Chap-07_Structural Organisation in Animal-II (28)_E

Structural Organisation in Animals-II
Syllabus
Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous
and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only).
Chapter Index
 Earthworm Excretory System Nervous System Reproductive S

Internal
Internal Morphology Digestive System Circulatory System Morphology
Excretory SystemDigestive System
Reproductive Respiratory
System Nervo
Respiratory System Summary
Morphology, Anatomy & Function of Different Systems of

an Annelid, an Insect & an Amphibian
EARTHWORM
Indian Earthworms (Pheretima posthuma)
Phylum : Annelida
Class : Oligochaeta
Genus : Pheretima
Species : posthuma
 There are several types of Earthworms. The most common genus of Earthworm is Pheretima
in India and Lumbricus in Europe. Pheretima has 500 species, 13 of them are found in India.
Habitat :
 Earthworm is reddish brown terrestrial animal which inhabits upper layer of moist soil where it
lives inside burrows during day time.
 Earthworm inhabits those soils which have abundant organic matter.
 An acre of good moist soil can have upto 50,000 animals. Burrow is made by boring and
swallowing the soil.
Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 1

 The burrows are vertical or oblique.
 They are 30-45 cm deep during moist season but may go as deep as 2 m in summer.
 The burrows are lined by debris or mucus secreted by the animals.

 The burrow is wider at the base.
 During winter the animal drags organic debris into its burrow and plugs the mouth of the
burrow.
 This keeps the burrow warm.
 Even the mouth of the burrow is hidden from view by leaves and small stones.
 The area of the burrow can be recognised by faecal pellets called worm castings.
Habit :
 Earthworm is nocturnal because it is sensitive to higher light intensities.
 It partly creeps out of burrows during night for search of food.
 It is only during rainy season that the earthworm comes out of the burrow even during daytime.
 After heavy rainfall, they can be seen crawling on the ground in large number.
 If the burrow is left, the animal does not re-enter the same.
 It digs a new burrow by pushing the body through the soft soil as well as by eating its way
through the soil.
 The worm keep its skin moist through mucus, coelomic oozings and from moisture of the soil.
The animal respires through skin.

 The body of earthworm is long cylindrical has about 100-120 segments (metameres). The first
segment is called as 'buccal segment' or peristomium which bears a very small terminal
opening the mouth.
 A small projection is also present which hangs over the cresent shaped mouth and is called
prostomium. It serve as a wedge to force open cracks in the soil into which earthworm may
crawl. It is sensory in nature.
 The skin of earthworm is brown due to the presence of porphyrin pigment and protects the
earthworm from UV radiations.
 In all the body segments, except the first, last and clitellum, there is a ring of S-shaped setae,
embedded in the epidermal pit at the middle of each segment (perichaetine).
 Setae are chitinous structures and are not dissolved in KOH.
 In the intersegmental grooves of 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 8/9 segments, 4 pairs of spermathecal pores are
present which are the opening of spermathecae.
 A thick band of glandular tissue clitellum (cingulum) surrounds segments 14 to 16, forming
a thick girdle, its glands secrete mucus and albumin, they also form the cocoon.
 On the ventral surface of 18th segment, a pair of male genital apertures are present and on the
ventral surface of 14th segment, a median female genital aperture is present.
 On the ventral side of each of the 17 th and 19th segments, circular raised pairs of genital
papillae are present which help in reproduction.
 The dorsal surface of body is marked by a dark median mid dorsal line (representing dorsal
blood vessel) along the longitudinal axis of the body. The ventral surface is distinguished by
the presence of genital openings (pores).
Internal Morphollogy
 The body wall of earthworms is thin, soft and slimy. From the surface inwards, it consists of
cuticle, epidermis, muscular layers and coelomic epithelium
(1) Cuticle: It is thin and elastic non-cellular protective membrane. It is formed of collagen fibres
secreted by underlying epidermis.

(2) Epidermis: This is a single layer of epithelium of tall, columnar cells which are distinguished
into four types as follows :
 Supporting cells : Unspecialized epithelial cells that form the major part of the epidermis.
 Glandu1lar cells: These are of two types-the more numerous and club-shaped mucus-
secreting goblet cells and fewer, narrower albumen cells. The mucus, secreted by these cells,
keeps the body wall moist and slimy. It is also used to lubricate and smoothen the walls of
burrows.
 Basal cells: These are shorter, conical cells wedged in between nartower basal parts of other
cells.
 Sensory cells: These are narrow, columnar cells occuring, here and there, in small groups.
Each sensory cell has small sensory hairs at its free end.
(3) Muscular layer: Beneath the epidermis is the muscullature of body wall. It consists of a thin
outer layer of circular and about twice thicker, inner layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. The
circular muscle layer is a continuous sheet around the body, but the longitudinal layer is
broken into several longitudinal strips or bands, separated from each other by thin connective
tissue partitions. These bands appear elliptical or club-shaped in transverse section. Numerous
granules of porphyrin pigment are found scattered in circular muscle layer.
(4) Coelomic epithelium: Next to the longitudinal muscle layer is a thin, membrane-like,
mesodermal epithelium of flattened, squamous cells. It is the outer envelope of coelomic cavity
and hence called parietal or somatic layer of coelomic epithelium or peritonium.
Coelom or Body Cavity

 Earthworm has schizocoel type of body cavity.
 It lies between the body wall and alimentary canal.
 A layer of peritoneum lines both the surfaces, outer parietal in contact with body wall and inner
visceral in contact with alimentary canal.
 The coelom of first four segments is continuous or undivided.
 The coelom is divided by septa from fourth and fifth segment onwards.
 The septa lying between segments 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 8/9 or 9/10 and 10/11 are thick and muscular.
 One of the two septa, either between the 8th and 9 th or between 9 th and 10th segments are
absent.
 The first six septa are cone like and run obliquely backwards from the body wall to the gut
wall.
 The first nine septa i.e. upto septum 13/14 are without perforations.
 The remaining septa beginning from septum 14/15 are perforated by numerous apertures.
 Coelomic fluid is milky white and alkaline. It has fluid matrix of watery plasma containing
proteins, salts and numerous minute nucleated corpuscles. Corpuscles are of following four
types.
(a) Phagocytes: They move like Amoeba and engulf harmful germs.
(b) Leucocytes : These are smaller and fewer. Their function is not fully understood.

(c) Mucocytes: These are elongated, vase like corpuscles, one end forms an expanded fan like
structure and the other narrow end contains nucleus. Function of these cells is not known.
(d) Eleocytes : They are formed by mitosis of the yellow cells of the visceral peritoneum. They
contain glycogen and fat and distribute their food to various tissues.
 Coelomic fluid serves as a hydrostatic skeleton to assist the musculature of body wall in
bringing about the locomotion of body. It oozes out upon body surface through dorsal pores,
keeping the body wall moist to facilitate respiration and to destroy bacteria and other harmful
micro-organism.
Locomotion
 The earthworm does not have specialized locomotory organs.
 The locomotion is brought about by the circular and longitudinal muscles of the body wall,
aided by the chitinous curved setae embedded in the skin.
 Due to the contraction of the circular muscles of the anterior end the latter becomes thin,
elongated and extends forwards.
 At the same time, the setae of the anterior end hold the ground firmly and prevent the animal
from slipping backward.
 Now the circular muscles of the anterior end relax and the longitudinal muscles contract.
 It causes the shortening and thickening of the anterior segments, and thus, the posterior part of
the body is pulled ahead.
 The process is repeated and the worm is able
to move forward with speed. Earthworms
move at the rate of about 15 cm per minute.
Alimentary Canal
 It is a straight tube and runs between first and
last segment of the body.
 In 1-3 segments buccal cavity is present,
pharynx in 4th segment.
 From 5-7 segments oesophagus is present.
 Gizzard is present in 8th segment.
 From 9-14th segments is a tubular stomach.
Calciferous glands are present in the stomach,
which produce CaCO3 to neutralise the humic
acid.
 Intestinestarts from the 15th segment on wards
and continues till the last segment.
 A pair of shortand conical Intestinal caecae
projects from the intestine on the 26th
segment. They secrete amylolytic enzyme
which digests starch. Other enzymes are
lipase, cellulase, invertase etc.

 Surrounding the pharynx there are pharyngeal or salivary glands, made of masses of
chromophil cells, they produce mucin for the lubrication of the food, and also a proteolytic
enzyme which can digest some proteins.
 Associated with the intestine are chloragogen cells which are supposed to be excretory in
function.
 Intestine is divided into
(a) Pre-typhlosolar region from 15 to 26th segment, it has small villi
(b) Typhlosolar region which starts from 27th segment and extends upto 23-25 segments in
front of anus. Typhlosole is a large villus as an internal median fold of dorsal wall of
intestine. This enhances effective area of absorption after digestion.
(c) Post-typhosolar region: Also known as rectum. It is present in last 23-25 segments and
opens to outside through a terminal anus.
 Lymph glands: These are white fluffy bodies which are found arranged on either side of the
dorsal vessel from 26th segment and extend to the successive segments. These glands are
believed to produce phagocytes of the coelomic fluid.
Circulatory system
 Earthworm is first to evolve a closed circulatory system in the evolution of animals.
 The respiratory pigment is haemoglobin which remains dissolved in the plasma, RBC are
absent.
 Blood glands are present on 4, 5 and 6th segments, they produce blood cells and haemoglobin.
 There are 2 main blood vessels.
 Dorsal vessel is the largest vessel and blood flows forwards from postrior end to anterior end.
They have contractile wall, and valves are present. Before the 13th segment, it is distributing
vessel and behind 13th segment, it is a collecting vessel.
 Ventral vessel is the main distributing vessel, blood flows backwards from anterior to posterior
end, valves are absent.
 Latero-oesophageal vessels are paired vessels which extend from first to thirteenth segment.

 Supra-oesophageal vessel is unpaired and extends between 9th and 13th segments.
 Sub-neural vessel
 Hearts
There are 4 pairs of hearts with valves.
(a) Two pairs of lateral hearts, one pair in 7th and one pair in 9th segment
(b) Two pairs of lateral oesophageal hearts in 12 and 13th segments.
(c) There are 2 pairs of lateral loops in which valves are absent. One pair is in 10th and one pair
is in 11th segment. Blood flows in upward direction in them.
EXCRETION
Concept Builder
Earthworm mainly removes the nitrogenous waste in the form of urea in soil. But when plenty of water is availabl
Excretory System
 Excretory organs occur as segmentally arranged coiled tubules called nephridia. They deliver
the wastes through a pore to the surface of body wall or into digestive tube.
(i) Three main types of nephridia are:
(a) Pharyngeal nephridia are situated in the
segments 4,5 and 6. They open in the
anterior part of alimentary canal, i.e.,
buccal cavity and pharynx. They are
without nephrostome and are
enteronephric type.
(b) Integumentary nephridia are scattered
in the body wall. They are smallest, v-
shaped, without nephrostome and are
exonephric type. In clitellar segments
they form forests of nephridia.
(c) Septal nephridia are the largest, attached to both faces of each intersegmental septum behind
15th segment.
(ii) Septal nephridia are the only nephridia with nephrostome or funnel. The terminal duct opens
into septal excretory canal. These canals, in turn, open into two supraintestinal excretory
canals. Septal nephridia are enteronephric, finally excretory products are poured into intestine.
Enteronephric condition is an adaptation for the conservation of water or osmoregulation.
(iii) Excretory products of earthworm are urea (about 50%), ammonia (about 40%) and traces of
creatinine. Earthworms are mainly ureotelic.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
 It consists of central, peripheral and sympathetic nervous system.
CNS
 It consists of brain ring /
circumpharyngeal ring and a
ganglionated double ventral
nerve cord.
 Circumpharyngeal ring occurs in
3rd and 4th segment. It has a brain
consisting of two
suprapharyngeal ganglia, two
circumpharyngeal connectives
and a pair of subpharyngeal
ganglia.
 Ventral nerve cord arises from
subpharyngeal ganglia, which is
double, solid and bears paired
ganglia in each segment.
PNS
 It comprises nerves that extend from CNS to supply various parts. The nerves are mixed in
nature.
 Two pairs of nerves arise from brain and innervate prostomium and buccal cavity.
 Nerves from circumpharyngeal connectives supply segments one and two.
 Subpharyngeal ganglia send nerves to second, third and fourth segments.
 Each segmental ganglion (actually paired) sends out 3 pairs of segmental peripheral nerves,
one pair from anterior part and two pairs from posterior part.
 They supply various structure in each segment. All the segmental nerves are mixed in nature,
i.e. containing both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nerve fibres.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Consists of various nerve plexuses present in the wall of alimentary canal.
SENSE ORGANS
 Group of specialised cells found in skin and lining of buccal cavity.
 Photoreceptors located in prostomium and dorsal epidermis. Perceive light intenSity with the
help of phaosome (Optic organelle).
 Thigmoreceptors located in ventral and lateral epidermis.
 Olfactoreceptors located in lining of buccal cavity.
 Gustatory receptors located in lining of buccal cavity.
RESPIRATION
 Earthworm has no special respiratory organs.
 Gaseous exchange takes place simply through the skin, which is thin and highly vascular.
 Effective gaseous exchange takes place only when the skin is moist.
 The skin is kept moist due to the damp earth, secretion of the mucus by the epidermal gland
cell and oozing of coelomic fluid through the dorsal pores.
REPRODUCTION
 Earthwonn is hermaphrodite.
 There are two pairs of testes present in 10 th and
11th segments. They are surrounded by 2 testes
sacs lying ventrally, one in the 10 th and the other
in 11th segment.
 There are 2 pairs of seminal vesicles, one pair in
11th and the other pair in 12th segment.
 Maturation of sperms occurs in seminal
vesicles.
 The testis sac of 10th segment communicates
with the seminal vesicles of 11 th segment and
testis sac of 11th segment with seminal vesicles
of 12th. From each testis sac, vas deferens carries
the sperms up to 18th segment where they join
the prostatic duct from prostate gland.
 Four pairs of spermathecae are present, one pair
in each ofthe6, 7, 8, and 9 segments. They
receive and store the spennatozoa of another
earthworm during copulation.
 One pair of ovaries lies in 13th segment, which open through median aperture on 14th segment.
 Accessory glands are present on the ventral surface of 17th and 19th segments, which open
through the genital papillae. These are a part of male reproductive system.

 Testes mature earlier (Protandrous).
 Development is direct and there is no larval form.
Self Assessment
All the following statements are correct about the reproductive system of earthworm, but one is
wrong. Which one is wrong?
(1) There are two pairs of testes one pair in the 10th and one pair in 11th segment
(2) One pair of ovaries attached at the inter-segmental septum of the 12th and 13th segments
(3) Two pairs of accessory glands one pair each in 18th and 19th segments
(4) Four pairs of spermatheca are located in 6th-9th segments, one pair in each segments
The main function of clitellum is
(1) Cocoon formation (2) Locomotion (3) Excretion (4) Copulation
Given below are four statements A to D, select the option in which two statements are correct? A:
In earthworms development is indirect and the larva is trochophore larva.
B : A mutual exchange of sperms occurs between two worms during mating
C: Fertilisation is internal occurs within the cocoon deposited in soil
D : About 3 weeks are required for development, each cocoon produces two to twenty baby
worms with an average of four.
(1) A&B (2) B&C (3) B&D (4) C&D
When plenty of water is available earthworm is
(1) Ureotelic (2) Ammonotelic (3) Uricotelic (4) Aminotelic
Earthworm has a central nerve cord which is
(1) Single (2) Ventral and solid (3) Dorsal and hollow (4) Double and dorsal
Which of the following statement is incorrect about the circulatory system of earthworm?
(1) It exhibits a closed type of blood vascular system
(2) Blood glands are present in 4th, 5th and 6th segments
(3) Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment which is dissolved in plasma
(4) Ventral vessel is the largest distributing vessel in which the blood flows from posterior to
anterior side
Which of the following is not a correct matching of the part of alimentary canal, its location and
function in earthworm?
Part of Alimentary Location Function

canal
(1) Stomach 9-14 segments Calciferous glands present in
stomach neutralise humic acid
(2) Typhlosole 26-25 segments Increases the effective area of
absorption in the intestine
(3) Gizzard 8-9 segments Helps in grinding soil particles and
decaying leaves
(4) Intestinal caecae 26th segment Produce proteolytic enzymes

Mark the incorrect statement about the body wall of earthworm
(1) Body wall is covered externally by a thin non-cellular cuticle
(2) Below the cuticle, epidermis is present which is made up of compound columnar
epithelium
(3) The epidermis contains secretory gland cells which produce mucus
(4) Both circular and longitudinal muscles are present and an innermost lining of coelomic
epithelium
In earthworm spermathecal aperture are situated on the ventra-lateral sides of intersegmental
grooves of
(1) 5th to 9th segments (2) 5/6' 6/7' 7/8' 8/9" segments
(3) 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th segments (4) Both (1) & (2) are correct
Which of the following is mismatched?
(1) Clitellum – 14th-16th segments in mature earthworm
(2) Female genital aperture – Mid-ventral line of 14th segment
(3) Pair of male genital pore – Dorso-Iateral sides of the 18th segments
(4) Setae – Present in each segment of the body, except the
first, last and clitellar segments
Ans. Q.31 (3), Q.32 (1), Q.33 (3), Q.34 (2), Q.35 (2), Q.36 (4), Q.37 (4), Q.38 (2), Q.39 (4),
Q.40 (3)
COCKROACH (Periplaneta americana)

Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Genus : Periplaneta
Species : americana
Morphology
 The body is divided into three distinct regions head, thorax, abdomen.
 Theirsize ranges from 1/4 inches to 3 inches (0.6-7.6 cm).
 Head is hypognathus (facing downwards), and is formed by the fusion of six segments.
 Anteriorly, the head bears mouth which is provided with appendages collectively called
mouth parts which are used in chewing, cutting and swallowing.
 The mouth parts consist of a pair of mandibles and maxillae, labium forming the lower lip
and a labrum forming upper lip. Within the cavity enclosed by mouthparts, there is a median
flexible lobe called hypopharynx which acts like a tongue.
 Thorax consists of 3 segments - the prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax.
 A pair ofwings arise from mesothorax which are thick and leathery and are called Elytra or
Tegmina.
 A pair of membranous wings, used in flying arise from metathorax.
 In houseflies and mosquitoes the metathoracic wings are reduced to halteres for balancing.

Salient Features of Peripianata americana (Cockroach) Habit and Habitat
 Cockroaches are world wide and found in such places where darkness, warmth, dampness and
plenty of organic debris is available.
 Cockroaches are nocturnal and omnivorous.
 Three species of cockroaches are commonly found in India (a) Periplanata americana, (b)
Blatta orientalis, and (c) Blatta germaniaca.
 P. americana is the largest and most common . It is commonly called, American cockroach,
Bombay canary or Ship cockroach. In both the sexes, wings are present which are larger than
the body.
 Blatta orientalis is a black or dark brown medium sized species. The female has rudimentary
wings which are not helpful in flight. Male has wings which are short and are not present up to
the end of the body.
 Blatta germanica : It is the smallest of the domestic species of the cockroaches. It is pale
yell:ow-brown in colour.
External features -(P. americana)
 The body is narrow, elongated, bilaterally symmetrical and flattened, measuring about 3 to 4½
cms (34-53 mm) in length and 1½ to 2 cms in breadth.
 The colour is reddish brown with a pale yellow area around the edge of pronotum and two dark
patches over it.
Exoskeleton
 The entire body of the cockroach is covered with a thick, hard, chitinous cuticle, which is
secreted by epidermis, forming the exoskeleton.
 The exoskeleton of each segment consists of four plate like pieces called sclerites. Dorsal
sclerite is called tergum or tergite, ventral is called sternum or sternite and two lateral
sclerites are called pleura or pleurites.
 The sclerites of each segment are joined with each other and with those of the adjacent
segments by means of soft and flexible articular or arthrodial membranes. This gives the
sclerites, some freedom of movement upon each other at their edges.

 The stiff, immovable bristles or spines covering the body and its appendages are in fact the
outgrowths of the cuticle while the movable hair like setae occurring at some places are
secreted by special trichogen cells of the hypodermis lying below the cuticle.
Segmentation
 Embryologically, the body of cockroach is formed of 20 segments -6 in head, 3 in thorax and
11 in abdomen.
 Due to complete or incomplete fusion between some segments during development, the
number of distinct segments is reduced in the adult.
 All segments of the head are fused. Thorax consists of 3 segments. Only 10 segments are
retained in the abdomen of the adult. Of these, only the first seven are distinct in females and
first nine in males. The remaining hinder abdominal segments become small and modified into
extemal genitalia that are hidden under the last distinct segment.
 When wings are removed, the three regions -head, thorax and abdomen become distinctly
visible. A small, soft and mobile neck or cervicum connects the head with thorax.
Head
 It is small, triangular and its narrow end is bent
downwards in hypognathous position i.e., at an
angle of 900 with the long axis of the body.
 On each lateral side, it bears a large and blackish
compound eye.
 At the base of each antenna, on inner side, a
small rounded and light coloured area called
fenestra or ocellar spot representing simple
eye is present. Endoskeleton of head is called
tentorium.
 All sclerites of the head are fused , forming a
strong head capsule exhibiting only faint lines of
fusion.
 Cephalic appendages: The head appendages
include 1 pair antennae, 1 pair mandibles, 1 pair
first maxillae and 1 pair second maxillae (fused as single labium or lower lip), one labrum or
upper lip and one hypopharynx.
 Antennae : These are a pair of long, thread like appendages, extending forward from an
antennal socket located dorsally upon head capsule near the eye. These are very mobile and act
as tactile, thermal and olfactory receptor organs. Each is formed of several small segments
called podomeres. The first basal podomere, called scape, is the largest. The second called
pedicel, is narrow and elongated. The remaining long, slender and many jOinted part of each
antenna is called flagellum.

The Mouth Parts
 The remaining cephalic appendages are small and located around the mouth. Hence, together
these appendages comprise the mouth parts of the cockroach. These help in 'biting and
chewing' its food.
 Labrum (upper lip) : It is the broad, flattened terminal sclerite of the dorsal side of head
capsule, movably articulated to the clypeus acts as upper lip. It has epipharynx
(chemoreceptors) on its inner side.
 Mandibles: Thick, hard and triangular appendages beneath the labrum, one on each lateral side
of the mouth, which bear pointed, teeth like processes called denticles.
 First maxillae: Located on each side of the mouth next to mandibles. These serve to hold food
particles in between the mandibles for cutting and chewing. They also bear olfactory receptors.
 Labium (lower lip): The second maxillae are fused together forming a single large structure
which covers the mouth from ventral side, hence called the 'lower lip' or labium. It bears
tactile and gustatory sensory setae.
 Hypopharynx: It is a small, cylindrical mouthpart, sandwiched between first maxillae and
covered by labrum and labium on dorsal and ventral sides respectively. It bears several sensory
setae on its free end, and the opening of common salivary duct upon its basal part.
Thorax
(i) It comprises of three segments -prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax.
(ii) The three thoracic segments are covered by relatively thicker and larger tergites called nota.
(iii) The notum of prothorax called pronotum is very large and covers the neck also. Each of the
mesonotum and metanotum bears a pair of wings.

Thoracic Appendages
 Each thoracic segment bears a pair of walking legs. Each
walking leg consists of five segments:
(i) Coxa.
(ii) A triangular short rod like trochanter, articulated with coxa
and femur.
(iii) A long, spiny femur.
(iv) A spring like tibia which represents the longest segment.
(v) A long tarsus, divided into five tarsomeres or podomeres.
The last tarsomere is called pretarsus forming the claws
and bearing an adhesive arolium or pulvillus. Similar but
smaller adhesive pads called plantulae are located at each
joint of tarsus.
Abdomen in both males and females consists of 10
segments. A typical abdominal segment has a dorsal tergum, ventral sternum and between
them a narrow membranous pleuron on each side which bears spiracles. In females, the
sclerites of 8th and 9th are overlapped by corresponding sclerites of the 7th segment.
The seventh sternum is boat shaped and together with eighth and ninth sterna forms a brood
orgenital pouch. In males only 8th is overlapped by the 7th segment. The tenth segment bears a
pair of 15 jointed filamentous structures called as anal cerci. Ventral to these in the males, the
9th segment bears a pair of short, thread like anal styles which are absent in females. Between
one sclerite and the other, there is a flexible arthrodial membrane.
Abdomen
 It is the largest and the broadest, relatively more
flattened and softer part behind the thorax.
 There are ten tergites. In both males and females, the
8th and 9th tergites are mostly covered by the 7th. The
10th tergum is somewhat bowl-shaped and
posteriorly bifurcated into two lobes.
 Ventrally, the abdomen has 9 sternites in male and 7
in females.
 In females the last sternite (7th) is larger and boat
shaped and together with indistinct 8 th and 9th
sternites it forms a chamber Anal styles like structure
called gynatrium, posterior part of this chamber is
MALE called oothecal chamber. Behind this
chamber, 7th sternite Opening of oothecal chamber bifurcates into two prominent oval plates
called apical lobes. Female gonopore is located between them.
 In males, the 9th sternite bears a pair of spine like anal-styles.

 In both male and female cockroaches, several small chitinous appendages are located around
the gonopore. These help in reproduction and hence called gonapophyses.
 At several places, certain processes of exoskeleton extend into the body and form endoskeletal
elements which provide attachment to muscles and hence called apodemes.
Abdominal Appendages
 Abdominal segments lack locomotory appendages. There are certain small structures
associated with gonopore, which are different in male and female cockroaches.
 The 10th tergum posteriorly bears a pair of many jointed anal cerci. They bear minute sensory
hair sensitive to sound and other vibrations.
 The 9th sternum of males bears, in addition, a pair of small and spine-like, unjointed anal
styles.
Digestive System of Cockroach

 The alimentary canal is long and somewhat
coiled, divisible into three main parts namely
foregut, midgut and hindgut.
 Foregut (stomodaeum) is lined by cuticle and
is differentiated into five parts: buccal
chamber, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and
gizzard. Crop is used for storage of food.
 Gizzard is muscular and internally provided
with six cuticular teeth which crush the food.
 A stomodaeal valve is present between gizzard
and mesenteron.
 Midgut (mesenteron or ventriculus) is short,
tubular and lined with glandular endoderm.
 At the anterior end of mesenteron, there are
6-8 blind glandular hepatic or gastric caecae which secrete digestive enzymes.
 Internally mesenteron is not lined by cuticle but it is covered by a very thin and transparent
peritrophic membrane formed of chitin and proteins.
 Peritrophic membrane is secreted by gizzard, it serves to protect the wall of midgut from
abrasion due to friction of food particles.
 Peritrophic membrane is permeable to digested food and enzymes in the mesenteron.
 Hindgut (proctodaeum) is broader than midgut and it comprises ileum, colon and rectum.
 The wall of rectum is provided with six rectal papillae. They help in the absorption of water
and salts.
 Cockroach is omnivorous. It feeds on all sorts of organic debris.
 The digestive enzymes of saliva are mainly zymase and amylase.
 Most of the nutrients of food are digested in the crop.
 Absorption of digested food takes place in mesenteron.

Respiratory System of Cockroach
 The blood of cockroach is not responsible for the transportation of gases, it serves as a
stationary medium for exchange of gases.
 A complicated system of numerous, shiny, transparent and branched air tubes or tracheae are
found for gaseous exchange in the haemocoel cavity. There are 6 longitudinal tracheal tubes -2
dorsal, 2 ventral and 2 lateral which are interconnected by transverse commissures. Chitinous
rings prevent collapse of trachea.
 Atmospheric air enters into and escapes out from this system through ten pairs of slit-like
apertures called stigmata or spiracles located on lateral sides of the body. Two pairs of these
are thoracic and eight pairs are abdominal. The openings of spiracles are regulated by the
sphincters.
 Thoracic spiracles are somewhat larger. One pairofthese is between prothoraxand mesothorax
and the other between mesothoraxand metathorax, upon respective pleurites.
 The first pair ofabdominal spiracles are dorsolateral upon tergite offirstabdominal segment,
butthe remaining seven pairs are present upon the pleurites of second to eighth segments.
Each spiracle is surrounded by a ring-like sclerite called peritreme.
Mechanism
 Several tergo-stemal muscles extend vertically between the tergites and sternites of all
abdominal segments.
 Harmonious contractions and relaxations ofthese at regular intervals cause rhythmic expansion
and compression of abdomen leading to inspiration (with relaxation) and expiration (with
contraction) of air.
 At rest, the oxygen requirement is less, tracheolar ends get filled with tissue fluid.
 The movement of O2 is along the pressure gradient as the tracheolar ends are losing oxygen to
the cells for performing cellular respiration.
 O2 requirement increases during activity.
 Tracheolar fluid is withdrawn out of Tracheoles.
 Alternate expansion and contraction of abdominal cavity occurs involving tergosternal muscles
and abdominal muscles.
 High level of CO2 in abdominal cavity make tergo-sternal muscles and abdominal muscles to
contract pushing out the air from tracheal system to the outside through spiracles.

 With relaxation abdomen expands i.e., tracheal trunks and tracheae expand and as a result, air
rushes into tracheae and tracheoles via spiracles, it results in inspirations.
Circulatory System of Cockroach

 Blood vascular system is open and lacunar type. Body cavity contains blood (haemolymph)
which bathes viscera in it, therefore known as Haemocoel.
 Blood vascular system consists of a tubular heart, a blood vessel called anterior aorta and a
system of ill defined blood spaces or sinuses.
Heart
 It is a long elongated tube situated in the mid dorsal line of
thorax and the abdomen immediately beneath the terga.
 Heart consists of thirteen chambers.
 The last two posterior chambers are very small.
 The chambers are separated from one another by deep
constrictions.
 The opening of each chamber into another is guarded by
valves which allow blood from behind forward.
The Blood Sinuses
 The large body cavity or haemocoel is divided by two
membranous horizontal partitions, into three wide and
flattened sinuses-the dorsal pericardial sinus containing the
'heart', the middle perivisceral sinus containing the gut, and
the ventral perineural sinus or sternal sinus containing the nerve cord.
 The partition between pericardial and perivisceral sinuses is called dorsal diaphragm and
between perivisceral and perineural sinuses is called ventral diaphragm.
 The sinuses intercommunicate by pores in the respective diaphragms.
 A pair of fan like, triangular alary muscles in the floor of the pericardial sinus in each segment
reinforce the dorsal diaphragm by their broad bases and also connect it, by their pointed tips
with the tergite of the segment.
Circulation of Haemolymph
 The pumping force that propels the haemolymph is provided by the pulsations of the 'heart'.
The respiratory movements of abdomen and contraction of alary muscles increase this force.
 From the pericardial sinus, the haemolymph enters into heart through ostia. When the heart is
filled it contracts from behind forwards. This is its systole phase. Soon the heart becomes
relaxed in its diastole phase. Then the next systole follows after a short time interval called
diastasis. Thus heart pulsates about 50 times/minute.
 During systole, the valve like ostia close, preventing back flow of haemolymph into the
pericardial sinus. Therefore, some of its haemolymph is pumped into segmental vessels while
most of it is poured into the head sinus through the terminally opening anterior aorta.

 From the head sinus, the haemolymph flows backwards into the thorax and abdomen. While
flowing backwards from head sinus, the haemolymph remains in the ventral part due to
presence of Oesophagus in dorsal part. So, it fills into the perineural sinus.
 From the perineural sinus, the haemolymph now flows into the perivisceral sinus through the
pores of ventral diaphragm in abdominal region.
 Then from perivisceral sinus, it flows into pericardial sinus through the pores of dorsal
diaphragm. Then, during heart's diastole, it fills in the heart through the ostia.
Excretion in Cockroach
Cockroach is uricotelic. In cockroach, following structures help in excretion:
(i) Malpighian tubules
(ii) Fat bodies
(iii) Nephrocytes
(iv) Cuticle
(v) Uricose glands in some species.
Malpighian tubules:
Malpighian tubules are attached at the junction of midgut and hindgut. Excretory products,
dissolved in haemolymph are absorbed by malpighian tubes are discharged into hindgut.
Fat bodies:
Some fat bodies are also present in haemocoel which have mycetocytes, urate cells,
oenocytes and trophocytes.
Nephrocytes :
Nephrocytes present in lateral wall of heart and help in excretion and store nitrogenous waste.
Uricose glands:
In some species, in males, uricose glands are present on the periphery of mushroom glands.
These glands synthesize uric acid . Malpighian tubules are analogous to mammalian kidneys.
Fat bodies are analogous to vertebrate liver.
Nervous System of Cockroach

 It consists of a series of fused, segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal
connectives on the ventral side.
Central Nervous System :
 It consists of brain or supra oesophageal ganglion. Brain gives off a pair of short, stout
cords, the circumoesophageal connectives, that encircle the oesophagus and pass downwards
and backwards over the suboesophageal ganglion situated below oesophagus.
 From the suboesophageal ganglion passes backwards into the thorax, a double ventral nerve-
cord, which bears three ganglia in the thorax and six in the abdomen.
Peripheral Nervous System :
 It consists of nerves, which are given off from the ganglia so as to innervate all the parts of the
body.

Sympathetic or Somatogastric Visceral Nervous System:
 It consists of a frontal ganglion which is situated on the dorsal side of the oesophagus in the
head.
 From this ganglion, a median unpaired recurrent nerve reaches the visceral ganglion situated
on the crop.
 Various nerve branches are given off from the visceral ganglion.
 The frontal ganglion is joined with the central nervous system by nerves which connect it to
circumoesophageal commissures.
Sense Organs of Cockroach

 Receptor cells are present on general body surface.
Proprioreceptors :
 They are for hearing or receiving sound vibrations. Auditory receptors are present on antennae
and anal cerci.
Thigmoreceptors :
 They are receptors for touch. Present on antennae, maxillary palps and legs.
Olfactory receptors: They receive various smells. Present on antennae and palps.
Gustatory receptors: They are for sense of taste. Present on maxillae and labial palps.

Eyes
 Cockroach has compound eyes. Each
compound eye is formed of about 2000
hexagonal ommatidia.
 Each ommatidium has a biconvex lens
or cornea. Below the lens there are
corneagen cells which secrete the lens.
 Below the corneagen cells is a
transparent crystalline cone
surrounded by four vitrellae or cone
cell.
 The vitrellae secrete the crystalline
cone. All this forms the focusing or
dioptrical region.
 Below the cone there is refractive body
the Rhabdome, surrounded by seven
retinular cells.
 Each ommatidia is isolated from the
other by iris pigment sheath and retinal pigment sheath.
 The image formed is apposition or mosaic vision, composed of as many separate but adjacent
images as there are ommatidia.
 In mosaic vision, images are sharp but separate and the eye can use only in bright light.
 In cockroach vision is mosaic and apposition image is formed (although cockroach is
nocturnal).
 If pigmented iris sheath is removed from the compound eye of insects, only superposition
image will be formed.
Reproductive System of Cockroach (Male)

 In cockroach, sexes are separate, so it is dioecious.
 Testes of cockroach are located in the abdominal segments 4, 5 and 6.
 Mushroom gland consists of two types of tubules, (a) the long slender tubules the utriculi
majores or peripheral tubules and (b) short tubules, the utriculi breviores, making up the major
part of the gland. It is present in the 6-7th abdominal segments which functions as an accessory
reproductive gland .
 Small seminal vesicles are also found associated with mushroom glands.
 All sperms of a seminal vesicle are glued together into a large bundle called spermatophore.
 Spermatophore has three layered wall: inner layer secreted by utriculi majores; middle layer
secreted by ejaculatory duct and outer layer secreted by phallic gland or conglobate gland
 There are three asymmetrical chitinous structures called male gonapophyses or phallomeres.
Right phallomere, left phaliomere (largest) and ventral phaliomere (smallest).

Reproductive System of Cockroach (Female)
 Female organs consist of ovaries, oviducts, vagina, genital chamber, spermathecae, collaterial
glands and female gonapophysis (ovipositor processes).
 Ovaries of cockroach are located in the abdominal segments 2 to 6. Each ovary consists of
eight ovarioles.
 Two oviducts from each side open into a common oviduct or vagina which opens into genital
chamber by female genital pore. A pair of spermathecae (left larger pyriform sac) are present
near female genital pore.
 A pair of collaterial glands also open in genital chamber.
 Genital pouch or gynatrium is divisible into a genital chamber in front and oothecal chamber
(vestibulum) behind.
 Female genitalia consists of 3 pairs of chitinous processes hanging from the roof of oothecal
chamber into its cavity.
 Ootheca of cockroach contains fourteen to sixteen fertilized eggs. Ootheca of cockroach is

formed of a protein secreted by collaterial glands. On an average, females produce 9-10
oothecae.

 Nymphs of cockroach emerge out from ootheca. A nymph resembles an adult in general
structure but lacks wings and mature reproductive organs. The next to last nymphal stage has
wing pads but only adult cockroach have wings.
 Instar is a stage in the development of insect (larval instar, nymphal instar). Period between
two successive moults in insects is termed stadium.
 In Periplaneta americana, the nymph grows by moulting about 13 times to reach the adult
form and Blatta orientalis, it moults 6 times.
Comparison of Periplaneta and Blatta

Periplaneta americana Blatta orientalis
1. Size -larger Smaller
2. Colour -shiny brown Dark brown
3. Wings well developed In female, the tegmina are very
short : hind wings
4. Pronotum narrower absent Pronotum
5. Saliva without invertase broader
6. Chromosome number: Saliva with invertase
Male 2n = 33 Chromosome number :
Female 2n = 34 Male 2n = 47
Female 2n = 48
FROG (Rana tigrina)

Phylum : Chordata
Class : Amphibia
Order : Anura
Genus : Rana
Species : tigrina
 The most common frog found in India is the Indian bullfrog.
 It is the largest frog and is named as bullfrog because of its large size and loud call.
 Indian bullfrog is found in fresh water marshes, ditches, ponds, and shallow lakes.
 They undergo aestivation (summer sleep) in summer and hibernation (winter sleep) in winter.
 They are carnivorous (feeding upon other animals, insects, etc.), poikilothermic i.e. the body
temperature changes with environment.
 They develop protective coloration to camouflage, i.e., to hide in surroundings.
 Frogs belong to the Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata or Craniata, Superclass
Gnathostomata, Class Amphibia and Genus Rana.
 The most common species is known as Rana tigrina (Indian bull frog).
 The scientific name of common toad is Bufo melanostictus. Frogs exhibit sexual
dimorphism.

 Male and female are distinguishable externally only during breeding season when the males
develop nuptial pad in the first digit of forelimbs.
 Vocal sacs are well developed in males so they produce louder sound as compared to the
females which are devoid of vocal sacs.
 The vocal sacs help to produce mating calls.
 Total number of bones is 153.
External Morphology
 Skin is made up epidermis and dermis. Mucous glands are present in the dermis and their ducts
open at the surface.
 Blood capillaries and pigment cells (chromatophores) are present in the dermis.
 Skin is without scales or any other cover or exoskeleton.
 Body is divisible into head and trunk, neck is absent. The trunk is provided with a pair of fore
and hind-limbs. The hind-limbs are much larger and muscular than the fore-limbs. Fore-limbs
end in four digits and the hind limbs end in five digits. The digital formula of fore-limbs is
02233. The digital formula of hind limbs is 22343.
 Shank or crus is associated with hind limbs.
Sexual dimorphism :
 The male ( ) and female ( ) frogs exhibit certain differences in their external features,
which become more pronounced during breeding season.
 Generally, male frogs are larger than females.
 During breeding season, however, the females become bloated with large ovaries and
numerous ova, and appear considerably larger.
 Only the males possess a pair of ventro-Iateral, wrinkled pouch-like vocal sacs located a little
behind the mouth.
 These sacs become specially large and distensible, in breeding season.
 By inflating these repeatedly with air from the lungs, the males produce a loud croaking sound
meant to call the females for copulation (amplexus).

 The sound is actually produced by a pair of vocal cords in the larynx; the sacs only increase its
pitch, like resonators.
 The females produce a low pitch sound by their vocal cords alone.
 The forelimbs in both male and female frogs bear small articular pads dorsally at the joints of
digits, but the males also possess a special nuptial, copulatory or amplexusary pad on ventral
side of the first finger of each forelimb.
 Normally, these pads appear merely as rough patches but during breeding season, these
become thick and sticky.
 In amplexus, the male strongly grips a female under her armpits by means of these pads.
Internal Morphology
Digestive System
 Since the frogs are carnivorous, their
alimentary canal is short in length.
 Tadpole larva is herbivorous so
alimentary canal is very long and coiled
in the form of spring.
 The mouth is present as a terminal, wide
opening.
 It opens into bucco-pharyngeal cavity,
which contains numerous maxillary teeth
arranged along the margin of the upper
jaw and vomerine teeth are present in the
roof of the buccopharyngeal cavity.
 The lower jaw is toothless. Salivary
glands Small intestine are absent.
 Opening of eustachian tube, vocal sacs
(only in male) gullet and glottis can be
seen clearly in the bucco-pharyngeal cavity.

 The muscular tongue is bilobed at the tip and free Alimentary canal and Digestive Glands of
Frog from behind. It is used for capturing the prey.
 The gullet opens into a narrow and short tube-like oesophagus, which continues in large and
distended stomach.
 It contains a thick muscular layer, which helps in converting food into chyme.
 It secretes gastric juice containing Hel and proteolytic enzymes. Stomach is followed by a
coiled small intestine.
 Intestinal wall has numerous finger-like folds called villi and microvilli, projecting into its
lumen to enhance surface area for absorption of digested food.
 The first part of the small intestine lying parallel to stomach is called duodenum. Intestine
continues into a wider rectum, opening into cloaca.
 The urinary bladder opens into cloacal chamber through the ureter.
 The gastric and intestinal glands occur in the walls of stomach and intestine respectively.
 The other important digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal are liver and
pancreas.
 Liver secretes bile which is temporarily stored in gall bladder before being released into the
duodenum.
 Bile helps in digestion of food by changing its pH from acidic to alkaline and by emulsifying
the fats.
 Liver does not secrete any digestive enzymes. Pancreas is an irregular, elongated gland,
situated in a thin mesentery and lies parallel to the stomach.
 It produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes like trypsin, amylopsin, etc.
Respiratory System
 Three types of respiration: cutaneous, buccopharyngeal and pulmonary occur.
 Cutaneous respiration on land is through the body surface. During hibernation and
aestivation, frog respires only through this method.
 Buccopharyngeal respiration occurs through the lining of buccal cavity. It occurs only when
frog is out of water. The mucus membrane of the buccal cavity is moist which dissolves
oxygen whose diffusion occurs into the blood capillaries.
 Pulmonary respiration: Lungs in frog are not efficient respiratory organs because only mixed
air enters into them and they mainly function as hydrostatic organs.
 Lungs are a pair of thin walled, translucent sacs with inner surface divided into alveoli by
septa. Pulmonary respiration has a maximum frequency of 20/minute.
 It occurs when more energy is required. Mouth and gullet are kept closed during pulmonary
respiration.
 Respiratory movements in pulmonary respiration are because of buccopharyngeal cavity which
acts as a force pump.
 These movements are carried out by set of paired muscles -sternohyal and pterohyal muscles.

 Sternohyal muscles are attached with hyoid and coracoid processes, clavicles of the pectoral
girdle and on contraction, depress the buccal floor enlarging the buccopharyngeal cavity.
 Pterohyals are attached in between hyoid and pro-otics of the skull and on contraction lift the
floor of buccal cavity.
 With the depression of buccal floor, air enters buccal cavity through the nares.
 External nares are then closed by pushing tuberculum prelinguale and the movable
premaxillae.
 It is followed by raiSing of the buccal floor by pterohyal muscles which reduces the volume
and the air is pushed into the lungs where exchange of gases takes place.
 Buccal floor is again lowered enlarging its volume which draws air into the buccal cavity.
 External nares are opened fol'lowed by raising the buccal floor, pushing the air out through
external nares.
 Sound producing organ of frog is laryngo-tracheal chamber.
 It is supported by one cricoid, two arytenoids and two prearytenoid cartilages.
 It has a pair of muscle strands (vocal cords) which actually prod uce sound. Male frog has
vocal sacs which act as resonating chambers.
Circulatory System
 Circulatory system is closed type.
 The heart lies enclosed by a thin, transparent, two layered sac, pericardium.
 Frog's heart is a three chambered structure made of two upper auricles and a single lower
ventricle.
 The two additional chambers connected to the heart of frog are sinus venosus and truncus
arteriosus.
 Frogs also possess two well developed portal systems: Renal portal system and Hepatic portal
system. Frog also has two pairs of lymph hearts.

Nervous System
 The nervous system is organised into a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), a
peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves) and an autonomic nervous system
(sympathetic and parasympathetic chains ofganglia).
 There are ten pairs ofcranial nerves.
 Brain is enclosed in a bony structure or brain box (cranium) which has two occipital condyles
for attachment with the first vertebra (atlas).
 The brain is divided into fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain.
 Forebrain includes olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres and unpaired diencephalon.
 The mid-brain is characterised by a pair of optic lobes.
 Hind-brain consists of cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
 The medulla oblongata passes out through the foramen magnum and continues into spinal cord
which is contained in the vertebral column.
 Jacobson's organ, also called Vomero-nasalorgan opens into nasal chamber and acts as
additional olfactory organ.
Eye
 Eye is guarded by immovable upper eyelid, movable lower eyelid and transparent nictitating
membrane.
Vertical section of frog's eye (Diagrammatic)

 Outersclerotic ring is cartilaginous and cornea is the part exposed out. Middle, highly vascular,
pigmented layer is choroid.
 Iris is yellow pigmented and perforated by a central aperture, the pupil.
 Retina is the innermost coat of eyeball and consists of inner pigmented layer and an outer
receptor layer.

 Rods and cones are light sensitive structures found in retina.
 Rods have rhodopsin or visual purple meant for night vision while cones have iodopsin
responsible for colour vision in day light.
 The anterior chamber present in front of lens is filled with aqueous humour while the chamber
behind the lens is posterior chamber, filled with vitreous humour.
 Eye ball is moved in the eye orbit by a set of six muscles -two are oblique and four are recti.
 Besides, there are retractor bulbi and levator bulbi muscles for intrusion or protrusion of eye
ball into the eye orbit, respectively.
Ear
 Ear of frog has only middle and internal ear.
 Tympanic membrane is present at the body surface.
 Middle ear has single bone called columella auris.
 Its outer end is attached to the ear drum while inner end to the stapedial plate.
 Pressure of air in middle ear is controlled by eustachian tubes.
 Membranous labyrinth or internal ear consists of utriculus, sacculus and semicircular canals.
Endolymph fills the membranous labyrinth .
Excretory System
 The main organ of excretion is a pair of kidneys.
 These are compact, dark red and bean like structures situated little posteriorly in the body
cavity on both sides of vertebral column.
 The frog excretes urea, thus is a ureotelic animal.
 Urea is carried by blood into the kidney where it is separated and excreted.
 Each kidney is composed of several structural and functional units called uriniferous tubules or
nephrons.
 Ureter emerges from the kidney as urinogenital ducts in the males.
 A common ureter opens into the cloaca.
 A thin-walled urinary bladder is present ventral to rectum which also opens in the cloaca.
Reproductive System
 Male reproductive organs consist of a pair of yellowish ovoid testes, which are found adhered
to the upper part of kidneys by a double fold of peritoneum called mesorchium.
 Vasa efferentia are 10-12 in number and after arising from testes, run through the mesorchium
and enter the kidneys of their side.
 In kidneys, these open into Bidder's canal which finally communicates with the urinogenital
duct.
 This duct emerges from the kidneys and finally opens into the cloaca.
 The cloaca is a small, median chamber that is used to pass faecal matter, urine and sperms to
the exterior.

 A pair of ovaries, situated near kidneys, comprises the female reproductive organs.
 However, these have no functional connection with kidneys.
 A pair of oviduct opens into the cloaca, separately.
 The release of ovum in female is termed as spawning.
 A mature female can lay 2,500 to 3,000 ova at a time.
 Fertilisation is external and takes place in water.
 Development involves a larval stage called tadpole.
 Tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to form the adult.

Self Assessment
Q.51 All the statements are correct about the external morphology of frog but one is wrong. Which
one is wrong?
(1) Body is divisible into head and trunk. A neck and tail are absent
(2) In the hind limbs five digits are present. They are webbed and help in swimming
(3) Male frogs have sound producing vocal sacs and a copulatory pad on the first digit of the
forelimbs
(4) The forelimbs have four webbed digits
Q.52 In frogs, jelly around the eggs is deposited
(1) In water after fertilisation (2) In water during fertilisation
(3) In oviduct (4) In the ovary
Q.53 The length of the alimentary canal in frog is
(1) Long because frogs are herbivorous (2) Short because frogs are herbivorous
(3) Long because frogs are carnivorous (4) Short because frogs are carnivorous
Q.54 On land the respiratory organs of frogs are
(1) Buccal cavity (2) Skin (3) Lungs (4) All of these
Q.55 Which is the triangular structure associated with heart of frog present on dorsal side and
receives the blood through major veins called vena cava?
(1) Conus arteriosus (2) Sinus venosus (3) Right atrium (4) Ventricle
Q.56 Which of the following is mismatched w.r.t. Rana tigrina?
(1) Hepatic portal system Special venous connection between liver and intestine
(2) Renal portal system Special venous connection between kidneys and lower parts of the
body
(3) RBCs Oval and nucleated
(4) Lymph Has proteins and RBCs
Q.57 Tick mark the false statement
(1) Frog excretes urea and is ureotelic animal
(2) There are ten pairs of cranial nerves arising form brain
(3) Forebrain includes cerebellum and medulla oblongata
(4) Midbrain is characterised by a pair of optic lobes with optocoel
Q.58 Tick mark the statement which is not true regarding the reproductive system of frog
(1) Ovoid testes are adhered to the upper part of kidneys by a double fold of peritoneum called
as mesorchium
(2) Bidder's canal is a longitudinal canal present inside the kidneys carrying sperms
(3) Ureters of frog carry both sperms and urine
(4) In female frogs the ovaries are both structurally and functionally associated with kidneys
Q.59 Tick mark the false statement w.r.t. frog
(1) A mature female frog can lay 2500 to 3000 ova at a time
(2) Fertilisation is external and takes place on land
(3) Thyroxine hormone is required for metamorphosis of tadpole to form the adult
(4) Tadpole larva has a long coiled spring like intestine

Q.60 Given below are four statements A to D regarding frog. Choose the option in which all the
statements are correct
A - Salivary glands are absent in frog, so digestion starts in
stomach B - The skull of frog is dicondylic
C - Frogs never drink water but absorb it through the
skin D - Eyes of frogs exhibit binocular vision
(1) A & B only (2) A, B & C (3) C & D only (4) A, B, C & D
Ans. Q.51 (4), Q.52 (3), Q.53 (4), Q.54 (4), Q.55 (2), Q.56 (4), Q.57 (3), Q.58 (4), Q.59 (2),
Q.60 (2)

SUMMARY
 Earthworm, Cockroach and Frog show characteristic features in body organisation.
 In Pheretima posthuma (earthworm), the body is covered by cuticle.
 All segments of its body are alike except the 14th, 15th & 16th segment, which are thick and
dark and glandular, forming clitellum.
 A ring of S-shaped chitinous setae is found in each segment.
 These setae help in locomotion.
 On the ventral side spermathecal openings are present in between the grooves of 5 & 6, 6 &7, 7
& 8 and 8 & 9 segments.
 Female genital pores are present on 14th segment and male genital pores on 18th segment.
 The alimentary canal is a narrow tube made of mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, gizzard,
stomach, intestine and anus.
 The blood vascular system is of closed type with heart and valves.
 Nervous system is represented by ventral nerve cord.
 Earthworm is hermaphrodite.
 Two pairs of testes occur In the 10th and 11th segment, respectively.
 A pair of ovaries are present on 12th and 13th intersegmental septum.
 It is a protandrous animal with crossfertilisation.
 Fertilisation and development takes place in cocoon secreted by the glands of clitellum.
 The body of Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is covered by chitinous exoskeleton.
 It is divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
 Segments bear jointed appendages.
 There are three segments of thorax, each bearing a pair of walking legs.
 Two pairs of wings are present, one pair each on 2nd and 3rd segment.
 There are ten segments in abdomen.
 Alimentary canal is well developed with a mouth surrounded by mouth parts, a pharynx,
oesophagus, crop, gizzard, midgut, hindgut and anus.
 Hepatic caecae are present at the junction of foregut and midgut.
 Malpighian tubules are present at the junction of midgut and hindgut and help in excretion.
 A pair of salivary gland is present near crop.
 The blood vascular system is of open type.
 Respiration takes place by network of tracheae.
 Trachea opens outside with spiracles.
 Nervous system is represented by segmentally arranged ganglia and ventral nerve cord.
 A pair of testes is present in 4th and 5th segments and ovaries in 4th, 5th and 6th segments.
 Fertilisation is internal.
 Female produces 10-40 ootheca bearing developing embryos.
 After rupturing of single ootheca sixteen young ones, called nymphs come out.
 The Indian bullfrog, Rana tigrina, is the common frog found in India.
 Body is covered by skin.

 Mucous glands are present in the skin which is highly vascularised and helps in respiration in,
water and on land.
 Body is divisible into head and trunk.
 A muscular tongue is present, which is bilobed at the tip and is used in capturing the prey.
 The alimentary canal consists of oesophagous, stomach, intestine and rectum, which open into
the cloaca.
 The main digestive glands are liver and pancreas.
 It can respire in water through skin and through lungs on land.
 Circulatory system is closed with single circulation.
 RBCs are nucleated.
 Nervous system is organised into central, peripheral and autonomic.
 The organs of urinogenital system are kidneys and urinogenital ducts, which open into the
cloaca.
 The male reproductive organ is a pair of testes.
 The female reproductive organ is a pair of ovaries.
 A female lays 2500-3000 ova at a time.
 The fertilisation and development are external.
 The eggs hatch into tadpoles, which metamorphose into frogs.

Exercise – 1
Section – A
Which of the following statements is not correct about earthworm?
(1) It shows metamerism. and the number of segments varies from 100-120
(2) The first segment at the anterior end of the body is called as the 'buccal segment' or
Peristomium
(3) The first segment is Prostomium
(4) The skin of earthworm is brown due to the presence of porphyrin
The earthworms move with the help of
(1) Setae, muscles and hydrostatic skeleton
(2) Setae alone
(3) Muscles alone (4) Parapodia
In earthworm there is a ring of S-shaped setae, embedded in the epidermal pit at the middle of each
segment except
(1) First (2) Last
(3) Clitellar (4) First, last and cntellar segments
There are four pairs of spermathecal pores in Pheretima which are located in intersegmental grooves
between segments
(1) 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 8/9 (2) 6/7, 7/8, 8/9, 9/10
(3) 14/15, 15/16, 16/17, 17/18 (4) 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5
Tick mark the wrong match (In earthworm)
(1) Female genital aperture - Midventral line of 14th segment
(2) A pair of male genital apertures - Ventrolateral sides of 18th segment
(3) Genital papillae -- Ventral surface of 17th & 19th segments
(4) Clitellum or Cingulum - 9th to 14th segment
Which of the following are analogous to vertebrate liver cells?
(1) Chromophil cells (2) Chloragogen cells
(3) Calciferous gland cells (4) Albumen cells
In earthworm, typhlosole extends between 27th to 95th segments. Its function is
(1) Excretion
(2) Enhances effective area of absorption after digestion
(3) Respiration
(4) Locomotion
Which of the following statements is incorrect about the drculatory system of earthworm?
(1) Pheretima represents a closed type of blood vascular system
(2) Blood glands are present in 4th, 5th and 6th segments, they produce blood cells and
haemoglobin dissolved in plasma
(3) There are fours pairs of hearts in earthworm present in 7, 9, 12 and 13 segments
(4) In dorsal vessel blood flows in forward direction and is without valves

Testes in earthworm are present in the segments
(1) 11 & 12 (2) 12 & 13 (3) 14 & 15 (4) 10 & 11
During copulation in earthworms, sperms are transferred between copulating individuals from
(1) Female genital pore to spermathecae (2) Male genital pores to spermathecae
(3) Spermathecae to cocoon (4) Male genital pores to outside
All the following statements are correct about the reproductive system of earthworm except
(1) Fertilization is external and cross fertilization
(2) There are two pairs of testes in 10th and 11th segments and one pair of ovaries attached at
the intersegmental septum of 12th and 13th segment
(3) Accessory glands are present on the ventral surface of 17th and 19th segments
(4) Earthworm is unisexual
Dorsal blood vessel in Pheretima is
(1) Distributing in whole body (2) Collecting in whole body
(3) Distributing in first 13 segments (4) Collecting in first 13 segments
In Pheretima, clitellum is primarily meant for
(1) Burrowing (2) Fertilisation
(3) Producing cocoons (4) Locomotion
Lateral oesophageal hearts in earthworm connect
(1) Supra-oesophageal and dorsal vessel to ventral vessel
(2) Dorsal vessel to sub-oesophageal vessel
(3) Lateral oesophageal vessel to subneural vessel
(4) Dorsal vessel to subneural vessel
Flow of blood in the ventral vessel of earthworm is
(1) Forwards
(2) Backwards
(3) Backwards in half of it and forwards in another haff
(4) None of these
Ventral surface of mature earthworm can be distinguished from dorsal surface by
(1) Absence of middorsal line (2) Presence of clitellum
(3) Presence of genital papillae (4) None of these
Which of the followIng parts of gut occupies most part of the 8th segment?
(1) Oesophagus (2) Gizzard (3) Stomach (4) Intestine
Photoreceptors (phaosomes) in earthworm occur in
(1) Epidermis of dorsal body wall and prostomium
(2) Epidermis of ventral body wall
(3) Both (1) & (2)
(4) Epidermis of prostomium only
By which of the following nephridia excretion is exonephric?
(1) Pharyngeal nephndia (2) Septal nephridia
(3) Integumentary nephridia (4) Integumentary and pharyngeal nephridia

Earthworm is
(1) Ammonotelic (2) Ureotelic
(3) Uricotelic (4) Ureotelic and ammonotetic
In Pheretima, pharyngeal nephridia occur in the segments
(1) 3,4, 5 (2) 4,5,6 (3) 5,6,7 (4) 6,7,8
Periplaneta americana and Blatta orientalis differ mainly from each other in
(1) Body size (2) Wing length (3) Length of antenna (4) Life-history
In cockroach, the body inspite of being covered by an exoskeleton of strong chitinous cuticle
remains flexible due to
(1) Tergites (2) Sternites (3) Pleurites (4) Arthrodial membranes
Vestigeal wings are found in
(1) Male Blatta (2) Female Blatta (3) Male Periplaneta (4) Female Periplaneta
Structures which help In distinguishing a male cockroach from a female cockroach are
(1) Anal styles (2) Anal cerci (3) Collaterial glands (4) Ocelli
In cockroach elytra are articulated to the tergiles of
(1) Prothorax (2) Mesothorax (3) Metathorax (4) Abdomen
Which mouth part of cockroach acts as upper lip?
(1) labium (2) Labrum (3) First maxilla (4) Hypopharynx
Position of head in relation to body axis of cockroach is known as
(1) Epignathous (2) Hypognathous (3) Prognathous (4) None of these
Endoskeletal structure present in the head is
(1) Apodeme (2) Tentorium (3) Fenestra (4) Clypeus
Periplaneta has mosaic vision. Each ommatidium is composed of following parts except
(1) Comeallens (2) Refractive crystalline cone
(3) Rhabdome (4) Phaosome
Which of the following is wrong match in cockroach?
(1) Head – Hypognathous (2) Heart - 13 chambered
(3) Anal styles - Female cockroach (4) Excretion - Malpighian tubules
Movement of which muscles can alter the pericardial space in cockroach
(1) Circular (2) Longitudinal (3) Alary (4) Ciliary
Number of segments in the leg of cockroach is
(1) Five (2) Three (3) Six (4) Nine
Main function of blood vascular system in cockroach is
(1) Distribution of oxygen (2) Distribution of absorbed nutrients
(3) Distribution of heat (4) All of these
In Periplaneta each walking leg consists of five segments. Which of the following is a correct
sequence?
(1) Trochanter, coxa, femur, tibia, tarsus (2) Coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus
(3) Coxa, femur, trochanter, tibia, tarsus (4) Trochanter, femur, coxa, tibia, tarsus

In cockroach, malpighian tubules are the main organs of
(1) Respiration (2) Digestion (3) Excretion (4) Reproduction
Structure that helps the cockroach to walk on smooth surfaces is
(1) Trochcnter (2) Plantulae (3) Cardo (4) Scape
Open blood vascular system without any respiratory pigment is found in
(1) Earthworm (2) Cockroach (3) Neries (4) Hydro
Number of spiracles in Periplaneta americana is
(1) Ten (2) Twenty (3) Eight (4) Six
Function of stomodaeal valve in the gut of the cockroach is to prevent the regurgitation of partially
digested food from
(1) Mid-gut into crop (2) Preoral cavity
(3) Mid-gut into hind-gut (4) None of these
A unit of photoreception in compound eye of cockroach is
(1) Crystalline cone (2) Rhabdome (3) Ommatidium (4) Facet
Which of the two parts in cockroach are fundamentally similar in structure?
(1) Anal styles and labrum (2) Wings and anal cerci
(3) Maxillae and legs (4) Mandibles and antennae
Q.43 Number of chambers in the heart of cockroach is
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 13 (4) 23
Q.44 Ootheca in Periplanata americana is secreted by
(1) Collaterial glands (2) Conglobate gland (3) Mushroom glands (4) Gynatrium
Q.45 Number of eggs contained in an ootheca of cockroach is
(1) 8 (2) 16 (3) 32 (4) 4
Q.46 Conglobate organ is a part of male reproductive system of
(1) Prawn (2) Cockroach (3) Earthworm (4) Frog
Q.47 Number of ganglia in the abdominal nerve-cord of cockroach is
(1) 6 (2) 9 (3) 10 (4) 12
Q.48 The frog's body is divisible into
(1) Head, neck, abdomen (2) Head, neck, trunk
(3) Head, trunk (4) None of these
Q.49 Which of the following statements is not true?
(1) The body colour offers it protective colouration
(2) Summer sleep of frog is called aestivation
(3) Tail is present in the lifecycle of frog
(4) Mouth is bounded by a pair of lips
Q.50 In a frog, shank or crus is associated with
(1) Forelimb (2) Hind limb (3) Head (4) Trunk
Q.51 Which of the following is present in the skin of frog?
(1) Serous gland (2) Mucus gland
(3) Chromatophore cells (4) All of these

Total number of bones in frog is
(1) 145 (2) 153 (3) 352 (4) 178
Which of the following vertebra is amphicoelous type in frog?
(1) 3rd (2) 9th (3) 8th (4) 10th
The digital formula for the hind limbs of frog is
(1) 0, 2, 2, 3, 3 (2) 2, 2, 3, 3, 3 (3) 2, 2, 3, 4, 3 (4) 0, 2, 1, 2, 3
Poison glands are usually present in the skin of
(1) Frogs (2) Toads (3) Newts (4) None of these
Frog is
(1) Homoeotherrnic (2) Poikilothermic (3) Homeostatic (4) Warm-blooded
Most common India toad is
(1) Bufo melanostictus (2) Rana tigrina
(3) Alytes (4) Heloderma
Capacity of amphibians to change colour is called
(1) Synchronous (2) Metachronous (3) Metachrosis (4) None of these
Which is not true about frog?
(1) Salivary glands are absent
(2) Maxillary teeth are arranged along the margin of upper jaw and the lower jaw is toothless
(3) Muscular tongue is bilobed at tip and free from behind
(4) Tadpole larva of frog has a short alimentary canal
Bidder's canal in frog is present in
(1) Testes (2) Kidney (3) Ovary (4) Brain
During active period, maximum respiratory activity is through
(1) Cutaneous respiration (2) Branchial respiration
(3) Pulmonary respiration (4) Buccopharyngeal respiration
How many lymph hearts are present in frog?
(1) Single (2) One pair (3) Two pairs (4) Three pairs
Which of the following parts of frog's heart has spiral valve?
(1) Conus arteriosus (2) Synangium (3) Pylangium (4) Both (1) & (2)
The middle ear of Rana tigrina has
(1) Three ear ossicles i.e. malleus, incus and stapes
(2) One ear ossicle Columella Auris
(3) Two ear ossicles Columella Auris and stapedial plate
(4) No ear ossicle
Cerebrum is the part of
(1) Forebrain (2) Midbrain (3) Hindbrain (4) Rhombencephalon
Number of cranial nerves and spinal nerves in frog is
(1) 10 and 20 (2) 10 and 10 (3) 20 and 10 (4) 20 and 20

Which of the following is true?
(1) Frog has monocular vision
(2) Frog has membrane present al the body surface
(3) Frog is myopic (short sighted) on land
(4) All of these are true
Spawning is termed as
(1) Release of sperms in male (2) Release of ovum in female
(3) Other term for fertilization (4) None of these
Which of the following systems undergoes maximum changes in frog during metamorphosis?
(1) Digestive system (2) Circulatory system
(3) Reproductive system (4) Nervous system
Respiration in tadpole of frog takes place by
(1) Lungs (2) Gills (3) Buccal cavity (4) Skin
Frog is
(1) Fully aquatic (2) Terrestrial
(3) Both aquatic and terrestrial (4) Arboreal
Fertilization in frog takes place in
(1) Mud (2) Land (3) Waler (4) Air
Frog skull is
(1) Noncondylic (2) Dicondylic (3) Monocondylic (4) None of these
On removing the thyroid from tadpole of frog
(1) Metamorphosis will stop (2) It grows into a giant frog
(3) It grows into a dwarl frog (4) Normal metamorphosis occurs
At a time a mature female frog can lay
(1) 2,500 to 3,000 fertilized eggs (2) 2, 500 to 3,000 unfertilized egg
(3) 200 to 300 fertilized eggs (4) 200 to 300 unfertilized eggs
Section – B
Body of nephridia is V-shaped in-
(1) Septal nephridia (2) Integumentary nephridia
(3) Pharyngeal nephridia (4) All the above
Which of the following is not correctly matched-
(1) Lumbricus-Europe (2) Megascolex & Drawida - South India
(3) Pheretima - Shri Lanka, North India (4) Eutyphaeus - N. America
Clitellum of Pheretima is-
(1) Permanent (2) Multilayered (3) Single layered (4) 1 & 2 both
Which structure secretes hormone in Earthworm-
(1) Nerve cord (2) Lymph gland
(3) Cerebral ganglia (4) Chloragogen cells

Calciferous glands are present in Earthworm in-
(1) Pharynx & gizzard (2) Stomach & buccal cavity
(3) Pharynx & stomach (4) Only in stomach
In earthworm skeleton like function is performed by-
(1) Coelomic fluid (2) Alimentary canal filled with food
(3) Typhlosole (4) Clitellum
Appendages in Earthworm are-
(1) Monoramous (2) Biramus (3) Poly ramus (4) Absent
Normal speed of Locomotion in Earthworm is-
(1) 25 meter/sec. (2) 75 cm/min. (3) 25 cm/min. (4) 25 km/hour
One of the following is unpaired in Earthworm-
(1) Male genital pore (2) Female genital pore
(3) Genital papillae (4) Spermathecae
Which of the following is incorrectly matched-
(1) Male genital pore - 18th segment
(2) Female genital pore - 14 - segment
(3) Lateral oesophageal hearts - 7 & 9 segments
(4) Seminal vesicles - 11th & 12th segments
Inner most layer on nerve cord of pheretima is-
(1) Peritonium (2) Perineurium (3) Epineurium (4) Connective tissue
Canals of nephridia is-
(1) Schizogenous (2) Lysigenous (3) Intra-cellular (4) Inter cellular
Valves are absent in lumen of-
(1) Sub-neural vessel (2) Ventral vessel & Anterior loop
(3) Dorsal blood vessel (4) 1 & 2 both
Porphyrin pigment of skin in pheretima helps in-
(1) Protection from harmful radiations (2) Camouflage
(3) Sexual attraction (4) 1 & 2 both
Number of loops in body of septal nephridia-
(1) 2 - 6 (2) 3 - 7 (3) 9 - 13 (4) 3 - 4
Locomotion in Earthworm is directly facilitated by-
(1) Mucus secreted by epidermis (2) Segmentation of body
(3) Rhythmic contractions of prostomium (4) Setae
Vessel in which blood from seminal vesicles of Earthworm is collected-
(1) Lateral oesophageal vessel (2) Subneural vessel
(3) Ventral vessel (4) Dorsal vessel
Spermatheca of earthworm represents-
(1) Organ for coating over sperms (2) Male copulatory organ
(3) Female copulatory organ (4) Structure for storing sperms

Pharynx of earthworm is divided into-
(1) Dorsal salivary & ventral conducting chambers
(2) Ventral salivary & dorsal conducting chamber
(3) Dorsal & ventral salivary chamber
(4) None of the above
In cocoon of earthworm embryo developed within-
(1) 3 to 4 weeks (2) 2 to 3 weeks (3) Six month (4) One year
Smallest longitudinal blood vessel in earthworm-
(1) Dorsal blood vessel (2) Ventral blood vessel
(3) Supra oesophageal (4) lateral oesophageal
Earthworm is-
(1) Ammonotelic (2) Uricotelic (3) Ureotelic (4) Aminotelic
Ootheca is formed in cockroach by-
(1) Phallic gland (2) Conglobate gland (3) Utricular gland (4) Collaterial gland
What type of vision is found in cockroach-
(1) Mosaic (2) Superposition (3) Binocular (4) None of them
Saliva of cockroach contains enzyme-
(1) Lipase (2) Amylase (3) Pepsin (4) Trypsin
Blood of cockroach does not contain haemoglobin because-
(1) It respires through atmosphere
(2) Respires through book lungs
(3) It does not respire
(4) It has some other means to carry oxygen direct into the tissues
Tergum is joined on the sides by-
(1) Pleuron (2) Sternum (3) Alimentary canal (4) Muscles
Hepatic caecae in cockroach are derived from-
(1) Crop (2) Gizzard (3) Midgut (4) Hind gut
Common feature between cockroach and earthworm is-
(1) Hermaphroditism (2) Moulting of cuticle
(3) Excretion by nephridia (4) Ventral nerve cord
Plantulae are found in cockroach upon-
(1) Tarsus (2) Femur (3) Trochanter (4) Coxa
Unique characteristic of group insecta is-
(1) Jointed appendages (2) 3-pair of jointed legs
(3) Chitinous exoskeleton (4) Compound eyes
Stomodeal valve in cockroach is found in-
(1) Between gizzard and midgut (2) Between midgut and hindgut
(3) Gizzard (4) Pharynx
The number of teeth in the gizzard of cockroach is-
(1) 6 (2) 8 (3) 7 (4) 12

What would you call cockroaches which can run fast and rarely resort to flight-
(1) Cursorial (2) Diurnal (3) Nocturnal (4) None of the above
Basal part of antenna in periplaneta americana is known as-
(1) Elytra (2) Galea (3) Scape (4) Stalk
The undeveloped simple eyes in cockroach are known as-
(1) Frons (2) Clypeus (3) Fenestra (4) Genae
Which type of blood cells are present in cockroach-
(1) Amoebocytes (2) Erythrocytes (3) Haemocytes (4) Leucocytes
Testes in cockroach are-
(1) Bilobed (2) 4 lobed
(3) Small vesicular bodies (4) Trilobed with numberous follicles
The moulting in a nymph of cockroach is stimulated by a hormone secreted by-
(1) Corpora allata (2) Juvenile gland (3) Nymph gland (4) Prothoracic gland
Each tarsus of leg of cockroach consists of the linear series of-
(1) Three segments (2) Five segments
(3) Six segments (4) Variable number of segments
Gonopore in female cockroach is surrounded by-
(1) One pair of gonapophyses (2) Two pair of gonapophyses
(3) Three pairs of gonapohyses (4) None of the above
In cockroach the eggs are fertilized-
(1) Into a common oviduct (2) In the genital chamber of female cockroach
(3) Within the ootheca (4) In the oviducts
Ecdysone is secreted by-
(1) Prothoracic gland (2) Corpora allata
(3) Corpora cardiaca (4) Cerebral-neuro-secretory
Frogs and toads belong to the order
(1) Anura (2) Apoda (3) Caudata (4) Gymnophiona
Frog is
(1) Arboreal (2) Terrestrial
(3) Fully aquatic (4) Both aquatic and terrestrial
Indian bull frog is found in
(1) Ponds (2) Streams (3) Shallow lakes (4) All of these
The common Indian bull frog is
(1) Rana tigrina (2) Rana esculenta
(3) Rana limnocharis (4) Rana cyanophlyctis
The scientific name of common toad is
(1) Hyla arborea (2) Xenopus laevis
(3) Bufo melanostictus (4) Bombinator igneus

The toad possesses
(1) Bifid tongue, slippery skin and mucous glands
(2) Salivary glands, mucous glands and parotid glands
(3) Parotid glands, warty skin and semicircular snout
(4) Slippery skin, yellow pigment and abundant mucous glands
Parotid glands are found in
(1) Bufo (2) Hyla (3) Rana (4) Alytes
A toad is different from a frog in having
(1) Parotid glands (2) Nocturnal habit (3) Absence of teeth (4) All of these
Frog hibernate during
(1) Winter (2) Spring (3) Summer (4) autumn
The summer sleep of frog is termed as
(1) Neoteny (2) Aestivation (3) Paedogenesis (4) Hibernation
Why frog suitable for class room studies
(1) It is easy to collect and inexpensive (2) Its size is convenient for dissection
(3) It is nonpoisonous (4) All the above
Dissection of frog is done from ventral side because
(1) Ventral skin is soft
(2) Abdominal vein is present ventrally
(3) Vertebral column is present on dorsal side
(4) All of these
The colouration in frog and other amphibians is due to
(1) Keratin (2) Alage upon skinq
(3) Chromatophores (4) Irridescence of skin
What is not found in skin of frog
(1) Scales (2) Epidermis (3) Mucous glands (4) Poison glands
The adult frog is
(1) Carnivorous (2) Herbivorous (3) Omnivorous (4) None of these
Regarding feeding habit, frog usually ignores
(1) Insects (2) Worms (3) Molluscs (4) Motionless prey
Which of the following is mainly used in capturing the prey in frog
(1) Lips (2) Teeth (3) Tongue (4) Hand
The lungs in frogs are
(1) Compact spongy masses (2) Thin-walled elastic, hollow bags
(3) Thick-walled nonelastic, hollow bags (4) Thick-walled nonelastic solid masses
In frog, respiration occurs by
(1) Lungs (2) Trachae (3) Gills only (4) Both (1) and (2)
Heart of frog differs from that of man by presence of
(1) Two aortae (2) Mitral valve (3) Sinus venosus (4) Four-chambers
The sinus venosus of frog is located on
(1) Dorsal surface of the heart of frog (2) Ventral surface of the heart of frog
(3) Dorsal surface of the heart of rabbit (4) Ventral surface of the heart of rabbit

Chordae tendinae in heart of frog is found in the wall of
(1) Ventricle (2) Left auricle (3) Right auricle (4) Sinus venosus
The ciliated funnels on the ventral side of the kidney in frog are called
(1) Ostia (2) Nephrostomes (3) Corpora adiposa (4) Bidder's organ
Which of the following is a part of forebrain
(1) Olfactory lobes (2) Cerebrum (3) Diencephalon (4) All of these
If cerebral hemisphere of frog is removed it
(1) Dies at once (2) Stops feeding
(3) Remain as it was (4) Dies after some time
Which part of the brain of frog is called pallium
(1) Roof of paracoel (2) Floor of epicoel (3) Roof of rhinocoel (4) Root of metacoel
The medulla oblongata of the brain passes out through
(1) Foramen obturator (2) Foramen magnum
(3) Foramen of Magendie (4) Foramina of Luschka
Which of the following is not a median part in the brain cavity of frog
(1) Iter (2) Diocoel (3) Metacoel (4) Optocoel
Answer Key
Section–A
Q.1 3 Q.2 1 Q. 3 4 Q.4 1 Q.5 4 Q.6 2 Q.7 2
Q.8 4 Q.9 4 Q.10 2 Q.11 4 Q.12 3 Q.13 3 Q.14 1
Q.15 2 Q.16 3 Q.17 2 Q.16 1 Q.19 3 Q.20 4 Q.21 2
Q.22 2 Q.23 4 Q.24 2 Q.25 1 Q.26 2 Q.27 2 Q.28 2
Q.29 2 Q.30 4 Q.31 3 Q.32 3 Q.33 1 Q.34 2 Q.35 2
Q.36 3 Q.37 2 Q.38 2 Q.39 2 Q.40 1 Q.41 3 Q.42 3
Q.43 3 Q.44 1 Q.45 2 Q.46 2 Q.47 1 Q.48 3 Q.49 4
Q.50 2 Q.51 4 Q.52 2 Q.53 2 Q.54 3 Q.55 2 Q.56 2
Q.57 1 Q.58 3 Q.59 4 Q.60 2 Q.61 3 Q.62 3 Q.63 3
Q.64 2 Q.65 1 Q.66 4 Q.67 4 Q.68 2 Q.69 2 Q.70 2
Q.71 3 Q.72 3 Q.73 2 Q.74 1 Q.75 2
Section–B
Q.1 2 Q.2 4 Q.3 4 Q.4 3 Q.5 4 Q.6 1 Q.7 4
Q.8 3 Q.9 2 Q.10 3 Q.11 3 Q.12 3 Q.13 4 Q.14 4
Q.15 3 Q.16 2 Q.17 1 Q.18 4 Q.19 1 Q.20 2 Q.21 3
Q.22 3 Q.23 1 Q.24 2 Q.25 4 Q.26 1 Q.27 3 Q.28 4
Q.29 1 Q.30 2 Q.31 1 Q.32 1 Q.33 1 Q.34 3 Q.35 3
Q.36 4 Q.37 3 Q.38 4 Q.39 4 Q.40 2 Q.41 3 Q.42 3
Q.43 1 Q.44 1 Q.45 4 Q.46 4 Q.47 1 Q.48 3 Q.49 3
Q.50 1 Q.51 4 Q.52 1 Q.53 2 Q.54 4 Q.55 3 Q.56 3
Q.57 1 Q.58 1 Q.59 4 Q.60 3 Q.61 2 Q.62 1 Q.63 3
Q.64 1 Q.65 1 Q.66 2 Q.67 4 Q.68 4 Q.69 1 Q.70 2
Q.71 4

Exercise – 2 Previous Year's Questions
What is common between earthworm, leech and centipede- [CBSE 1993]
(1) Absence of legs (2) Presence of ventral nerve cord
(3) Presence of malpighian tubules (4) They are hermaphrodite
Photoreceptor in pheretima are- [CPMT 1993]
(1) On ventral side of skin (2) On dorsal side of skin
(3) On both (4) In clitellum
In Earthworm, arrangement of blood vessels is- [BHU 1994]
(1) Different in last fifteen segments (2) Different in first thirteen segments
(3) Same throughout (4) Different in middle thirteen segments
In a copulatory pair of earthworms, there occur- [BHU 1994]
(1) Reciprocal fertilization and internal fertilization
(2) Cross fertilization and external fertilization
(3) External fertilization and internal fertilization
(4) Cross fertilization and reciprocal fertilization
In Earthworm, setae are absent from- [RPMT 1995]
(1) Clitellum (2) First segment
(3) Clitellum and last segment (4) Clitellum, first and last segment
Excretory organ of Earthworm are- [Manipal 1995]
(1) Nephridia (2) Solenocytes (3) Green glands (4) Kidneys
Just as there are nephridia in earthworm so are- [CBSE 1996]
(1) Myotomes in fish (2) Statocyst in prawn
(3) Parotid gland in toad (4) Flame cells in liver fluke
Spermathecal pores in Pheretima are present in segments- [CPMT 1996]
(1) 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5 (2) 6/7, 7/8, 8/9, 9/10
(3) 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 8/9 (4) 14/15, 15/16, 16/17, 17/18
Life span of Earthworm are is- [RPMT 1996]
(1) 1-3 years (2) 2-8 years (3) 3.5-10.5 years (4) 6-8 years
Copulation period of Earthworm is- [RPMT 1996]
(1) One hour (2) Two hours (3) Four hours (4) About one week
Dorsal vessel of Earthworm is- [APMEE 1996]
(1) Distributing (2) Collecting
(3) Collecting in first thirteen segments and distributing in the rest
(4) Distribution in first thirteen segments and collecting in the rest
Who wrote the memorism on pheretima and described its anatomy- [BHU 1997]
(1) M.L. Bhatia (2) B.I. Sunderraj (3) K.N. Bahl (4) Beni Prasad
Spermatheceae of Earthworm take part in- [RPMT 1998]
(1) Collection of sperms of other worm (2) Collection of sperms of the same worm
(3) Sperm maturation (4) Fertilization

Haemoglobin is dissolved in blood plasma of- [CPMT 1998]
(1) Rabbit (2) Cockroach (3) Earthworm (4) Frog
Role of typhlosole of earthworm is to- [BHU 1997; CPMT 1998]
(1) Emulsify
(2) Control blood flow
(3) Increase absorption area of digested food
(4) Produce digestive enzymes
Closed circulatory system occurs in- [Manipal 1999]
(1) Earthworm (2) Cockroach (3) Grasshopper (4) Housefly
In earthworm mouth is situated on- [APMEE 1999]
(1) Protomium (2) Peristomium (3) Stomium (4) Protostomium
Annelida is advanced over nematoda in having- [DPMT 1999]
(1) Closed circulation (2) Metameric segmentation
(3) True coelom (4) All the above
Segments of Earthworm are called : [RPMT - 1999]
(1) metamere (2) sarcomere (3) prostomium (4) podomeres
In Earthworm dorsal blood vessel is collecting channel- [AMU 2000]
(1) Behind 13th segment (2) Anterior 13 segment
(3) Throughout (4) In typhlosolar region
Blood vessel in Pheretima having valves is- [AIIMS 2000]
(1) Dorsal (2) Ventral (3) Lateral (4) Integumentary
Male genital apertures of earthworm are located in the segments- [CBSE 2000]
(1) 14 (2) 18 (3) 13 (4) 19
Chloragogen cells of Earthworm are similar to an organ of vertebrates- [Har. PMT 2000]
(1) Liver (2) Lung (3) Kidney (4) Spleen
In Pheretima which nephridia is present ? [RPMT - 2000]
(1) Protonephridia (2) Coelom duct
(3) Micro-metanephridia (4) Solenocytes
Septum is lacking in Pheretima in segments- [CPMT 2001]
(1) 7/8, 6/7 (2) 3/4, 9/10 (3) 4/5, 8/9 (4) 6/7, 8/9
Blood vessel in earthworm are- [AFMC 2002]
(1) Different in last 15 segments (2) Different in first 13 segments
(3) Same through out (4) Different in middle segments
Which one is not true about earthworm- [CPMT 2002]
(1) It can live in deficiency of O2 for 3-10 hours
(2) It has life span of 3½ to 10 years
(3) Pineal setae are dissolved in KOH
(4) It is soilivorous
Enteronephric nephridia of earthworm also performs function of- [CBSE 2002]
(1) Respiration (2) Excretion (3) Osmoregulation (4) Thermoregulation

In Pheretima, locomotion occurs with the help of : [RPMT - 2002]
(1) circular muscles (2) longitudinal muscles and setae
(3) circular, longitudinal muscles and setae (4) parapodia
Earthworm takes food by which method- [RPMT-2005]
(1) Ciliary feeding (2) Detritus feeding (3) Liquid feeding (4) None of these
Cocoon is formed in earthworns in- [RPMT-2006]
(1) Chitinous setae (2) Cutitcle (3) Clitellum (4) Epidermal muscles
The total no of ganglia present on the nerve cord of cockroach is - [AFMC-1993]
(1) 6 (2) 9 (3) 10 (4) 12
A - Periplaneta americana is nocturanal omnivorous, house hold pest- [CBSE-1993]
R - It is because it act as scavenger
(1) A is true but R is false
(2) A is false but R is true
(3) A and R is true and R is the right explanation of A
(4) A and R is true but R is not correct explanation of A
Alary muscles in cockroach occur in- [CPMT-1994]
(1) Heart wall and help in blood circulation
(2) Dogsal septum and connect the septum with heart and tergite
(3) wall of gizzard and help in its contraction
(4) intestinal wall and help in digestion
Young cockroach is called - [RPMT-1995]
(1) Maggot (2) Ephyra (3) Nymph (4) Pupa
Periplaneta americana differs from blatta orientalis in having - [CPMT-1996]
(1) no wings (2) only first pair of wings
(3) well developed wings (4) only second pair of wings
In arthropoda, the body cavity is called- [AFMC-1997]
(1) Interon (2) Pseudocoel (3) Haemocoel (4) Coelom
13 chambered tubular heart is present in- [AFMC-1997]
(1) Cockroach (2) Earthworm (3) Frog (4) Rabbit
Open blood vascular system without haemoglobin or any other respiratory pigment is found in-
[CBSE-1998]
(1) cockroach (2) earthworm (3) Hydra (4) Nereis
Collaterial gland is found in - [CPMT-1998]
(1) male cockroach (2) female cockroach (3) none (4) both
If corpora allata are removed from Ist instar of a nymph then - [RPMT-1998]
(1) It will remain nymph forever
(2) It will enter into secondary stage of juvenile
(3) It will become adult immediately
(4) None

An insect which undergoes complete metamorphosis is called - [RPMT-1998]
(1) Ametabola (2) Hemimetabola (3) Holometabola (4) None of these
Pericardial space in cockroach is regularly altered by muscles - [CPMT-1998]
(1) Ciliary (2) Alary (3) Circular (4) Longitudinal
Function of ecdysone hormone in insect is - [RPMT-1998]
(1) the growth and development of larva
(2) the maturation into adult and laying eggs
(3) to carry moulting in larval stage to form pupa
(4) the secretion of cuticle in adult
Oxygen carrying respiratory pigment of cockroach and other insect is- [CBSE-1999]
(1) Haemoglobin (2) Haemocynin (3) Haemoerythrin (4) none
Body of an insect is divisible into - [CBSE-1999]
(1) Head, thorax and abdomen (2) Head, trunk and abdomen
(3) Cephalo thorax, head and abdomen (4) Trunk, thorax and abdomen
What is similarity between fly, mosquitoes and cockroach - [BHU-1999]
(1) 13 chambered heart (2) 3 pairs of legs
(3) open excretory system (4) house fly
Respiration pigment of blood Cockrocach is : [RPMT-1999]
(1) haemozoine (2) haemocyanin (3) haemoglobin (4) absent
Which type of image is found in eye of Cockroach ? [RPMT-1999]
(1) Mosaic (2) Superposition (3) Overlappring (4) None of these
Mandibles are present in the mouth parts of - [BHU-2000]
(1) locust (2) cockroach (3) bedbug (4) housefly
In Periplaneta the cuticular lipid is secreted by: [RPMT-2000]
(1) hypodermal cells (2) oenocyte cell (3) dermal gland cells (4) basal cell
Mouth parts of cockroach is [CPMT-2001]
(1) Piercing and sucking type (2) Biting and sucking type
(3) Biting and chewing type (4) sponging type
In Cockroach vision is due to : [RPMT-2002]
(1) one compound eye (2) only two compound eyes
(3) two simple eyes (4) two compound and two simple eyes
Haemocoel is present in- [RPMT-2004]
(1) Pheretima (2) Periplaneta (3) Sponge (4) Ascaris
Chitinous exoskeleton found in- [RPMT-2004]
(1) Periplaneta (2) Ascaris (3) Pheretima (4) Hydra
The common Indian bull frog is [CBSE PMT 1992]
(1) Rana tigrina (2) Rana esculenta (3) Rana limnocharis (4) Rana cyanophlyctis
Male frogs can croak louder than females because being [CPMT 1991]
(1) Vocal sacs (2) Stronger (3) Larger in size (4) Larger sound box

Crocking of frog is [AIIMS 1996]
(1) Hunger call (2) Danger call (3) Musical tone (4) Sex call for female
The opening of rectum in frog is called [CBSE PMT 2000]
(1) Vestibule (2) Cloaca (3) Coccyx (4) None of the above
The number of fingers in the hindlimb of frog is [AFMC 1991]
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 6 (4) 7
Mucus helps frog in making [CBSE PMT 1993]
(1) Dry skin (2) Moist skin (3) Rough skin (4) Thick skin
Chromatophores in skin of frog found in stratum [CBSE PMT 1992, 93]
(1) Corneum (2) Compactum (3) Germinativum (4) Mostly spongiosum
One of the main functions of frog’s skin is [CBSE PMT 1991]
(1) Diffusion of respiratory gases
(2) Absorption of ultraviolet rays to produce vitamin D
(3) Storage of excess food in the form of subcutaneous fat
(4) Excretion of nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid
In frog, the surface of attachment of tongue is [CBSE PMT 1992, 97]
(1) Palatine (2) Sphenoid (3) Pterygoid (4) Hyoid apparatus
In frog, digestion of fats occurs mostly in [CBSE PMT 1993]
(1) Rectum (2) Stomach (3) Duodenum (4) Small intestine
A fully grown tadpole larva of frog respires through [BCECE 2001]
(1) Gills (2) Skin (3) Lungs (4) Tail fin
During hibernation, frog respires with [CPMT 1991]
(1) Lung only (2) Moist skin only
(3) Buccal cavity only (4) External gills and lungs
Oxygen carrier or the respiratory pigment in blood of frog and other vertebrates is[CPMT 1992]
(1) Myoglobin (2) Cytochorome (3) Haemoglobin (4) Haemocyanin
In frog, cutaneous respiration takes place [CBSE PMT 1992]
(1) Always
(2) Only on land
(3) Only in water with pulmonary respiration
(4) Only in water pulmonary respiration is not occurring
The epithelial lining of respiratory system in frog is derived by [CPMT 1993]
(1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm
(3) Mesoderm (4) Mesoderm and endoderm
Amphibian heart is [AFMC 2001]
(1) One-chambered (2) Three-chambered (3) Two-chambered (4) Four-chambered
Sciatic vein of frog opens in [BHU 2005]
(1) Heart (2) Kidney (3) Pelvic region (4) Liver
The functional kidney of frog tadpole is [CBSE PMT 1995]
(1) Pronephros (2) Archinephros (3) Mesonephros (4) Metanephros

Frog is [CPMT 1994]
(1) Ureotelic (2) Uricotelic (3) Ammonotelic (4) None of the above
Nitrogenous excretory product of tadpole of frog is [CBSE PMT 1993]
(1) Urea (2) Guanine (3) Uric acid (4) Ammonia
In frog [CBSE PMT 1991]
(1) Acetycholine is the only neurotransmitter
(2) Noradrenaline is the only neurotransmitter
(3) Both acetycholine and noradrenaline act as neurotransmitters
(4) Neither acetycholine nor noradrenaline acts as neurontransmitter
What will happen if the eyes of a frog are covered by paper [CBSE PMT 1990]
(1) Frog will soon die (2) Frog will not move
(3) Frog will not do any thing (4) Frog will move to one side only
A frog has [MP PMT 1990]
(1) Eyes but no lids (2) Jaws but no teeth
(3) Hands but not fingers (4) Ears but not pinnae
Which of these is an ear ossicle in frog [CBSE PMT 1990]
(1) Incus (2) Auricle (3) Malleus (4) Columella auris
Columella auris is a modified [CBSE PMT 1992]
(1) Quadrate (2) Article (3) Hyomandibular (4) Sphenethmoid
Fenestra ovalis in frog is the [CBSE PMT 1992]
(1) Air-filled cavity of middle ear
(2) Communication between pharynx and tympanic cavity
(3) External opening of tympanic cavity covered by tympanic membrane
(4) Opening of auditory capsule which separates middle ear from internal ear
Chromatophores in frog's skin are controlled by [CBSE PMT 1992]
(1) Hormones (2) Environment
(3) Nervous activity (4) Nervous and hormonal activities
Mesorchium in frog refers to [CBSE PMT 1990]
(1) Fold of peritoneum between a kidney and a testis
(2) Internal tissue of testes
(3) Capsules of testes
(4) None of these
In frog, the ureter is a urinogenital duct in [CBSE PMT 1992]
(1) Male (2) Female (3) Male and female (4) Male or female
In frog, jelly around the eggs is deposited in [BHU 2000]
(1) Ovary (2) Oviduct
(3) Water after fertilization (4) Water during fertilization

Acrosome of the sperm of frog helps in fertilization by [CPMT 1991]
(1) Activating the oocyte to engulf the sperm
(2) Inducing formation of cone of reception in oocyte
(3) Stimulating oocyte to undergo second maturation division
(4) Secreting sperm lysin to dissolve covering membrane of oocyte
Enzyme secreted from acrosome of frog’s sperm is [CPMT 1992]
(1) Sperm lysin (2) Testosterone (3) Sperm trypsin (4) Sperm gastrin
What external changes are visible after the last moult of a cockroach nymph? [AIPMT 2013]
(1) Anal cerci develop (2) Both fore wings and hind wings develop
(3) Labium develops (4) Mandibles become harder
Answer Key
Q.1 2 Q.2 2 Q.3 2 Q.4 4 Q.5 4 Q.6 1 Q.7 4
Q.8 3 Q.9 3 Q.10 1 Q.11 4 Q.12 3 Q.13 1 Q.14 3
Q.15 3 Q.16 1 Q.17 2 Q.18 4 Q.19 1 Q.20 1 Q.21 1
Q.22 2 Q.23 1 Q.24 3 Q.25 2 Q.26 2 Q.27 3 Q.28 3
Q.29 2 Q.30 2 Q.31 3 Q.32 2 Q.33 1 Q.34 1 Q.35 3
Q.36 2 Q.37 3 Q.38 1 Q.39 1 Q.40 2 Q.41 3 Q.42 3
Q.43 2 Q.44 3 Q.45 4 Q.46 1 Q.47 2 Q.48 4 Q.49 1
Q.50 2 Q.51 2 Q.52 3 Q.53 2 Q.54 2 Q.55 1 Q.56 1
Q.57 1 Q.58 4 Q.59 2 Q.60 2 Q.61 2 Q.62 4 Q.63 1
Q.64 4 Q.65 4 Q.66 2 Q.67 3 Q.68 2 Q.69 1 Q.70 2
Q.71 2 Q.72 3 Q.73 1 Q.74 1 Q.75 4 Q.76 3 Q.77 3
Q.78 4 Q.79 4 Q.80 3 Q.81 4 Q.82 1 Q.83 1 Q.84 1
Q.85 2 Q.86 4 Q.87 1 Q.88 2

Exercise – 3 AIIMS Special Questions
In the following questions (1 to 10), a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement

of reason (R).
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion, then mark (1).
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is nol the correct explanation of the
assertion. then mark (2).
(3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3).
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements. then mark (4).
A : Earthworm is brown or clay coloured.
R : Because of presence of pigment parphyrin.
A : Chlorogogen cells are considered, analogous to liver of vertebrates.
R : Because it is concerned with storage of reserve food, deamination of protiens, formation of
urea etc.
A : Earthworm is saprozoic.
R : Because it feed on small insect.
A : Earthworm is hermophrodite.
R : Because in earthworm both sexes are separate.
A : Earthworms are enemy of farmer.
R : Because they destroy the crop in field.
A : In body of earthworm porphyrin pigment is found. R :
Because it protect earthworm from chemicals.
A : In earthworm development is direct.
R : Because in development larval stage is not found.
A : In anus of earthworm, depressor ani muscle are found. R :
Which help in elimination of excretion from rectum.
A : In cockroach, inspiration is an active process.
R : It is due to the contraction of lergoslernal muscle.
A : In frog, sinus-venosus is present.
R : In mammals and birds the remnant of sinus venosus has taken part in the formation of SA
node.
A : Septal nephridia take part in osmoregulation. R :
They are enteronephric.
A : In Periplaneta, only super position or over lapping images are formed. R :
Retinal pigment sheath remains contracted through out the life.
A: Pharyngeal gland of earthworm includes chromophil cells, which secrete sativa. R :
Salivary amylase of earthworm is essential to digest carbohydrates.
A : The head of cockroach is hypognathus.
R : Proximal part of lower lip of cockroach is called pastmentum.

A : The heart of cockroach is neurogenic.
R : He heart beats in cockroach are 49 perminute.
A : Albectoreceptors are found on the antennae.
R : Phonoreceptors are found on the joints of legs.
A : Corpora allata glands secrete maulting harmone. R :
Carpora cardiaca secrets juvenile harmone.
Answer Key
Q.1 1 Q.2 1 Q.3 3 Q.4 3 Q.5 4 Q.6 3 Q.7 1
Q.8 1 Q.9 4 Q.10 2 Q.11 1 Q.12 4 Q.13 3 Q.14 2
Q.15 2 Q.16 3 Q.17 3

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Structural Organisation in Animals-II

 Earthworm Excretory System Nervous System Reproductive S

Morphology, Anatomy & Function of Different Systems of

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 1

 The burrows are lined by debris or mucus secreted by the animals.

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 2

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 3

Coelom or Body Cavity

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 4

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 5

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 6

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 7

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 9

Part of Alimentary Location Function

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 10

COCKROACH (Periplaneta americana)

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 11

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Digestive System of Cockroach

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 16

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 17

Circulatory System of Cockroach

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 18

Nervous System of Cockroach

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 19

Sense Organs of Cockroach

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 20

Reproductive System of Cockroach (Male)

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 21

 Ootheca of cockroach contains fourteen to sixteen fertilized eggs. Ootheca of cockroach is

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 22

Comparison of Periplaneta and Blatta

FROG (Rana tigrina)

Structural Organisation In Animals-II || 23

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Vertical section of frog's eye (Diagrammatic)

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