Physics Investigatory

Introduction
A compound microscope is a sophisticated optical instrument

that uses multiple lenses to magnify and clarify images,
providing more advanced functionality than simple
microscopes.
It consists of two main lenses: the objective lens, located
closest to the sample, which gathers light and forms a real,
inverted image inside the principal focus of the eyepiece lens;
and the eyepiece lens, through which the observer looks to
produce a larger, virtual, and magnified image.
The microscope's cylinder is mounted upright on a screw

device, which allows it to be raised or lowered to bring the
object into focus, ensuring a clear image is formed.
The system of interchangeable objective lenses (typically

with magnifications of 4x, 10x, or 40x) allows for different
levels of magnification, while also reducing chromatic
aberration, resulting in clearer and more accurate images.
The compound microscope is equipped with advanced

illumination setups, such as brightfield, darkfield, phase
contrast, or fluorescence, to enhance contrast and highlight
fine details.
While compound microscopes are heavier, larger, and more

expensive than simple microscopes due to their complex
design and additional lenses, they offer significant advantages
in magnification, image quality, and the ability to observe
microscopic samples with higher precision.
1
Parts of a Compound
Microscope
A compound microscope consists of the following key parts:
1. Objective Lens:
The objective lens is a convex lens with a very short focal
length (fo). The object to be observed is placed very close to
the objective lens, allowing it to form a real, inverted image
of the object.
2. Eyepiece Lens:
The eyepiece is also a convex lens, typically with a short focal

length (fe), but with a focal length larger than that of the
>
objective lens (fe fo). The eyepiece magnifies the image
formed by the objective lens, allowing the observer to see a
virtual, magnified image.
3. Microscope Tube:
The objective lens and the eyepiece are mounted at opposite
ends of a tube. This tube can slide to adjust the distance
between the two lenses, enabling proper focusing of the
image. The adjustable tube allows for fine-tuning the distance
to achieve the correct focus on the object being observed.
This structure works together to magnify and observe small

objects with high clarity and detail.
2
Working of a Compound
Microscope
A compound microscope works by using two lenses:
1. The objective lens, and

2. The eyepiece.
The object is placed very close to the objective lens, within

its focal length, causing the objective lens to form a real,
inverted, and magnified image of the object.
This real image then acts as the object for the eyepiece,
which is positioned so that this image lies within the focal
length of the eyepiece. The eyepiece functions like a
magnifying glass, producing a virtual, erect, and further
magnified image that is seen by the observer.
The total magnification of the microscope is the product of

the magnifications of both the objective lens and the
eyepiece. This system allows the compound microscope to
provide high magnification and clear, detailed images of very
small objects.
3
Image Formation in a
Compound Microscope
In a compound microscope, the object (O) is placed just

outside the focal point of the objective lens.
The objective lens forms a real, inverted, and magnified

image (I₁) of the object, which then acts as the object for
the eyepiece (eye lens).
The eyepiece forms a final image (I₂), which is virtual,

magnified even further, and inverted compared to the
object. The final image may appear up to 1000 times
larger than the original object.
4
Magnification
The magnification (m) of a compound microscope is the ratio

of the size of the final image seen through the microscope to
the size of the object when seen with the naked eye. It is
given by:
m = hi/ho
Where:
● hi is the size of the final image.

● ho is the size of the object as seen with the naked eye.
The total magnification of the microscope is the product of

the magnifications produced by the objective lens and the
eyepiece (ocular lens):
m= mobjective × meyepiece
The eyepiece can be treated as a simple microscope. The

magnification produced by the eyepiece is given by:
me = (1 + d/fe)________________________________(1)
● d is the near point of the eye (typically taken as 25 cm).
● fe is the focal length of the eyepiece.
The lens formula is:
1/v — 1/u = 1/fo
5
Where:
● v is the image distance (from the objective lens).

● u is the object distance (from the objective lens).
● fo is the focal length of the objective lens.
Rearranging the lens formula, we get:
v/u = (v/fo — 1)
This gives the magnification produced by the objective lens:
mo = v/u = (v/fo — 1)___________________________(2)

The total magnification mm of the microscope is the product
of the magnifications of the objective lens and the eyepiece:
m = mo × me
Substituting the expressions for mo and me from equations (1)
and (2):
m = (v/fo — 1)(1 + d/fe)

This is the total magnification of the compound microscope,
which combines both the magnification from the objective
lens and the magnification provided by the eyepiece.
6
Bibliography
1. N.C.E.R.T. Physics Class XII

2. Nootan Physics Class XII
3.www.cbse.gov.in
4. Vedantu

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Introduction

A compound microscope is a sophisticated optical instrument

The microscope's cylinder is mounted upright on a screw

The system of interchangeable objective lenses (typically

The compound microscope is equipped with advanced

While compound microscopes are heavier, larger, and more

A compound microscope consists of the following key parts:

The eyepiece is also a convex lens, typically with a short focal

This structure works together to magnify and observe small

A compound microscope works by using two lenses:

1. The objective lens, and

The object is placed very close to the objective lens, within

The total magnification of the microscope is the product of

In a compound microscope, the object (O) is placed just

The objective lens forms a real, inverted, and magnified

The eyepiece forms a final image (I₂), which is virtual,

The magnification (m) of a compound microscope is the ratio

● hi is the size of the final image.

The total magnification of the microscope is the product of

The eyepiece can be treated as a simple microscope. The

The lens formula is:

1/v — 1/u = 1/fo

● v is the image distance (from the objective lens).

Rearranging the lens formula, we get:

mo = v/u = (v/fo — 1)___________________________(2)

m = (v/fo — 1)(1 + d/fe)

1. N.C.E.R.T. Physics Class XII

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