1.

Evolution of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first
came in the 1950s. In making cloud computing what it is today, five
technologies played a vital role. These are distributed systems and its
peripherals, virtualization, web 2.0, service orientation, and utility
computing.

Distributed Systems:
It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are
depicted as a single entity to the users. The purpose of distributed
systems is to share resources and also use them effectively and
efficiently. Distributed systems possess characteristics such as
scalability, concurrency, continuous availability, heterogeneity, and
independence in failures. But the main problem with this system was
that all the systems were required to be present at the same
geographical location. Thus to solve this problem, distributed
computing led to three more types of computing and they were-
Mainframe computing, cluster computing, and grid computing.

Mainframe computing:
Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful
and reliable computing machines. These are responsible for handling
large data such as massive input-output operations. Even today these
are used for bulk processing tasks such as online transactions etc.
These systems have almost no downtime with high fault tolerance.
After distributed computing, these increased the processing
capabilities of the system. But these were very expensive. To reduce
this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe
technology.

Cluster computing:
In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe
computing. Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other
by a network with high bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those
mainframe systems. These were equally capable of high computations.
Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was required.
Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some extent but the
problem related to geographical restrictions still pertained. To solve
this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.

Grid computing:
In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that
different systems were placed at entirely different geographical
locations and these all were connected via the internet. These systems
belonged to different organizations and thus the grid consisted of
heterogeneous nodes. Although it solved some problems but new
problems emerged as the distance between the nodes increased. The
main problem which was encountered was the low availability of high
bandwidth connectivity and with it other network associated issues.
Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of grid
computing”.

Virtualization:
It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of
creating a virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run
multiple instances simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key
technology used in cloud computing. It is the base on which major
cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud, etc
work on. Hardware virtualization is still one of the most common types
of virtualization.

 Web 2.0:
It is the interface through which the cloud computing services
interact with the clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have
interactive and dynamic web pages. It also increases flexibility
among web pages. Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google
Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to say, social media is
possible because of this technology only. It gained major popularity
in 2004.
 Service orientation:
It acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-
cost, flexible, and evolvable applications. Two important concepts
were introduced in this computing model. These were Quality of
Service (QoS) which also includes the SLA (Service Level
Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).

 Utility computing:
It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques
for services such as compute services along with other major
services such as storage, infrastructure, etc which are provisioned
on a pay-per-use basis.
Thus, the above technologies contributed to the making of cloud
computing.

Advantages using cloud computing

2. a) Difference between Full Virtualization and

Para virtualization
Virtualization is the creation of Virtual Version of something such as
server, desktop, storage device, operating system etc.
Virtualization is a technique which allows us to share a single physical instance
of a resource or an application among multiple customers and an organization.
Virtualization often creates many virtual resources from one physical resource.
 Host Machine –
The machine on which virtual machine is going to create is known as Host
Machine.

 Guest Machine –
The virtual machines which are created on Host Machine is called Guest
Machine.

Virtualization in Cloud Computing

Virtualization is very important concept in cloud computing. In cloud computing,
a cloud vendor who will provide cloud services have all physical resources like
server, storage device, network device etc. and these physical services are rented
by cloud vendors so that user’s will not worry about these physical services.
Full Virtualization: Full Virtualization was introduced by IBM in the year 1966. It is
the first software solution for server virtualization and uses binary translation and direct
approach techniques. In full virtualization, guest OS is completely isolated by the
virtual machine from the virtualization layer and hardware. Microsoft and Parallels
systems are examples of full virtualization.

Pros of Virtualization in Cloud Computing :

Utilization of Hardware Efficiently –

With the help of Virtualization Hardware is Efficiently used by user as well as

Cloud Service Provider. In this the need of Physical Hardware System for the
User is decreases and this results in less costly.In Service Provider point of
View, they will vitalize the Hardware using Hardware Virtualization which
decrease the Hardware requirement from Vendor side which are provided to
User is decreased.

Before Virtualization, Companies and organizations have to set up their own

Server which require extra space for placing them, engineer’s to check its
performance and require extra hardware cost but with the help of Virtualization
the all these limitations are removed by Cloud vendor’s who provide Physical
Services without setting up any Physical Hardware system.

 Availability increases with Virtualization

One of the main benefit of Virtualization is that it provides advance
features which allow virtual instances to be available all the times. It
also has capability to move virtual instance from one virtual Server
another Server which is very tedious and risky task in Server Based
System. During migration of Data from one server to another it ensures
its safety. Also, we can access information from any location and any
time from any device.
 Disaster Recovery is efficient and easy
Data Recovery, Backup, Duplication becomes very easy. In traditional
method , if somehow due to some disaster if Server system Damaged
then the surety of Data Recovery is very less. But with the tools of
 Virtualization real time data backup recovery and mirroring become
easy task and provide surety of zero percent data loss.
 Virtualization saves Energy
Virtualization will help to save Energy because while moving from
physical Servers to Virtual Server’s, the number of Server’s decreases
due to this monthly power and cooling cost decreases which will Save
Money as well. As cooling cost reduces it means carbon production by
devices also decreases which results in Fresh and pollution free
environment.
 Quick and Easy Set up
In traditional methods Setting up physical system and servers are very
time-consuming. Firstly Purchase them in bulk after that wait for
shipment. When Shipment is done then wait for Setting up and after that
again spend time in installing required software etc. Which will consume
very time. But with the help of virtualization the entire process is done
in very less time which results in productive setup.
 Cloud Migration becomes easy
cost-effective to shift to cloud services because all the data that is
present in their server’s can be easily migrated into the cloud server and
save something from maintenance charge, power consumption, cooling
cost, cost to Server Maintenance Engineer etc.
Para virtualization: Para virtualization is the category of CPU virtualization which
uses hypercalls for operations to handle instructions at compile time. In
paravirtualization, guest OS is not completely isolated but it is partially isolated by the
virtual machine from the virtualization layer and hardware. VMware and Xen are some
examples of para virtualization.

2. (b)Virtual Memory in Operating System

It is a technique that is implemented using both hardware and software. It maps
memory addresses used by a program, called virtual addresses, into physical
addresses in computer memory.

 All memory references within a process are logical addresses that are
dynamically translated into physical addresses at run time.
 A process may be broken into a number of pieces and these pieces need not
be continuously located in the main memory during execution

Demand Paging
 The process of loading the page into memory on demand (whenever a page
fault occurs) is known as demand paging. The process includes the
following steps are as follows:
Advantages of Virtual Memory
 More processes may be maintained in the main memory: Because we are going
to load only some of the pages of any particular process, there is room for more
processes. This leads to more efficient utilization of the processor because it is more
likely that at least one of the more numerous processes will be in the ready state at
any particular time.
 A process may be larger than all of the main memory: One of the most
fundamental restrictions in programming is lifted. A process larger than the main
memory can be executed because of demand paging. The OS itself loads pages of a
process in the main memory as required.
 It allows greater multiprogramming levels by using less of the available (primary)
memory for each process.
 It has twice the capacity for addresses as main memory.
Disadvantages of Virtual Memory
 It can slow down the system performance, as data needs to be constantly
transferred between the physical memory and the hard disk.
 It can increase the risk of data loss or corruption, as data can be lost if the hard
disk fails or if there is a power outage while data is being transferred to or
from the hard disk.
 It can increase the complexity of the memory management system, as the
operating system needs to manage both physical and virtual memory.
Swapping & Thrashing

Swapping is a process out means removing all of its pages from memory, or
marking them so that they will be removed by the normal page replacement
process. Suspending a process ensures that it is not runnable while it is swapped
out. At some later time, the system swaps back the process from the secondary
storage to the main memory. When a process is busy swapping pages in and out
then this situation is called thrashing.

Thrashing
At any given time, only a few pages of any process are in the main memory, and
therefore more processes can be maintained in memory. Furthermore, time is
saved because unused pages are not swapped in and out of memory .
3 .Storage structure of S3 bucket
AWS S3(Simple Storage Service) is a storage-as-a-service platform provided by
Amazon. S3 offers various types of storage classes such as:
 Standard,
 Standard IA,
 Intelligent,
 Reduced Redundancy, and Glacier.

Amazon S3 stores the data inside a bucket in the form of an object. The object
inside the S3 bucket can be accessed, versioned, and deleted as per requirement.

Methods to Store Data in S3

1.AWS Console: S3 service using a web-based AWS console. We can upload
and store files as objects in an S3 bucket using web UI.

2. AWS CLI : Storing objects to an S3 bucket is also available with the help of
programming language-specific SDKs provided by AW, can easily import AWS
SDK and use it to store application files in S3.

3.AWS S3 Rest APIs: S3 provides a REST application programming interface

for accessing S3 buckets using Amazon S3 endpoints. The S3 bucket can be
accessed with help of standard HTTP and HTTPS requests

Amazon S3 supports a waterfall model for transitioning between storage classes, as

shown in the following diagram.
Steps to Store Data to S3 using AWS Console
Cloud Deployment Model
Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing environment with a
deployment architecture that varies depending on the amount of data you want
to store and who has access to the infrastructure.

Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models

 Public Cloud
 Private Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud
 Community Cloud
 Multi-Cloud

Public Cloud
The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services.
The public cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud
is one in which cloud infrastructure services are provided over the internet to
the general people or major industry groups.

Advantages of the Public Cloud Model

 Minimal Investment:
 No setup cost:
 Infrastructure Management is not required:
 No maintenance:
 Dynamic Scalability:
Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model
 Less secure:
 Low customization:

Private Cloud
Private cloud is a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer). There
is no need to share your hardware with anyone else. The distinction
between private and public clouds is in how you handle all of the hardware. It is
also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to access systems and
services within a given border or organization.

Advantages of the Private Cloud Model

 Better Control:
 Data Security and Privacy:
 Customization:

Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model

 Less scalable
 Costly:
Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid cloud bridges the public and private worlds with a layer of proprietary
software, hybrid cloud computing gives the best of both worlds . By deploying
hybrid cloud in an Organization can move data and applications between
different clouds using a combination of two or more cloud deployment methods,
depending on their needs.

Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

 Flexibility and control:
 Security:
Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
 Difficult to manage:
 Slow data transmission:

Community Cloud
The infrastructure of the community could be shared between the organization which
has shared concerns or tasks. It is generally managed by a third party or by the
combination of one or more organizations in the community .
Advantages of the Community Cloud Model
 Cost Effective:
 Shared resources:
 Collaboration and data sharing:
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
 Limited Scalability:
 Rigid in customization:

Multi-Cloud
Instead of merging private and public clouds, multi-cloud uses many public
clouds. Although public cloud providers provide numerous tools to improve the
reliability of their services, mishaps still occur. It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds
would have an incident at the same moment. As a result, multi-cloud deployment
improves the high availability of your services even more.
Advantages of the Multi-Cloud Model
 Reduced Latency:
 High availability of service:

Disadvantages of the Multi-Cloud Model

 Complex:
 Security issue:

Models of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing helps in rendering several services according to roles,
companies, etc. Cloud computing models are explained below.
 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
 Platform as a service (PaaS)
 Software as a service (SaaS)