ANIMAL KINGDOM

Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University

Center for Basic Sciences
Presentation on

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
Session: 2022-23

Presentation by-
Meenal Meshram Guided by-
5th semester Dr. Madhu Manikpuri
 Contents
 Basis of Animal Classification 1-4
 Classification of Animals 5-23
 Classes of Phylum Chordata 24-37
 Reference 38
 Basis of animal classification
1. Level of organization

2. Symmetry
• Asymmetrical - Any plane that passes through the centre does not divide them into equal halves.
• Radial symmetry - Any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism into two
identical halves.
• Bilateral symmetry - The body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane.

3. Germ Layer
• Diploblastic animals - Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, an external
ectoderm and an internal endoderm.
• Triploblastic animals - The developing embryo has a third germinal layer. mesoderm, in between the
ectoderm and endoderm
4. Coelom
• Coelomate animals - The body cavity, which is lined. by mesoderm is called coelom. Animals possessing
coelom are called coelomates.

• Pseudocoelomate animals - In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead, the
mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is
called pseudocoelom and the animals possessing them are called pseudocoelomates.

• Acoelomate animals - The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates
5. Segmentation
A body plan feature observed in animals in which the body is formed from a series of repeating
fragments.
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Basis of animal classification

 Levels of organization
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Basis of animal classification

 Digestive system

 Circulatory system
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Basis of animal classification
• Symmetry

• Metameric segmentation
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Basis of animal classification
 Germ layers

 Coelom
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Classification of Animals 6

• Porifera

• Cnideria

• Platihelminthes

•Acheliminthes

• Annelida

• Mollusca

• Arthropoda

• Echinodermata

• Hemichordata

• Chordata
 Phylum Porifera 7

 Primitive multicellular animals with cellular grade of organization.



 Asymmetrical, diploblastic and free living aquatic organisms with undefined body shape.

 Having neither nerves and mucles.

 Reproduction occurs by asexual or sexual methods.

 The body wall encloses a large cavity, the spongoceol and also contains numerous small canals.

 Either the spnogocoel or canals are lined by special collar cells or choanocytes with flagella.

 Beating of flagella maintains steady current of water through the canals to bring in food and oxygen and also remove
wastes.

 All sponges possess an internal skeleton. It may consists of tiny calcareous or siliceous spicules.

Eg. Sycon(scypha), Spongilla(freshwater sponge) and Euspongia(bath sponge).

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(a) Scypha

(b) Leucosolenia

(c) Spongia

(d) Euplectella
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Phylum Coelenterata
 A tissue level of organization.

 Radially symmetrical, acoelomates and diploblastic organism.

 Shows two body forms: polyp and medusa.

 Polyp: cylindrical in shape but may be solitary or colonial.

 Medusa: an umbrella like, free swimming form but always solitary.

 Either or both forms may occur in a species – Polymorphism.

 Two forms alternate in life cycle if both forms are present – Alternation of generation.
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(a) Sycphozoa

(b) Hydrozoa

(c) Staurozoa

(d) Anthozoa
Phylum Ctenophora
 Ctenophores, commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies

 Exclusively marine, radially symmetrical, diploblastic organisms with tissue level of organisation.

 The body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb plates, which help in locomotion.

 Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular.

 Bioluminescence (the property of a living organism to emit light) is well-marked in ctenophores.

 Sexes are not separate. Reproduction takes place only by sexual means.

 Fertilisation is external with indirect development.

Eg. Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana.

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Phylum Platyhelminthes
 Acoelomate, triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical organisms.

 Paracitic organism.

 Shows blind sac body plan, possess only mouth.

 The body is soft and dorso-ventrally flatted, without segmentation.

 Possess organ system level of organization.

 Organ system are packed in a characteristic connective tissue, called the parenchyma. Parenchymal gland serves as hydroskeleton.

 Nervous system is consists of the brain and two main longitudinal nerve chords connected at intervals by transverse commissures.

 Excretory system includes flame cells leading into tubules that open out by one or more pores.

 Hermaphroditic organism, reproduction occurs asexually.

 Fertilization is internal. Life history often includes larval stages.

Eg. Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola(Liver fluke)

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Phylum Aschelminthes
 Aschelminthes are pseudocoelomates and triploblastic.

 Parasitic organism.

 Body-wall consists of a firm resistant:

Cuticle – moulted during growth period or throughout life.
Epidermis - may be syncytial or cellular.
Muscle layer - generally contains longitudinal fibers only

 Sexual reproduction with separate sexes.

 Fertilization is internal.

Eg. Ascaris, Enterobius (Pinworm), Ancylostoma, Wuchereria bancrofti (Filaria worm), Rhabditis.
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Phylum Annelida
 Triploblastic, coelomate, bilaterally symmetrical and metamerically segmented animals.

 In earthworm, each segment has a separate coelom which acts as a hydraulic skeleton.

 The body is elongated, cylindrical or flattened, divided into segments by ring-like grooves, the annuli.

 A closed circulatory system present.

 Segmental nephridia for excretion and osmoregulation.

 Typically, there is a trochophore larva during development.

Eg. Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm) and Hirudinaria (Blood-sucking leech).

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Phylum Mollusca
 Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum.

 Exibit organ system level of body organization.

 Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate.

 Body is covered by a calcareous shell and is unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot and visceral
hump.

 Have a rasping tongue-like radula for feeding.

 Open circulatory system, except cephalopods.

 Nitrogenous wastes are removed from the body by the nephridium.

 Mostly dioecious. Fertilization is both external and internal.

 Embryo develops into a free-swimming larva called a trochophore.

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Phylum Arthropoda
 Arthropoda is the largest phylum of animalia.

 Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, metameric segmented and coelomate animals.

 Have an exoskeleton of chitinous cuticle, shed periodically to allow the growth. The process of casting off of skin or
integument is known as ecdysis or moulting.

 Body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen or divisible into cephalothorax and abdomen.

 They have jointed appendages.

 Have an open circulatory system. Body cavity, known as haemocoel (hemocoel), is filled with fluid-hemolymph.

 Respiration takes place through the general body surface and gills in crustacean; through trachea in insects, diplopoda,
chilopoda; through book lungs in Arachnida.

 Excretion is brought about by green glands in aquatic forms and malpighian tubules in terrestrial forms.

 Sexes usually separate; fertilization internal; oviparous or ovoviviparous; development direct or indirect.
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Phylum Echinodermata
 Exclusively marine and banthoic.

 Spiny skinned, free swimming, triploblastic, unsegmented and coelomate organisms.

 Adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.

 Digestive system is complete with mouth on the ventral side and anus on the dorsal side.

 The water vascular system is present. Tube feet are contractile appendages of the water vascular system;
serve for locomotion, food capture, respiration and attachment of the body to the substratum.

 Respiratory organs are skin gills or papulae (starfish); peristomail gills (sea urchins); genital bursae (brittle
stars); cloacal respiratory tree (holothurians).

 Perform sexual reproduction. Sexes are separate. Fertilization is usually external. Development is
indirect with free-swimming larva.
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Phylum Hemichordata
 Exclusively marine.

 Worm-like animals with organ-system level of organization.

 Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate organisms.

 Body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk.

 Notochord present which is hollow and endodermal in origin. Notochord occurs only in the
anterior end of the body. It is called buccal diverticulum.

 Open circulatory system.

 Perform sexual reproduction. Sexes are separate. Fertilization is external. Development is indirect.

 Eg. Balanoglossus (Tongue worm), Ptychodera and Saccoglossus.

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Phylum Chordata
 Animals belonging to phylum Chordata are fundamentally characterised by the presence of a notochord, a
dorsal hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits.

 These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate with organ-system level of organisation.

 They possess a post anal tail and a closed circulatory system.

 All the members of vertebrate contain notochord during the embryonic period. The notochord is replaced
by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult stage.
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On the basis of presence or absence of jaw, the subphylum vertebrata is further subdivided into two
superclass-
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Class Cyclostomata

 Ectoparasites on some fishes.

 They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration.

 Have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws.

 Their body is devoid of scales and paired fins.

 Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous.



 Circulation is of closed type.

 Cyclostomes are marine but migrate for spawning to fresh water. After spawning, within a few days, they
die. Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to the ocean.

Eg. Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish).

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Class Chondrichthyans
 Marine animals having cartilaginous endoskeleton.
 Notochord is persistent throughout life. Gill slits are separate and

without operculum (gill cover).

 The skin is tough, containing minute placoid scales.

 Mouth is located ventrally. Jaws are present. Teeth are modified

placoid scales. Stomach is J-shaped.

 The swim bladder and lungs are absent and the liver is filled

with oil to provide buoyancy to the body while swimming. Due

to the absence of air bladder, they have to swim constantly to
avoid sinking.
 Heart is two-chambered.

 Kidneys opisthonephric. Excretion ureotelic. Cloaca present.

 They are cold-blooded animals.

 Fertilization is internal. Sexes are separate.

Eg. Rhinocodon (whale shark), Trygon (Sting rays), Torpedo

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Class Osteichthyes
 It includes both marine and freshwater fishes with bony endoskeleton.
 They have four pairs of gills which are covered by an operculum on

each side. Heart is two chambered.

 Most fishes can control their buoyancy with an air bladder known as a

swim bladder.
 Adult kidney mesonephric. Excretion chiefly ammonetelic.

 They are cold-blooded animals.

 Sexes are separate. Fertilization is usually external. Mostly oviparous,

rarely ovoviviparous or viviparous. Development direct, rarely with

metamorphosis.
Eg. Latimeria (Lobe-finned fish), Dipnoi (Lung-fish), Hippocampus (Sea-
horse), Exocoetus (Flying fish), Echeneis or Remora (Suckerfish),
Anguilla (eel)
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Class Amphibia
 Amphibians are vertebrate, that can live in both aquatic (water) as well as terrestrial (land) environment.

 Soft, moist (without scales) and glandular skin.

 Endoskeleton mostly bony. Notochord does not persist. The eyes have eyelids. A tympanum represents the ear.

 Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin. Larvae with external gills which may persist in some aquatic adults (like
salamanders).

 The heart is three chambered.

 Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior.

 Kidneys are mesonephric. Excretion is ureotelic. They are cold-blooded animals.

 Sexes are separate. Fertilization is external. They are oviparous and development is direct or indirect.

Eg. Ichthyophis (blind worm), Ambystoma (American salamander), Hyla (tree frog), Necturus (Mudpuppy). Alytes (Mid-wife
toad), Bufo (Toad) and Rana tigrina (Indian Bull frog).
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Class Reptilia
 The first animals on land with the ability to live and multiply on land, with the help of their
amniotic eggs.
 The class name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of locomotion.
 They are mostly terrestrial animals and their body is covered by dry and cornified skin. The

skin is covered with scutes or scales. The skin has high levels of keratin, which prevents water
loss through the skin.
 Considered as tetrapods with two sets of paired limbs.
 Have well-developed lungs.
 All reptiles have three-chambered hearts, except crocodiles, which have four-chambered

hearts.
 Tympanum represents ear.
 Reptiles are the first animals with amniotic eggs, that can be laid on land and not in water.
 They have protective shells and membranes, that allow oxygen and other gases to enter.
 Cold blooded animals.
 Sexes are separate. Fertilization is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct.

Eg. Sphenodon (Tuatara), Varanus (Komodo dragon), Draco (Flying lizard), Ophiophagus (King
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Class Aves
 Body is spindle shaped, with four divisions: head, neck, trunk and tail. Skin is dry without glands expect the
oil or preen gland at the base of the tail.

 The forelimbs are modified into wings. Epidermis covered with feathers.

 Fully ossified endoskeleton and the long bones are hollow with air cavities (pneumatic).

 Respiration is by lungs. Circulatory system consists of four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles;
nucleated erythrocytes.

 Living birds are also toothless.

 They are warm-blooded animals.

 Excretory system includes metanephric kidneys; ureters open into cloaca; no urinary bladder; uric acid main
nitrogenous waste.

 Sexes are separate. Fertilization is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct
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Eg. Flying birds - Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula

(Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo (Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin).
Flightless birds- Struthio camelus (African ostrich), Rhea americana
(South American ostrich), Casuarius casuarius (Australian
cassowary), Dromaius novaehollandiae (Australian Emu).
Class Mammalia 35

 The most successful and dominant animals are mammals.

 They have sweat glands and sebaceous gland in the skin and their body is covered by hair. All
female mammals possess mammary glands that can secrete milk.

 They have two sets of teeth viz. milk teeth and permanent teeth.

 They have two pairs of limbs, adapted for walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming
or flying.

 Heart is four chambered. They are warm-blooded animals.

 Breathing is by lungs and is enhanced by the muscular diaphragm.

 Sexes are separate and fertilization is internal. They are viviparous with few exceptions and
development is direct.
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Mammals can be classified into three subclasses, namely Prototheria, Metatheria and Eutheria.

• Eutheria, mammals give birth to their mature young ones directly.

Eg. Humans, dogs etc.

• Metatheria, mammals give birth to their immature young ones. They stay into their mother pouch till
they are mature.
Eg. Marsupials and kangaroo.

• Prototheria, mammals lay an egg.

Eg. Platypus and echidna
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Reference
 National Council Of Educational Research And Training(2021)
16th edition, Publication Division by the Secretary, NCERT, Sri Aurobindo
Marg, New Delhi 110 016, pp-46 to 62

 www.bioscience.com.pk

 www.britannica.com
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Thank You !