SLOPE AND DEFLECTION IN DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

DETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
(CE-211)
SLOPE AND DEFLECTION IN DETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
by:
Dr. Aditi Chauhan
Civil Engineering Department
NIT Hamirpur
BEAM ELASTIC CURVE
SLOPE AND DEFLECTION
• Slope: Slope is the angle formed by the tangent drawn at the Elastic
curve to the original axis of the beam.
• Deflection: Deflection is the translational movement of the beam from
its original position.
RELATION BETWEEN SLOPE, DEFLECTION
AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE
Let the tangents at P and Q make angle 𝛹 and 𝛹 + d 𝛹
with x axis. Normal at P and Q will meet at C such that
PC = QC = R
point C is known as the center of curvature of
the curve PQ. Let the length of PQ is equal to ds.
From we see that Angle PCQ = d 𝛹
PQ = ds = R.d𝛹
R = 𝑑𝑠/ d𝛹 (i)
tan 𝛹=dy/dx (ii) Substituting this value of (d 𝛹/dx) For a practical beam, the slope tanΨ
in equation (iii), we get at any point is a small quantity. Hence
tan2Ψ can be neglected.
𝟏/𝑹 = 𝒅𝟐𝒚/𝒅𝒙𝟐
R= sec 𝛹/(d 𝛹/dx) (iii)
Differentiating equation (ii) w.r.t.x, we get
Derivation of Bending Equation: Deformation,
Factors & Assumptions
• Bending equation is a subsection of the bending theory.
• Bending theory states that a beam can undergo deformation when
there is an external application of any form of force perpendicular
to its longitudinal axis.
• Bending theory is also known as flexure theory. It basically signifies
the effects of force on a beam.
• The bending equation is used to find the amount of stress applied on
the beam.
Assumptions in theory of bending
• The material of the beam is isotropic and
homogeneous and follows Hooke’s law.
• The stress induced is proportional to the
strain and the stress at any point does not
exceed the elastic limit.
• Transverse sections of the beam that were
plane before bending remains plane even
after bending.
• The beam is initially straight and having
uniform cross section.
• The beam is subjected to pure bending and
therefore bends in an arc of a circle.
DERIVATION OF BENDING EQUATION
1. Consider a layer PQ at a distance y from NL of the beam.
2. Let this layer be compressed to P’Q’.
3. Decrease in length of this layer
δL =PQ-P’Q’
4. Strain
P’Q’ = (R-y)ϑ
PQ=NL=N’L’=Rθ
θ
Rθ−(R−y)ϑ 𝑦
ε= =
Rθ 𝑅
From Hooke’s law
Stress in any fiber is proportional to the distance

of the fiber from neutral axis.
Let area of strip PQ = dA
𝐸
Force on elementary strip PQ = σ.dA= 𝑦. 𝑑𝐴
𝑅
Moment on elementary strip PQ = force * perpendicular distance

𝐸
dM = 𝑦. 𝑑𝐴. Y
𝑅
𝐸
dM = 𝑦2𝑑𝐴
𝑅
𝐸
M = ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴
𝑅
θ
‫ 𝑦 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 = I (Moment area of inertia)
𝐸
M= I
𝑅
Bending equation :
𝑴 𝑬 𝝈
= =
𝑰 𝑹 𝒀
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF ELASTIC
CURVE
𝑴 𝑬 For positive Moment (sagging) curvature is negative

= For negative moment (Hogging), Curvature id positive
𝑰 𝑹
Therefore
𝟏 𝑴 𝒅𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝟐𝒚 𝑴
= = =
𝑹 𝑬𝑰 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝑬𝑰
Moment-curvature relationship
where, EI: Flexural rigidity of beam
RELATION B/W BENDING MOMENT,
SHEAR FORCE AND LOADING
EQUATION OF ELASTIC CURVE
SLOPE AND DEFLECTION FROM
EQUATION OF ELASTIC CURVE
Boundary conditions to find C1 and C2

EXAMPLE
• Determine the equation of deflection curve of the beam. Determine the
maximum deflection and rotations at the supports. Flexural rigidity EI
constant for the beams.
Substituting the equation in elastic curve:
Integrate to get slope:
Integrate again to get deflection:
Apply boundary conditions:

𝒅𝒚
Location of maximum deflection: =0
𝒅𝒙
Wil give x= L/2
MORE EXAMPLES
• Find slope and deflection equation at point D for the following beam using
double integration method.
x<L/4
Apply boundary conditions:
SLOPE AND DEFLECTION AT POINT D
Determine the slope at support A, and determine the deflection
Find slope and deflection at the free end.
at a point of the beam located 3 m from support A.
MACAULAY’S METHOD
• Macaulay’s Method enables us to write a single equation for bending
moment for the full length of the beam.
• When coupled with the Euler-Bernoulli theory, we can then integrate

the expression for bending moment to find the equation for deflection.
EXAMPLE x
x
Two equations for the bending moment,
We will have two different integrations and four constants of integration.
• The solution is to have some means of ‘turning off’ the − 80( x −4) term when x  4 and turning it on
when x  4.
• This is what Macaulay’s Method allows us to do. It recognizes that when x  4 the value in the brackets,
( x − 4), is negative, and when x  4 the value in the brackets is positive
Macaulay’s bracket
Boundary conditions
FINAL EQUATIONS
Location of maximum deflection
Maximum deflection

SLOPE AND DEFLECTION IN DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

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DETERMINATE

From Hooke’s law

Stress in any fiber is proportional to the distance

Moment on elementary strip PQ = force * perpendicular distance

𝑴 𝑬 For positive Moment (sagging) curvature is negative

Boundary conditions to find C1 and C2

Integrate to get slope:

Integrate again to get deflection:

Apply boundary conditions:

• When coupled with the Euler-Bernoulli theory, we can then integrate

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