project in future.

54
REFERENCE
Design work.
Books.
Literature review.
Research from the internet.
Standard method of measurement.
Bs 8110 for concrete works.
Lecture notes.

55