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Chapter -7
RAM Technology :
What is RAM ?
Random Access Memory, is a type of computer memory that allows data to be read and
written randomly, meaning that the computer can access any location in the memory directly
rather than having to read the data in aspecific order. This makes RAM an essential
component of a computer system, as it enables the CPUto access data quickly and efficiently.
RAM is volatile in nature, which means if the power goes off, the stored information is lost.
RAM is used to store the data that is currently processed by the CPU. Most of the programs
and data that are modifiable are stored in RAM.
Types of RAM ?
Mainly RAM have 2 types

SRAM (Static RAM)
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
What is SRAM?
The SRAM memories consist of circuits capable of retaining the stored information as long as
the power is applied. That means this type of memory requires constant power. SRAM
memories are used to build Cache Memory.
What is DRAM?
DRAM stores the binary information in the form of electric charges applied to capacitors. The
stored information on the capacitors tends to lose over a period of time and thus the
capacitors must be periodically recharged to retain their usage. DRAM requires refresh time.
The main memory is generally made up of DRAM chips.
Types of DRAM
There are mainly 5 types of DRAM.
Asynchronous DRAM (ADRAM): The DRAM described above is the asynchronous type of
DRAM. The timing of the memory device is controlled asynchronously.
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM): These RAM chips' access speed is directly synchronized with
the CPU's clock. For this, the memory chips remain ready for
operation when the CPU
expects them to be ready.
Double-Data-Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM): This faster version of SDRAM

operations on both edges of the clock signal; whereas a standard SDRAMperforms its
operations on the rising edge of the clock signal. performs its
1
DDR1 SDRAM:
bDRI SDRAM is the first advanced version of SDRAM. In this RAM, the voltage was reduced
from 3.3 Vto 2.5 V. The data is transferred during both the rising as well as the falling edge of
the clock cycle.
DDR2 SDRAM:
It is an advanced version of DDR1, It operates at 1.8 V instead of 2.5V. Its data rate is double the
data rate of the previous generation due to the increase in the number of bits that are pre
fetched during each cycle;4 bits are pre-fetched instead of 2 bits.
DDR3 SDRAM:
In this version, the voltage is further reduced from 1.8 V to the 1.5 V. The data rate has been
doubled than the previous generation RAM as the number of bits that are pre-fetched has been
increased from 4 bits to the 8 bits.
DDR4 SDRAM:
In this version, the operating voltage is further reduced from 1.5 Vto 1.2 V, but the number of
bits that can be pre-fetched is same as the previous generation; 8 bits per cycle. The Internal
clock frequency of the RAM is double of the previous version.
SRAM DRAM
SRAM stands for Static Random Access DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access
Memory. Memory.
Uses a flip-flop circuit to store data Uses acapacitor and a transistor to store data
SRAM has a lower access time, so it is faster DRAM has a higher access time, so it is slower
compared to DRAM. than SRAM.
SRAM has long data life. DRAM has short data life.
SRAM has a storage capacity of 1 MB to 16 DRAM, which is often found in tablets and
MB in most cases. smart phones, has a capacity of 1 GB to 2 GB
SRAM is costlier than DRAM. DRAM costs less compared to SRAM.
SRAM provides faster speed of data DRAM provides slower speed of data
read/write. read/write.
2
SRAM DRAM
SRAM requires a constant power supply, DRAM offers reduced power consumption
which means this type of memory consumes due to the fact that the information is stored
more power. in the capacitor.
Good choice for applications that may be Not suitable for such applications.
exposed to extrenme temperatures.
SRAM has low packaging capacity. DRAM has a high packaging density.
DRAM is used in main memories.

SRAM is used in cache memories.
SRAM does not require refresh time. DRAM requires periodic refresh time.
SRAMS are used as cache memory in DRAMs are used as main memory in
computer and other computing devices. computer systems.
What is Memory Bandwidth ?
The data transfer rate between the CPU or other processing units and memory is measured
by memory bandwidth, which is commonly expressed in gigabytes per second (GB/S). In
short, it specifies the maximum amount of data that can be written to or read from memory
in a specific amount of time.
RAM Speed :
Acomputer's memory speed, also known as RAM speed, is the rate at which data can be read
or written to the computer's random access memory (RAM). It's measured in megahertz
(MHz), which is millions of cycles per second. Ahigher memory speed means the computer
can store and retrieve data faster, which can improve overall
Capacity of RAM :
The capacity of RAM in a computer refers tothe amount of short-term memory available for
the computer to store data. RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It's a temporary storage
space that allows applications to access and store data quickly.
Acomputer's RAM (random access memory) capacity is typically measured in gigabytes (GB)
and can range from 4 GB to 128 GB or more. Common RAM sizes include 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB,
32 GB, and 64 GB.

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Chapter -7

Mainly RAM have 2 types

Double-Data-Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM): This faster version of SDRAM

DRAM is used in main memories.

What is Memory Bandwidth ?

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