BUS173 Time Series Forecasting
BUS173 Time Series Forecasting
BUS173 Time Series Forecasting
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Time-Series Plot
A time-series plot is a two-dimensional plot of
time-series data
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Trend Component (1 of 2)
• Long-run increase or decrease over time
(overall upward or downward movement)
• Data taken over a long period of time
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Trend Component (2 of 2)
• Trend can be upward or downward
• Trend can be linear or non-linear
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Seasonal Component
• Short-term regular wave-like patterns
• Observed within 1 year
• Often monthly or quarterly
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Cyclical Component
• Long-term wave-like patterns
• Regularly occur but may vary in length
• Often measured peak to peak or trough to trough
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Irregular Component
• Unpredictable, random, “residual” fluctuations
• Due to random variations of
– Nature
– Accidents or unusual events
• “Noise” in the time series
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Time Series Forecasts
Uses time-ordered sequence of observations at regular intervals
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Techniques for Averaging
Moving average
Weighted moving average
Exponential smoothing
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Moving Averages
Moving average – A technique that averages a
number of recent actual values, updated as
new values become available.
At-n + … At-2 + At-1
Ft = MAn=
n
Weighted moving average – More recent
values in a series are given more weight in
computing the forecast.
wnAt-n + … wn-1At-2 + w1At-1
Ft = WMAn=
n
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Moving Average Example
Calculate a three-period moving average forecast for demand in period 6
If the actual demand in period 6 is 38, then the moving average forecast for
period 7 is:
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Simple Moving Average
Actual
MA5
47
45
43
41
39
37 MA3
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Takeaways:
• Fewer data points (e.g., the 3 month moving average) is more sensitive
to real life and is a more dynamic forecast.
• Larger data points (e.g., the 5 month moving average) is smoother (less
reactionary)
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Weighted Moving Average Example
Period Demand Weight
1 42
2 40 10%
3 43 20%
4 40 30%
5 41 40%
Takeaways:
• Choice of weights must add up to 100%
• Choice of weights are discretionary
• Choice of weights are often based on trial and error, and forecaster’s
experience.
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Exponential Smoothing
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Exponential Smoothing Example
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Exponential Smoothing Example
Period 2
forecast
is a naïve
forecast
F3 F2 ( A2 F2 )
0.10, F3 42 0.10(40 42) 42 0.10 ( 2) 42 0.2 41.8
F4 F3 ( A3 F3 )
0.10, F4 41.8 0.10(43 41.8) 41.8 0.10 1.2 41.8 0.12 41.92
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Picking a Smoothing Constant
Takeaway:
• Low α, less sensitive to forecast error, relatively smoother (stable) forecast
• Large α, more sensitive to forecast error, relatively more dynamic forecast
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Linear Trend Equation
Ft
Ft = a + bt
0 1 2 3 4 5 t
Ft = Forecast for period t
t = Specified number of time periods
a = Value of Ft at t = 0
b = Slope of the line
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Calculating a and b
n (ty) - t y
b =
n t 2 - ( t) 2
y - b t
a =
n
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Time-Series:
Linear Trend Example
Period Demand
(Week) (Sales/Week)
1 150
2 157
3 162
4 166
5 177
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Linear Trend Equation Example
t y
2
Week t Sales ty
1 1 150 150
2 4 157 314
3 9 162 486
4 16 166 664
5 25 177 885
2
t = 15 t = 55 y = 812 ty = 2499
2
(t) = 225
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Linear Trend Calculation
5 (2499) - 15(812) 12495-12180
b = = = 6.3
5(55) - 225 275 -225
812 - 6.3(15)
a = = 143.5
5
y = 143.5 + 6.3t
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