Ch 04_EE204B(Won)_ELectrostatic Fields_2024s_unlocked

CHAPTER 04:
Electrostatic Fields
Prof. Yong H. Won
EE204(B) Electromagnetics
Spring
Fall 2024
2018 Yong H, Won
CHAPTER 04: Electrostatic Fields
Topics
 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
• What is electrostatics?
• Coulomb’s law
• Electric field intensity
 Electric Fields due to Charges and Electric Flux
Density
• Electric Fields due to Charge Distributions
Line Charge
Surface Charge
Volume Charge
• Electric Flux Density
 Gauss’s Law, Electric Potential, Energy Density
• Gauss’s Law
• Electric Potential
• Electric Dipole
• Energy Density in Electrostatic Fields
EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 2

Sub-topics
• Coulomb’s Law and Electric

Field Intensity
• What is electrostatics?
• Coulomb’s law
• Electric field intensity

What is electrostatics?


Coulomb’s Law
 Coulomb’s law quantifies the magnitude of the electrostatic force.
 Coulomb’s law gives the force (in Newtons) between charges q1 and
q2, where r12 is the distance in meters between the charges, and k = 9
x 109 N·m2/C2.
q1q2
F12 = k 2
r12

 Force is a vector quantity. The equation on the previous slide gives the
magnitude of the force. If the charges are opposite in sign, the force is
attractive; if the charges are the same in sign, the force is repulsive. Also,
the constant k is equal to 1/4πε0, where ε0=8.85x10-12 C2/N·m2.
 One could write Coulomb’s Law like this…
attractive for unlike
 To make this into a “really good” starting equation I should specify

“repulsive for like,” but that makes it too wordy. You’ll just have to
remember how to find the direction.
Remember, a vector has a magnitude and a direction.

 The equation is valid for point charges. If the charged objects are
spherical and the charge is uniformly distributed, r12 is the distance
between the centers of the spheres.
r12
+ -
 If more than one charge is involved, the net force is the vector sum of all
forces (superposition). For objects with complex shapes, you must add up
all the forces acting on each separate charge (turns into calculus!).
+ -
+ -
+ -

 We could have agreed that in the formula for F, the symbols q1 and q2 stand for
the magnitudes of the charges. In that case, the absolute value signs would be
unnecessary.
 However, in later equations the sign of the charge will be important, so we really
need to keep the magnitude part.
On your homework diagrams, show both the magnitudes and signs of q1 and q2.
Your starting equation sheet has this version of the equation:
q1q2
F12 = k 2 ,
r12
which gives you the magnitude F12 and tells you that you need to figure out the
direction separately.

Solving Problems Involving Coulomb’s

Law and Vectors
Example: Calculate the net electrostatic force on charge Q3 due to the

charges Q1 and Q2.
y
Q3=+65µC
30 cm
θ=30º
x
Q2=+50µC Q1=-86µC
52 cm
Step 0: Think!
This is a Coulomb’s Law problem (all we have to work with, so far).
We only want the forces on Q3.
Forces are additive, so we can calculate F23 and F13 and add the two.
If we do our vector addition using components, we must resolve our forces

into their x- and y-components.

Step 1: Diagram
y
Draw a representative sketch. F23
Q3=+65µC
Draw and label relevant
quantities. F13
30 cm
Draw axes, showing origin and
directions.
θ=30º
x
Q2=+50µC Q1=-86µC
52 cm
Draw and label forces (only those on Q3).
Draw components of forces which are not along axes.

Step 2: Starting Equation

y
F23
Q3=+65µC
F13
30 cm
θ=30º
x
Q2=+50µC Q1=-86µC
52 cm
q1q2
F12 = k 2
r12
“Do I have to put in the absolute value signs?”

Step 3: Replace Generic Quantities by Specifics

y
F23
Q3=+65µC
F13
r23=30 cm
Q2Q3 θ=30º
F23, y =k 2 x
r23 Q2=+50µC Q1=-86µC
52 cm
(from diagram)
F23, x = 0
F23,y = 330 N and F23,x = 0 N.

Step 3 (continued)
y
F23
Q3=+65µC
F13
r23=30 cm
Q1Q3
F13, x + k 2 cos θ
=
r13 θ=30º
x
(+ sign comes from diagram) Q2=+50µC Q1=-86µC
52 cm
Q1Q3
F13, y −k 2 sin θ
= (- sign comes from diagram)
r13
You would get F13,x = +120 N and F13,y = -70 N.

Step 3: Complete the Math

y
F23
F3
The net force is the Q3=+65µC
vector sum of all the
forces on Q3. F13
30 cm
θ=30º
x
Q2=+50µC Q1=-86µC
52 cm
F3x = F13,x + F23,x = 120 N + 0 N = 120 N
F3y = F13,y + F23,y = -70 N + 330 N = 260 N
You know how to calculate the magnitude F3 and the angle between F3 and the x-axis.

I did a sample Coulomb’s law calculation using three point charges.
How do you apply Coulomb’s law to objects that contain distributions of

charges?
We’ll use another tool to do that…

More General Vector Approach

4-1 [Text Example 4.1]



Electric Field Intensity

 Coulomb's Law (demonstrated in 1785) shows that charged particles
exert forces on each other over great distances.
 How does a charged particle "know" another one is “there?”
 Moreover, when does the force be exerted on another, instantaneously

(t = 0) or after some elapsed time?

 Faraday, beginning in the 1830's, was the leader in developing the idea of
the electric field. Here's the idea:
F21
• A charged particle emanates a "field" into all

space. +
F31
• Another charged particle senses the field, and

“knows” that the first one is there. F13
+
like -
charges unlike
repel F12 charges
attract



The units of electric field are Newtons/Coulomb.
Later you will learn that the units of electric field can also be expressed as
volts/meter:
N V
[ E=
] =
C m
The electric field exists independent of whether there is a charged particle

around to “feel” it.


4-4 [Text Practice Exercise 4.1]

Remember: the electric field direction is the

direction a + charge would feel a force. +
A + charge would be repelled by another + charge.
Therefore the direction of the electric field is away from positive

(and towards negative).




Sub-topics
• Electric Fields due to Charges
and Electric Flux Density
• Electric Fields due to Charge
Distributions
Line Charge
Surface Charge
Volume Charge
• Electric Flux Density

Electric Fields due to Charge

Distributions











 Example 4-7 [Text Practice Exercise 4.4]



 Example 4-8 [Text Practice Exercise 4.5]


 Example 4-9 [Text Example 4.6]


For a volume charge,

the electric field intensity
is given by
𝑸𝑸
𝑬𝑬 = 𝒂𝒂 (𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑)
𝟒𝟒𝝅𝝅𝝐𝝐𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝒓𝒓


 Example 4-10


Electric Flux Density






Sub-topics
• Gauss’s Law, Electric Potential,
Energy Density
• Gauss’s Law
• Electric Potential
• Electric Dipole
• Energy Density in Electrostatic Fields

Gauss’s Law

Applications of Gauss’s Law









Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Electric Potential

Relationship between E & V



Electric Dipole and Flux Lines





Energy Density in Electrostatic Fields





Appendix:
Derivation of Equations and Concepts

Triboelectricity-I

Triboelectricity-II

Electric Fields due to Volume Charge-I

Electric Fields due to Volume Charge-II

Electric Fields due to Volume Charge-III

Electric Fields due to Volume Charge-IV

Electric Fields due to Volume Charge-V

Electric Fields due to Volume Charge-VI

Electric Fields due to Volume Charge-VII

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CHAPTER 04:

Prof. Yong H. Won

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 2

• Coulomb’s Law and Electric

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 3

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 4

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 5

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 6

 One could write Coulomb’s Law like this…

attractive for unlike

 To make this into a “really good” starting equation I should specify

Remember, a vector has a magnitude and a direction.

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 7

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 8

Your starting equation sheet has this version of the equation:

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 9

Solving Problems Involving Coulomb’s

Example: Calculate the net electrostatic force on charge Q3 due to the

This is a Coulomb’s Law problem (all we have to work with, so far).

We only want the forces on Q3.

If we do our vector addition using components, we must resolve our forces

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 11

Draw and label forces (only those on Q3).

Draw components of forces which are not along axes.

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 12

Step 2: Starting Equation

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 13

Step 3: Replace Generic Quantities by Specifics

F23,y = 330 N and F23,x = 0 N.

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 14

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 15

Step 3: Complete the Math

F3y = F13,y + F23,y = -70 N + 330 N = 260 N

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 16

I did a sample Coulomb’s law calculation using three point charges.

How do you apply Coulomb’s law to objects that contain distributions of

We’ll use another tool to do that…

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 17

More General Vector Approach

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 18

4-1 [Text Example 4.1]

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 19

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 20

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 21

Electric Field Intensity

 How does a charged particle "know" another one is “there?”

 Moreover, when does the force be exerted on another, instantaneously

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 22

• A charged particle emanates a "field" into all

• Another charged particle senses the field, and

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 23

Electric Field Intensity

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 24

Electric Field Intensity

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 25

The units of electric field are Newtons/Coulomb.

The electric field exists independent of whether there is a charged particle

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 26

EE204(B) Electromagnetics Prof. Yong H. Won Spring 2024 27

4-4 [Text Practice Exercise 4.1]