CLOUD COMPUTING

OM SHANKAR PATHAK 1CR08EC069

ABSTRACT- Computers have become an indispensable part of life. We need computers everywhere, be it for work, research or in any such field. As the use of computers in our day-to-day life increases, the computing resources that we need also go up. For companies like Google and Microsoft, harnessing the resources as and when they need it is not a problem. But when it comes to smaller enterprises, affordability becomes a huge factor. With the huge infrastructure come problems like machines failure, hard drive crashes, software bugs, etc. This might be a big headache for such a community. Cloud Computing offers a solution to this situation. Cloud computing is a paradigm shift in which computing is moved away from personal computers and even the individual enterprise application server to a cloud of computers. A cloud is a irtualized server pool which can provide the different computing resources of their clients. Users of this system need only be concerned with the computing service being asked for. The underlying details of how it is achieved are hidden from the user. The data and the services provided reside in massively scalable data centers and can be ubiquitously accessed from any connected device all over the world. Cloud computing is the style of computing where massively scaled IT related capabilities are provided as a service across the internet to multiple external customers and are billed by consumption. Many cloud computing providers have popped up and there is a considerable growth in the usage of this service. Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, IBM and Amazon have started providing cloud computing services. Amazon is the pioneer in this field. Smaller companies like SmugMug, which is an online photo hosting site, has used cloud services for the storing all the data and doing some of its services. Cloud Computing is finding use in various areas like web

hosting, parallel batch processing, rendering, financial modeling, web crawling, genomics analysis, etc.

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I. HISTORY- The Greek myths tell of creatures plucked from the surface of the Earth and enshrined as constellations in the night sky. Something similar is happening today in the world of computing. Data and programs are being swept up from desktop PCs and corporate server rooms and installed in the compute cloud. In general, there is a shift in the geography of computation. What is cloud computing exactly? As beginning here is a definition An emerging computer paradigm where data and services reside in massively scalable data centers in the cloud and can be accessed from any connected devices over the internet Like other definitions of topics like these, an understanding of the term cloud computing requires an understanding of various other terms which are closely related to this. While there is a lack of precise scientific definitions for many of these terms, general definitions can be given. II. CHARACTERISTICS 1. Self Healing Any application or any service running in a cloud computing environment has the property of self healing. In case of failure of the application, there is always a hot backup of the application ready to take over without disruption. There are multiple copies of the same application - each copy updating itself regularly so that at times of failure there is at least one copy of the application which can take over without even the slightest change in its running state.

2. Multi-tenancy With cloud computing, any application supports multi-tenancy - that is multiple tenants at the same instant of time. The system allows several customers to share the infrastructure allotted to them without any of them being aware of the sharing. This is done by virtualizing the servers on the available machine pool and then allotting the servers to multiple users. This is done in such a way that the privacy of the users or the security of their data is not compromised. 3. Linearly Scalable Cloud computing services are linearly scalable. The system is able to break down the workloads into pieces and service it across the infrastructure. An exact idea of linear scalability can be obtained from the fact that if one server is able to process say 1000 transactions per second, then two servers can process 2000 transactions per second. 4. Service-oriented Cloud computing systems are all service oriented i.e. the systems are such that they are created out of other discrete services. Many such discrete services which are independent of each other are combined together to form this service. This allows re-use of the different services that are available and that are being created. Using the services that were just created, other such services can be created. 5. SLA Driven Usually businesses have agreements on the amount of services. Scalability and availability issues cause clients to break these agreements. But cloud computing services are SLA driven such that when the system experiences peaks of load, it will automatically adjust itself so as to comply with the service-level agreements. The services will create additional instances of the applications on more servers so that the load can be easily managed. 6. Virtualized

The applications in cloud computing are fully decoupled from the underlying hardware. The cloud computing environment is a fully virtualized environment. 7. Flexible Another feature of the cloud computing services is that they are flexible. They can be used to serve a large variety of workload types - varying from small loads of a small consumer application to very heavy loads of a commercial application. III. ARCHITECTURE-

This gives the basic architecture of a cloud computing application. We know that cloud computing is the shift of computing to a host of hardware infrastructure that is distributed in the cloud. The commodity hardware infrastructure consists of the various low cost data servers that are connected to the system and provide their storage and processing and other computing resources to the application. Cloud computing involves running applications on virtual servers that are allocated on this distributed hardware infrastructure available in the cloud. These virtual servers are made in such a way that the different service level agreements and reliability issues are met. There may be multiple instances of the same virtual server accessing the different parts of the

hardware infrastructure available. This is to make sure that there are multiple copies of the applications which are ready to take over on another ones failure. The virtual server distributes the processing between the infrastructure and the computing is done and the result returned. There will be a workload distribution management system, also known as the grid engine, for managing the different requests coming to the virtual servers. This engine will take care of the creation of multiple copies and also the preservation of integrity of the data that is stored in the infrastructure. This will also adjust itself such that even on heavier load, the processing is completed as per the requirements. The different workload management systems are hidden from the users. For the user, the processing is done and the result is obtained. There is no question of where it was done and how it was done. The users are billed based on the usage of the system - as said before - the commodity is now cycles and bytes. The billing is usually on the basis of usage per CPU per hour or GB data transfer per hour. IV.CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICE- Even though cloud computing is a pretty new technology, there are many companies offering cloud computing services. Different companies like Amazon, Google, Yahoo, IBM and Microsoft are all players in the cloud computing services industry. But Amazon is the pioneer in the cloud computing industry with services like EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and S3 (Simple Storage Service) dominating the industry. Amazon has an expertise in this industry and has a small advantage over the others because of this. Microsoft has good knowledge of the fundamentals of cloud science and is building massive data centers. IBM, the king of business computing and traditional supercomputers, teams up with Google to get a foothold in the clouds. Google is far and away the leader in cloud computing with the company itself built from the ground up on hardware. Amazon Web Services The Amazon Web Services is the set of

cloud computing services offered by Amazon. It involves four different services. They are Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Simple Storage Service (S3), Simple Queue Service (SQS) and Simple Database Service (SDB). 1. Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud. It is designed to make webscale computing easier for developers. It provides on-demand processing power. Amazon EC2's simple web service interface allows you to obtain and configure capacity with minimal friction. It provides you with complete control of your computing resources and lets you run on Amazon's proven computing environment. Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and boot new server instances to minutes, allowing you to quickly scale capacity, both up and down, as your computing requirements change. Amazon EC2 changes the economics of computing by allowing you to pay only for capacity that you actually use. Amazon EC2 provides developers the tools to build failure resilient applications and isolate themselves from common failure scenarios. Amazon EC2 presents a true virtual computing environment, allowing you to use web service interfaces to requisition machines for use, load them with your custom application environment, manage your network's access permissions, and run your image using as many or few systems as you desire. To set up an Amazon EC2 node we have to create an EC2 node configuration which consists of all our applications, libraries, data and associated configuration settings. This configuration is then saved as an AMI (Amazon Machine Image). There are also several stock instances of Amazon AMIs available which can be customized and used. We can then start, terminate and monitor as many instances of the AMI as needed. Amazon EC2 enables you to increase or decrease

capacity within minutes. You can commission one, hundreds or even thousands of server instances simultaneously. Thus the applications can automatically scale itself up and down depending on its needs. You have root access to each one, and you can interact with them as you would any machine. You have the choice of several instance types, allowing you to select a configuration of memory, CPU, and instance storage that is optimal for your application. Amazon EC2 offers a highly reliable environment where replacement instances can be rapidly and reliably commissioned. Amazon EC2 provides web service interfaces to configure firewall settings that control network access to and between groups of instances. You will be charged at the end of each month for your EC2 resources actually consumed. So charging will be based on the actual usage of the resources. 2. Simple Storage Service (S3) S3 or Simple Storage Service offers cloud computing storage service. It offers services for storage of data in the cloud. It provides a highavailability large-store database. It provides a simple SQL-like language. It has been designed for interactive online use. S3 is storage for the Internet. It is designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers. S3 provides a simple web services interface that can be used to store and retrieve any amount of data, at any time, from anywhere on the web. It gives any developer access to the same highly scalable, reliable, fast, inexpensive data storage infrastructure that Amazon uses to run its own global network of web sites. Amazon S3 allows write, read and delete of objects containing from 1 byte to 5 gigabytes of data each. The number of objects that you can store is unlimited. Each object is stored in a bucket and retrieved via a unique developer-assigned key. A bucket can be located anywhere in Europe or the Americas but can be accessed from anywhere. Authentication mechanisms are provided to ensure that the data is kept secure from unauthorized access. Objects can be made private or public, and rights can be granted to specific users for particular objects. Also the S3 service also works with a pay

only for what you use method of payment. 3. Simple Queue Service (SQS) Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) offers a reliable, highly scalable, hosted queue for storing messages as they travel between computers. By using SQS, developers can simply move data between distributed components of their applications that perform different tasks, without losing messages or requiring each component to be always available. V. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING Advantages: 1- The biggest facility that cloud computing provides is access to a variety of applications. More importantly, user has neither to install software for this nor face any storage problems. 2- Flexibility: One of the major benefits of cloud computing is that there is no limitation of place and medium. We can reach our applications and data anywhere in the world, on any system. 3- Synchronization and Integrity: Business people can share their data or documents on internet and at one place. They are independent of carrying any specific hardware or software with them DisAdvantages: 1- Dependency: Among certain limitations of cloud computing is users dependency on the provider. That means internet users dont have their data stored with them. 2- Risk: Cloud computing services mean taking services from remote servers. User doesnt have control over their software. Also, there is always insecurity regarding stored documents. Nothing can be recreated if their servers go out of service. 3- Migration Problems: In case the user has to switch to some other provider, there are migration issues. Its not easy to transfer huge data from one

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VI. CONCLUSIONCloud computing is a powerful new abstraction for large scale data processing systems which is scalable, reliable and available. In cloud computing, there are large self-managed server pools available which reduces the overhead and eliminates management headache. Cloud computing services can also grow and shrink according to need. Cloud computing is particularly valuable to small and medium businesses, where effective and affordable IT tools are critical to helping them become more productive without spending lots of money on inhouse resources and technical equipment. Also it is a new emerging architecture needed to expand the Internet to become the computing platform of the future. VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my teachers and H.O.D who gave me the golden opportunity to select this wonderful topic for my seminar, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about a lot of new things. I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this report within the limited time.

Monitoring File Access and Transfers within Cloud Computing Environments". Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy of Computing and Communications (TrustCom-11). Ko, Ryan K. L.; Jagadpramana, Peter; Mowbray, Miranda; Pearson, Siani; Kirchberg, Markus; Liang, Qianhui; Lee, Bu Sung (2011). "TrustCloud: A Framework for Accountability and Trust in Cloud Computing".Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Cloud Forum for Practitioners. Ko, Ryan K. L. Ko; Kirchberg, Markus; Lee, Bu Sung (2011). "From System-Centric Logging to Data-Centric Logging - Accountability, Trust and Security in Cloud Computing".

VIII. REFERENCES "Kevin Kelly: A Cloudbook for the Cloud". Kk.org. Bernstein, David; Ludvigson, Erik; Sankar, Krishna; Diamond, Steve; Morrow, Monique Blueprint for the Intercloud Protocols and Formats for Cloud Computing Interoperability. Ko, Ryan K. L.; Jagadpramana, Peter; Lee, Bu Sung (2011). "Flogger: A File-centric Logger for