ARDUINO-BASED RIVER WATER LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM WITH

SHORT MESSAGING SYSTEM (SMS) AND CALLS

A Research Paper Presented

To the Faculty of the Senior High School Department

Colegio De Sto. Tomas-Recoletos, Inc.

San Carlos City, Negros Occidental

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in Practical Research 2 and Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

ABANGAN, CRIZEL ANNE A.

ALINGASA, DIONDRAE JOE S.

BALLESTEROS, ALEAH ANGELAROSE D.

BAYON-ON, APRIL NERIH B.

BROCE, MATT ANDREW B.

DACUMOS, JELO ELYNNY T.

LAPITAN, ANDREA VANCE D.

SALVADOR, ASHLEY S.

SEGOVIA, SHEILA MEH R.

March 2024
 RESEARCH APPROVAL SHEET

The research entitled “ARDUINO-BASED RIVER WATER LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM WITH
SHORT MESSAGING SYSTEM (SMS) AND CALLS” prepared and submitted by CRIZEL ANNE A.
ABANGAN, DIONDRAE JOE S. ALINGASA, ALEAH ANGELAROSE D. BALLESTEROS,
APRIL NERIH B. BAYON-ON, MATT ANDREW B. BROCE, JELO ELYNNY T. DACUMOS,
ANDREA VANCE D. LAPITAN, ASHLEY S. SALVADOR, and SHEILA MEH R. SEGOVIA in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for Practical Research 2 and Inquiries, Investigations, and
Immersion has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL
EXAMINATION.

RESEARCH COMMITTEE

MARIA CINDY N. GABUTAS, MACDDS, LPT

Adviser

MA. NITA V. BOLO, MAED, RGC DONI PATRICK M. DALOPE, RN, LPT
Member Member

MARINELL T. OCAMPO, MAED, LPT

Chair

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with a grade of PASSED.

MARIA CINDY N. GABUTAS, MACDDS, LPT

Adviser

JENNYFER M. MERABE, MAEd MA. NITA V. BOLO, MAED, RGC

Member Member

MARINELL T. OCAMPO, MAED, LPT

Chair

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Practical Research 2 and Inquiries,
Investigations, and Immersion.

MARINELL T. OCAMPO, MAED, LPT April 18, 2024

Principal, Colegio De Sto. Tomas-Recoletos, Inc. Date of Oral Examination

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the researchers would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to the following

persons:

To our beloved Parents/ Guardians, thank you for the continuous love and support

that kept us motivated and eager to finish our research.

Mrs. Maria Cindy N. Gabutas, for the invaluable guidance and support throughout

our research. Your patience, expertise, and encouragement have been a vital pillar of this

journey.

To Toboso National High School, especially to Mr. John Mark Mania, for sharing

his expertise and for letting us use equipment that are necessary for our prototype and Mr.

Celso Antonio V. Tabares lV, our humble mentor, who has always facilitated and guided us,

especially through making this research study possible.

Ms. Sophia Tabares and Mrs. Margot U. Hibionada, for becoming our chaperone

for our consultations in Toboso National High School.

Mr. Francisco P. Garnica, MBA, MAED-GC, we express our sincere gratitude for

the wisdom and constructive insights that greatly contributed to our research paper.

Mrs. Stephanie M. Remada, for helping us with the necessary improvements and

revisions on our research paper.

Mr. Joemar B. Flores, for being our statistician guiding us through the interpretation

of our gathered data with expertise and clarity.

2
 Mr. Ronald A. Fegidero, for his generous financial support for the development of

our prototype.

Mr. Joe Recalex Alingasa Jr., for his assistance in providing accurate information

from the San Carlos City Disaster Risk Reduction Office, which has been useful for our study.

Mr. Diancel Mag-Aso, for his assistance in developing the miniature model that

significantly contributed to the execution of our prototype.

Mr. Alfredo B. Armonio and Mrs. Alicia P. Armonio, for generously opening their

home to us, providing a conducive environment for the pursuit of our research.

Rev. Fr. Christopher C. Maspara, OAR, we are grateful for your support and for

providing our transportation to Toboso National High School, as well as allowing us by

formally signing our letters for our consultations.

We also express our gratitude to our friends, peers, and all others who generously

offered their support and presence, contributing to the success of our endeavor.

We humbly acknowledge and express our deepest gratitude to God, our almighty

Father, for granting us the opportunity to share our wisdom and knowledge through this

research study. We are thankful for the strength and courage bestowed upon us, guiding us

through every step of this journey. In all that we do, we do it all for the Glory of God.

3
 Abstract

Intense flooding due to the overflow of rivers forced the evacuation of 123 families from
Barangays 1 and Rizal in San Carlos City, Negros Occidental Philippines last January 16,
2021. Houses were swept away and sustained partial damage. The extensive volume of water
was too enormous to be contained by the water channels due to the lack of a monitoring
system. This encouraged the researchers to develop a solar-powered Arduino-based River
water level monitoring system that can monitor three levels, the safe, moderate, and critical
levels respectively. The system is represented by LED lights, and features SMS alerts
triggered during moderate levels and calls for critical levels. It also has a buzzer for
uninterrupted monitoring during unforeseen circumstances. The prototype was tested in ten
different trials, which showed consistent responsiveness with SD = 0.4s for the 2nd level
(moderate) and SD = 0.3s at the 3rd level (danger), efficiently sending message alerts with SD
= 0.44s on the 2nd and SD = 1.08s on the 3rd level, and effective call notifications with SD =
1.08s at the 3rd level. The study shows the system is effective for precise water level
monitoring, providing a reliable early warning system for flood-prone areas.

KEYWORDS: Applied Science; river water level sensor; connecting & programming;
San Carlos City, Negros Occidental; user-friendly & cost effective; reliable; implementation

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

RESEARCH APPROVAL SHEET i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iv

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 07

Statement of the Problem 09

Objectives of the Study 09

Review of Related Literature 10

Theoretical Framework 13

Conceptual Framework 14

Schematic Diagram 14

Scope and Limitation 15

Significance of the Study 16

Definition of Terms 18

2 METHODOLOGY 20

Research Design 20

Variables 21

Materials and Methods 21

Procedures 23

3 RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 27

Results and Discussions 28

5
 Implications 33

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34

Summary of the Findings 34

Conclusions 35

Recommendations 35

5 PROPOSED PROGRAM/OUTPUT 36

Description 36

Objectives 37

Action Plan 37

Timeline 39

Budget 40

REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES 46

APPENDIX A: TRANSMITTAL LETTERS 46

Appendix A 1: Consent letters for traveling to Toboso 46

APPENDIX B: DOCUMENTATION 50

Appendix B 1:Sequencing of Variables 50

Appendix B 2: Research Consultations 51

APPENDIX C: FINAL PROTOTYPE 60

5
 Chapter 1

Introduction

A flood is an overflow of water onto normally dry land, often caused when excessive

rainfall or a dam or levee failure causes rivers and streams to overflow their banks. Some

floods develop slowly, while others develop in just minutes. Being prepared and taking

mitigation measures, such as building away from floodplains and elevating homes, can reduce

the risk of damage and injuries in a flood (Habitat for Humanity International, 2023).

According to statistics compiled by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA)'s Weather Prediction Center, 75% of flash flood reports in the U.S. occur between

April 23 and Sept. 14, but there is a notable peak in flash flooding in June and July when more

than one-third of the total reports occur (Donegan, 2023). In 2021, there were a total of 146

fatalities reported due to flash floods and river floods in the United States. This was the

second highest figure reported in the North American country during the period in

consideration (Salas, 2023). The peak value was recorded in 2015, with a total of 176 lives

lost due to floods.

“China Floods Threaten Downstream Cities as Tens of Thousands Evacuated” (2023)

stated that heavy rain and high water levels on rivers in northeastern China have been

threatening cities downstream, prompting the evacuation of tens of thousands of people as

storms continue to batter parts of East Asia. The water levels in the Wuhan section of the

Yangtze River were among the highest ever recorded. As of July 22, 2020, 45.5 million

people had been affected by the floods, with 142 people having died or were missing, and the

direct economic losses expected to be around 116 billion RMB (~16.5 billion US dollars).

According to Statista (2023), in 2019, about 0.05 million people in the Philippines had

been affected by floods that occurred in the country. The number of people affected by floods

7
in the Philippines was highest in 2012 at about 4.61 million people. According to the Asian

Institute of Technology (2020), Typhoon Vamco has brought severe flooding to the towns and

villages in Cagayan Valley, northeastern Philippines. At least 42 people have been killed as

large swathes of land were submerged.

The data given by the San Carlos City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office

(SCCDRRMO,2021), shows that out of 21,887 households there are 3,459 (15.8%) that are

susceptible to river floods. According to Alingasa (2021), one hundred twenty-three families,

affecting four hundred seventy-four individuals were evacuated in San Carlos City, Negros

Occidental due to flooding last January 16, 2021. Residents of Barangays 1 and Rizal were

affected by flooding as some of the city’s rivers and creeks overflowed due to heavy rains.

Ten houses were swept away due to riverbank erosion along Andoon River , and other houses

in flooded areas sustained partial damage. Also, the volume of water coming from the

mountains was too enormous to contain by the water channels due to the lack of a monitoring

system (Masculino, 2021).

According to Hudson (2022), a flood monitoring system is used to monitor a rise in

water levels. The system comprises sensors that are deployed in cities or any area of interest.

These sensors are deployed on bridges, wells, lakes, or beaches to measure water levels in real

time. Our study is distinct from other related studies because aside from being user-friendly, it

has the capabilities of monitoring three (3) water levels in different light-emitting diode

(LED) colors, sense for unusual rise of water, and send a Short Message Service (SMS) and

call to the office of CDRRMO in San Carlos to give them alarm or warning whenever the

river water level has reached its critical level with the accordance of real-time data. It also has

a buzzer that serves as a backup warning system, for whenever there is a signal and power

failures.

Thus, the researchers came up with this study which aims to develop an Arduino-

Based River Water Level Monitoring System with SMS and Call. Enhancing safety and

8
reducing the risk of fatalities in the local communities in the city of San Carlos.

8
Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to develop an Arduino-Based River Water Level Monitoring System

with SMS and Calls, enhancing safety and reducing the risk of injuries and fatalities.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of efficiency of the developed Arduino-based sensor in terms of its

responsiveness on time (seconds) in each water level?

2. What is the level of accuracy and reliability of the real-time data transmission

(messages and calls) of the developed Arduino-based sensor?

Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to develop an Arduino-Based River Water Level Monitoring

System with SMS and Calls, enhancing safety and reducing the risk of injuries and fatalities.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. determine the level of efficiency of the developed Arduino-based sensor in terms of its

responsiveness on time (seconds) in each water level ; and

2. determine the accuracy and reliability of real-time data transmission (messages and

calls) of the developed Arduino-based sensor.

9
Related Literature

This section provides an extensive review of published articles, internet sources, and

related research relevant to the study on developing an Arduino-Based River Water Level

Monitoring System with SMS and Calls.

River Flood

River floods, resulting from a river surpassing its banks, have substantial implications

for ecosystems and human settlements (Shaw, 2019). Studies have revealed alarming

statistics, such as the heightened risk of flooding for 41 million Americans, far exceeding

prior estimations (University of Bristol, 2018). In various regions like southern China,

Thailand's Chi River Basin, and urban barangays in the Philippines, flooding incidents have

led to severe consequences, highlighting the necessity for effective flood management

strategies (Jia et al., 2022; Arunyanart et al., 2017; Masculino, 2021). Communities lacking

river flood monitoring systems face heightened vulnerabilities during flood disasters.

Inadequate hydrological networks, limited technical expertise, and reliance on manual

observations contribute to inefficiencies in flood risk management (Rahardjo & Sujono,

2022).

Arduino Technology

Arduino, an open-source electronics platform, has emerged as a prominent tool for

interactive hardware and software projects (Kondaveeti et al., 2021). Its versatility in

connecting various components like sensors and displays aids in creating effective monitoring

10
systems (Ocak, 2018). Arduino technology with a motion sensor component, which studies

utilizing Arduino-based motion sensors, such as those employing ultrasonic sensors, passive

infrared sensors, and Arduino Uno microcontrollers, have demonstrated the capacity to

accurately detect motion, distances, and object positions (Gabriel & Kuria, 2020). With the

help of arduino technology, sensing certain water level with the help of other component such

as GSM module and ultrasonic sensor successfully sent warning and provide responses in

terms of awareness of the community of emergencies such as river flooding and other

calamities (Natividad & Mendez, 2018).

GSM Module

A GSM module, a chip or circuit used to establish communication between a gadget or

device (Electronicsforu, 2023) The GSM module is used in a home alarm system to send SMS

alerts to users when assigned to a certain alert triggering or sensing system. One example is a

test involving simulating high temperatures to trigger the alarm system. In the study of

Mahzan et al. (2018), the system displayed an alert notification on an LCD display and sent an

SMS alert to users when the temperature reached 40°C or higher. The alarm system with a

GSM module successfully detected high temperatures which allowed it to send SMS,

triggering an alert in the specific setting in which the GSM module is located.

Advancements in Water Level Monitoring Sensors

Recent advancements in water level monitoring sensors, such as the independent

operation of sensors without relying on external networks, showcase enhanced reliability,

cost- effectiveness, and remote monitoring capabilities (Satria et al., 2018). However, certain

studies

11
fail to address the unique benefits and innovations brought forth by their sensor designs

(Pramono et al., 2023).

This review emphasizes the critical need for advanced sensor systems like the

Arduino- based solution proposed in this study to address the challenges posed by river

flooding and the inadequacies in existing monitoring approaches in various regions

worldwide.

12
Theoretical Framework

Flooding is one of the most common disasters that is present in the city of San Carlos

City, especially in the local rivers. One way of dealing with this problem is by giving early

warnings to the community to prevent the risk of injuries. Thus, the researchers developed an

alternative and user-friendly way to monitor the rise of river water.

Programming refers to a technological process for telling a computer which tasks to

perform in order to solve problems. You can think of programming as a collaboration between

humans and computers, in which humans create instructions for a computer to follow (code)

in a language computer can understand (Coursera, 2023).

In a study conducted by Mercado et al. (2018), they described the theory of river water

level monitoring with the use of Arduino and GSM for flood mitigation. In the context of this

study, the use of ultrasonic sensors through the theories of monitoring and sensing was taken

into consideration by the researchers.

The research conducted by Mercado et al. (2018), could be the standard for the

theoretical framework of the study, as it shows the concept and limitations of river water level

monitoring system through an explanation of various theories, especially the use of Arduino

and GSM. The theory is interrelated with the study as the entire concept of the paper revolves

around the usage of Arduino to develop a river water level monitoring system as early

warning signals for flood mitigation.

13
Conceptual Framework

The centerpiece of this study mainly tackles the development of an Arduino-Based

River Water Level Monitoring System with SMS and Calls. The community experiences

various impacts from the rising river water, such as higher flood risks, property damage,

displacement of residents, disruption of essential services, and increased health and safety

concerns. Therefore, it is crucial to implement comprehensive mitigation strategies and

community resilience measures. This study specifically measures its accuracy, reliability and

efficiency on its responsiveness. With overseeing the conceptual framework of the

development of an Arduino-based River Water Level Sensor with SMS and Calls, its

relationship with the locals is assessed with a quantitative overview that is conducted by this

research.

Figure 1

The Schematic Diagram

Arduino-Based River Water Monitoring System with Short Messaging

System (SMS) and Calls

Input Process Output

- Arduino-
Prototype
Based Materials
Development: Water Level
- Power Supply
- Connecting Monitoring
- Development
- Programming System with
of the system
or Coding SMS and Calls
- Construction
- Testing
of device

14
Scope and Limitations

The primary goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of an Arduino-based

sensor in monitoring and sensing river water levels as an early warning signal. This study

specifically used an Arduino-based sensor rather than other hardware and software programs.

This study is limited to measuring the river water levels of local rivers in San Carlos

City, Negros Occidental, Philippines. Communication relies on the GSM network, sending

SMS and calls limited to the San Carlos City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office

(SCCDRRMO), however this feature requires load and signal. The message contains the data

of the present river water level which is monitored by the system, while the call serves as an

alarm. The system also has a buzzer intended for nearby residents which is activated when the

water level is at a moderate level, this alarm serves as backup in case the GSM experiences

signal and power failures. The system also has warning light-emitting diode (LED) lights

limited to 3 colors of light for different levels: green indicates a safe level, yellow indicates a

moderate level, and lastly, red indicates a critical/danger level. Additionally, the system is

powered by a 5-volt solar battery with a Universal Serial Bus (USB) power source and

connected to our system via a USB outlet.

15
Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to develop a Arduino-Based River Water Level

Monitoring System with SMS and Calls, enhancing safety and reducing the risk of injuries

and fatalities in the local communities of San Carlos City. The outcome of the study is

beneficial to the following:

Residents. This study benefits the residents since the river water level monitoring

sensors are essential as early warning systems for community residents, providing accurate

information about rising water levels. They enable evacuations, prevent property damage, and

enhance community preparedness. These sensors also conserve resources, and protect

infrastructure, ensuring safety, resilience, and sustainable disaster management.

San Carlos City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office. This study shows

that using a water level monitoring sensor can enhance the city's disaster risk reduction

management office by being alerted to rising water levels in rivers. By monitoring the water

levels in rivers, local authorities can be alerted to water level changes and anticipate potential

flood risks. Having a well-developed sensor can improve community safety by providing

accurate and timely data about rising river water. This allows officials to issue warnings and

allocate resources to the most vulnerable areas based on accurate and up-to-date data about the

extent of the flooding.

School. This study benefits schools as it enables them to take precautions in the event

of rising water levels, which allows them to plan and protect everyone, especially its students.

Additionally, the data can be shared with the community to keep them informed about river

conditions, thereby allowing residents to make informed decisions during adverse weather

16
 conditions. Moreover, it allows schools to be adequately prepared for emergencies such as

flooding by implementing warning systems and having sufficient time to take necessary action.

Government. This study benefits the government as it is essential for the preservation

of water resources, prediction of floods, and ensuring water security for communities.

Additionally, it plays a crucial part in the observation of water levels in rivers especially in the

local rivers in the community. Timely and accurate data on water levels assists in making

effective decisions for responding to disasters, planning infrastructure, and ensuring

sustainable water management, all of which are vital elements of governance.

Department of Agriculture. This study is beneficial to agriculture because it can help

farmers prepare and mitigate the impacts of drought by adjusting planting choices, water

management, and crop rotation. Moreover, by tracking river water levels, farmers can improve

their resilience to flood-related challenges. This allows them to take preventive measures such

as relocating livestock and equipment, or even adjusting planting schedules to minimize

flood- related losses. This research on water river level monitoring systems can provide

several benefits to the agriculture industry (farms, ranches, dairies, greenhouses, etc.),

including efficient water management, real-time data, prevention of water waste, proactive

flood management, and long-term water-level data.

Future Researchers. This study provides a foundation for future researchers

interested in river water level sensors for flood warnings. It serves as a learning opportunity

for them to enhance and develop more advanced and affordable sensors. By enhancing these

sensors, they can develop more effective systems to alert individuals about floods. Ultimately,

this research helps them make a positive impact in flood-prone areas.

17
Definition of Terms

Arduino. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software (Arduino, 2018). Operationally, the researchers programmed

Arduino to manipulate the whole device to be used in this research study.

Buzzer. According to Robocraze (2023), The Arduino buzzer is a device that

produces sound when an electric current is passed through it. Operationally, the

researchers use a buzzer as a backup alarm in case of signal and power failures.

San Carlos City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office. This refers to the

department being established and institutionalized by the City Government of San Carlos,

which is tasked to initiate, implement and spearhead local programs, projects and

activities toward building and promoting safer, adaptive and resilient communities

(SCCDRRMO, 2023). Operationally, the research input in this study is the programmed

device, from which this institute gets signals or output.

GSM Module. According to DPS Telecom (2022), Global System for Mobile

Communication (GSM) is a specialized type of device which accepts a SIM card, and

operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a cell phone or pager.

Operationally, the researchers use a GSM module to communicate and alarm the

SCCDRRMO on the rise of river water.

LED Lights. According to Energy Star (n.d.), LED stands for light-emitting diode.

LED lighting products produce light up to 90% more efficiently than incandescent light

bulbs. Operationally, the researchers use LED lights as another warning system to alert

people in the community about the rising of river water.

18
 River. According to Schumm et. al (2023), they stated that a river, (ultimately from

the Latin ripa, “bank”), is any natural stream of water that flows in a channel with defined

banks. Operationally, the researchers use the river as a medium to be experimented with,

in order to resolve the problem of this study.

Solar bank. According to The Economic Times (2023), Solar panels are devices

that are used to absorb the sun's rays and convert them into electricity or heat.

Operationally, the researchers use solar energy as a power source for the whole device to

be used within this research study.

Ultrasonic Sensor. According to MaxBotix Inc.(2023), an ultrasonic sensor is an

instrument that measures the distance to an object using ultrasonic sound waves.

Operationally, the researchers use the ultrasonic sensor to detect the buoyancy ball

influenced by the river water levels' movement in order to determine the water levels.

Water Level. The height or elevation of water above (more common) or below

(less common) a user-specified point. This term is used in many applications (Yellow

Springs Instrument Company, n.d.). Operationally, this is what the researchers are trying

to measure using the programmed device for flood mitigation.

19
 Chapter 2

Methodology

This chapter explained the methods of research employed by the researchers in

conducting the study which included the Research Design, Materials, and Procedure.

Research Design

This experimental study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the

programmed Arduino-based sensor for monitoring and sensing river water levels.

The true experimental research design was employed in this study to provide

conclusive results. True experimental research design had been employed as there was a

presence of an experimental group that experienced the modification of variables that had

been made. In the present case, the mediating variable, the prototype itself and its program

had been adjusted in order to assess the relationship of this component to the dependent

variable, the level of river water. The effect of mediating variables on the dependent variable

was observed and gathered. The researchers used this data to conclude the relationship

between the two variables.

Table 1

Materials used in Prototype Set-up

SET-UP COMPOSITION
With Buzzer, LED lights, Ultrasonic Sensor
Prototype
and GSM module

20
 The table above contains the materials used in the prototype. Ten trials were

conducted per set-up.

Variables

Dependent Variable

Sugiono (2015) states the dependent variable is the free variable. This variable is

usually called with output, criteria, and consistent variable. It is a variable which is influenced

by independent variables. In this research the dependent variable is river water level

monitoring system (Y).

Independent Variable

Sugiono (2015) argues that independent variables are variables which influence the

change of the dependent variables. These variables are usually called with stimulus,

predicator, and antecedent variables. In this research, the independent variable is the Arduino

(X); as it is the main component in developing the dependent variable.

Based on the explanation above, the researcher concludes that the independent

variable is the Arduino (X). Thus, the dependent variable is the river water level monitoring

system (Y).

Materials

Materials Uses Quantity

Arduino Software Used for inputting the codes

needed for the prototype.

21
Buzzer Used for emitting sounds. 1

Computer/Laptop Used for programming the 1

Arduino.

GSM Module SIM Used for sending SMS and 1

phone calls.

LAFVIN Jumper Wire F-M Used in making connections 4

between items on your

breadboard and your

Arduino's header pins.

LAFVIN Jumper Wire M-M Used in making connections 15

between the breadboard and

your Arduino's header pins.

LAFVIN Mb-102 Used for building temporary 1

Breadboard 830 circuits.

LAFVIN Ultrasonic Sensor Used to sense the water level. 1

Hc-Sr04

LAFVIN Uno R3 Board Serves as the brain of the 1

System

LED light Used for emitting 3 colored 3

lights. (Red, Yellow, &

Green)

Resistors Used to limit the current 3

through the LED and to

22
 prevent excess current that

can burn out the LED.

SIM Card Network used in order to 1

send messages and call

Solar Bank An energy storage device 1

that obtains energy from the

sun and uses it to

charge/power

various electronic gadgets

Procedure

This part of the study discussed the procedures done by the researchers in conducting

the experiment.

● Prepare the materials and equipment needed

1. Connect the Ultrasonic sensor, Buzzer, & LED lights:

Connect all these via jumper wires to the Arduino board. Ensure proper wiring and voltage

levels.

2. Connect GSM Module SIM:

Connect the GSM module to the Arduino board, Ensure proper wiring and voltage levels.

3. Write Arduino Code:

-Develop an Arduino sketch to read water level data from the sensor.

23
-Implement code to send SMS and calls using the GSM module when the water level

surpasses a predefined threshold.

-Implement code to send warning sounds and lights using the Buzzer and LED lights when the

water level surpasses a predefined threshold.

-Use coding

4. Testing:

Test the system by simulating different water level movements. Check if the sensor is actively

sensing the different coded levels (prepare, evacuate, & at safe). Ensure that warning LED

lights, buzzer, SMS, & call are correctly working in their designated coded levels.

5. Power Supply:

Ensure a stable power supply to the Arduino, Buzzer, LED lights, & GSM module. Using a

solar power bank.

6. Final Setup:

- Assemble all components, securing them in a suitable enclosure.

- Place the water level sensor in the miniature river at the desired location.

7. Deploy and Monitor:

- Deploy the system in the river and monitor its performance.

- Regularly check the Buzzer, LED lights, & SMS and call notifications for accurate alerts.

Remember to replace the contact’s name of the river monitoring sensor to;

"YOUR_PHONE_NUMBER" with the actual phone number and customize the code based on

your specific requirements and hardware configuration.

24
Figure 2

Diagram showing the process of how the system works

Start

Ultrasonic Sensor will start

sensing water

Is certain water level

detected?

The buzzer will be activated

first — moderate level -
orange light
(SMS only)

There is a tendency that the

Will it reach to water will go back to its low
certain critical level
level?

Red led Light will be activated

which means it reached to its
critical level (Call)

The diagram offers a concise and clear illustration of the system's operations,

demonstrating how its components work together to monitor river water levels and ensure a

comprehension of essential concepts for both authorities and residents

25
Figure 3

Schematic diagram of the prototype

The digital diagram showcases the connectivity between the key components of the

prototype. It shows wiring configurations in a standardized format that can be referenced

during development, troubleshooting, or future enhancements.

26
 Chapter 3

Results, Discussions, and Implications

In this chapter, the researchers extensively observed the gathered quantitative data

from the investigation. This part of the study also discussed the discoveries made through the

experimentation with the aim of testing the prototype created. The research information

obtained by the researchers was additionally utilized to identify the correlation and

discrepancies in this study with respect to the previously referred to related literature. The

Methodology, Chapter 2, contained an in-depth overview of the study's procedure.

27
Table 2

Average time duration (seconds) in each water level in different trials

SET-UP

TRIALS With Buzzer, LED lights, Ultrasonic Sensor and GSM module

TESTING LEVELS

2nd Level (Yellow) 3rd Level (Red)

1 1.28 1.84

2 1.86 1.43

3 1.48 1.45

4 1.8 1.3

5 1.46 1.36

6 1 2.2

7 0.83 1.45

8 1.5 1.29

9 0.92 1.42

10 0.9 1.36

MEAN 1.30 1.51

SD 0.4 0.3

Table 2 presented the average in terms of time duration of the system’s

responsiveness. This will evaluate the system’s performance across different testing levels

which was subjected to ten trials.

28
 The mean response time at the 2nd Level (Yellow) was observed to be 1.30 seconds,

with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.4 seconds, while at the 3rd Level (Red), the mean

response time was 1.51 seconds with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.3 seconds. These results

suggest a consistent trend in the system's performance across the different testing levels.

29
Table 3

Average time duration in sending text messages (seconds) in each water level in different trials

SET-UP

TESTING LEVELS With Buzzer, LED lights, Ultrasonic Sensor and GSM module
(Trials)

Sending Messages

2nd Level (Yellow) 3rd Level (Red)

1 3.31 2.77

2 3.75 1.49

3 3.9 3.37

4 3.5 3.29

5 2.85 3.34

6 4 0.54

7 4.4 1.65

8 4.02 2.52

9 4.09 3.52

10 3.87 1.15

MEAN 3.77 2.36

SD 0.44 1.08

30
 Table 3 shows the average time duration in sending text messages every time it

reaches a different water level. This will evaluate the system’s performance in sending text

messages when it reaches 2nd (Yellow) and 3rd (Red) Level.

The mean time duration for sending text messages at the 2nd water level (Yellow) is

3.77 seconds with a standard deviation of 0.44 seconds. This indicates a relatively consistent

performance across the trials. However, at the 3rd water level (Red), the mean time duration

decreased to 2.36 seconds, but with a higher standard deviation of 1.08 seconds, suggesting

increased variability. Overall, the setup appeared to operate more efficiently or experience less

interference at the 3rd water level.

31
Table 4

Average time duration in sending calls (seconds) in each water level in different trials

SET-UP
TESTING LEVELS
(Trials) With Buzzer, LED lights, Ultrasonic Sensor and GSM module

Sending Calls

3rd Level (Red)

1 4.1

2 4.05

3 4.17

4 3.49

5 4.04

6 5.15

7 4.7

8 4.29

9 4.18

10 4.83

MEAN 4.30

SD 1.08

32
 Table 4 shows the average time duration in sending calls as it reaches the 3rd (Red)

level. This will evaluate the system’s performance in sending calls as alert notification to the

city disaster risk reduction management office.

The mean time duration for sending calls at the 3rd water level (Red) is 4.30 seconds

with a standard deviation of 1.08 seconds. This suggests that the performance was fairly stable

across the trials. In general, the configuration seemed to function more effectively and

efficiently in the trials.

Implications

Based on the results, the researchers conclude that developing an Arduino-based river

water level monitoring system has several negative implications. Since the system has the

capability of sending SMS and calls this feature may not be accessible in remote or

underdeveloped areas where mobile network coverage is poor or non-existent. This could

limit the effectiveness of the monitoring system.

Anyhow implementing advanced technology in certain communities might face

challenges due to a lack of understanding or acceptance of such systems. Proper community

engagement and education are important for successful implementation. While the project

aims to be cost-effective, ongoing maintenance costs, sensor replacements, and software

updates could add up over time. Additionally, outdoor installations, especially in public areas,

may be susceptible to theft. Securing the system against stealing is crucial to maintaining its

functionality and preventing unnecessary disruptions. On other hand, the use of solar energy

and adaptable sensors is positive for sustainability, but the system might require regular

maintenance. Components exposed to the environment, such as solar panels and sensors,

could degrade over time and impact the system's performance.

33
 Chapter 4

Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter introduced the conclusions, and recommendations developed based on

the research findings gathered.

The primary objective of this study was to develop an Arduino-based River Water

Level Monitoring Sensor with SMS and Calls.

Summary of the Findings

River Flooding is one of the major problems faced by our community here in San

Carlos City, Negros Occidental. This is due to such calamities like heavy rains, pollution, and

many more other factors that can trigger river flooding. The researchers noticed that there is a

major gap that is unsolved such as the lack of awareness of some residents in our community

which would increase fatalities, injuries, and damages. Therefore, the researchers proposed a

flood monitoring system which helps reduce casualties and increase community awareness by

avoiding harmful effects of flooding.

The researchers introduced that the Arduino-based system (independent variable) with

other components of River Water Level Monitoring System (dependent variable) would be

effective in showing the accuracy of the specificity level of water showing exact solutions and

measurements. Prototype equipment bought by the researchers were compiled by the

researchers for testing. It undergoes several trials before proceeding to solder. Firstly, the

researchers connected all the components such as the LED lights, buzzer, GSM module, and

Ultrasonic Sensor. To effectively run the system, the researchers programmed the Arduino by

using a laptop and software, and connected it to a power source in order to function properly.

Lastly, the prototype undergoes several trials and testing to show accurate results.

34
Conclusion

This research successfully developed an Arduino-based system for monitoring river

water levels, utilizing SMS and call alerts for real-time flood warnings. The results of this

study have shown the system to be effective in precisely monitoring water levels, providing a

cost- effective and reliable early warning system for areas prone to flooding. By implementing

this system, communities situated near riverbanks can significantly mitigate the risks

associated with sudden river water level rises, ensuring timely evacuation and preparedness

measures are in place.

Recommendations

After a thorough analysis of data, the following recommendations are hereby made:

1. Improve the monitoring system's interface by creating a mobile app or web dashboard.

This will show real-time data and send alerts in a much more advanced way.

2. Future researchers may improve the calls by adding automated voice warning response

when authorities accept the calls.

3. Explore options for scaling up the deployment of the monitoring system to cover more

areas vulnerable to flooding within the region or beyond.

4. Explore the viability of an Arduino-based water level monitoring system beyond just

rivers.

35
 Chapter 5

Proposed Program/Output

Description

This study is about developing an Arduino-based river water level monitoring system

that has the capability of sending SMS (short messaging system) and calls. In San Carlos City,

Negros Occidental, Philippines, the absence of a monitoring system has left the community

vulnerable to flooding. This encouraged the researchers to conduct a project that is

conceptualized and designed to be a community-driven, cost-effective, and sustainable clean

technology by implementing an Arduino-based water level monitoring system powered by

solar energy for the flood-prone areas of the city. The researchers are developing a sensor

adaptable to various circumstances. It features an adaptable sensor capable of monitoring

three water levels, visually represented by light-emitting diode (LED) colors, and detecting

unusual rises in water levels. In cases of critical levels, real-time data triggers SMS alerts and

calls, supplemented by a backup warning system via a buzzer, ensuring continuous

monitoring even during power outages and promoting flexibility in monitoring and

responding to changing conditions. This initiative aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs), namely: SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being; SDG 7:

Affordable and Clean Energy; SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure; SDG 11:

Sustainable Cities and Communities; and SDG 13: Climate Action. This study contributes to a

broader global vision for a sustainable and resilient future. Further, it shall be proposed to be

integrated into the Emergency Operations Center of the City of San Carlos through the City

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office, enhancing community safety and

preparedness.

36
Objectives

1. Prepare a comprehensive proposal for the implementation of the Arduino-based

monitoring system to be presented to the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office

in the City of San Carlos, securing their approval and support for the implementation.

2. To execute the implementation plan outlined in the proposal within the vulnerable

communities in the city of San Carlos, ensuring widespread adoption and functionality

of the Arduino-based monitoring system.

3. To establish a monitoring framework to track the progress and effectiveness of the

implemented Arduino-based monitoring system within vulnerable communities in the

City of San Carlos

4. Conduct a thorough evaluation of the Arduino-based monitoring system within

vulnerable communities in the City of San Carlos, identifying areas for enhancement

and driving continuous improvement to maximize effectiveness and efficiency.

Action Plan

Goals:

● To present the proposal to the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office in the

City of San Carlos.

● To implement the proposal to the vulnerable communities within the city of

San Carlos.

● To monitor the proposal implemented in the vulnerable communities within the city

of San Carlos.

● To evaluate the proposal implemented in the vulnerable communities within the city

of San Carlos.

37
 Arduino-Based River Water Level Monitoring System with SMS and Calls

Persons Timeline Needed

Action Step Remarks
Responsible (start-end) Resources

1. Presenting the ❖ All researchers March, 28 2024 - ● Prototype

proposal to in the group. March 28, 2024

the Disaster Risk

Reduction

Management Office

in the City of San

Carlos.

2. Implementing ❖ SCCDRRMO Tentatively year ● Budget (est.

the proposal to the ❖ Local 2025 to 2026 500,00 pesos)

vulnerable Barangays ● Actual

communities within ❖ All researchers Product

the city of San responsible

Carlos.

3. Monitoring the ❖ All researchers After the day it was ● Transportation

product, ensuring responsible implemented (tent. ● Monitoring

its efficiency and Year 2026) sheet

checking for repair

and maintenance.

4. Evaluating the ❖ SCCDRRMO In the first year it

38
proposal, ❖ All researchers will be evaluated

identifying whether responsible monthly. Then in

the implemented the succeeding

proposal is years it will be

effective or not. evaluated quarterly

until such time it

will be evaluated

yearly.

Timeline

Date Activity

March 28, 2024 Presenting the proposal to the San Carlos City Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Office.

Year 2025-2026 Implementing the proposal to vulnerable communities within the city of

San Carlos City.

Year 2026 Monitoring the product and checking for repair and maintenance.

Year 2026 onwards Evaluating the product implemented (monthly-quarterly-yearly).

39
Budget

Expenditure Amount
IP Rated Enclosure PHP 1000
Maxbotix wr4 Ultrasonic Sensors PHP 2000
Osram Opto Semiconductors OSLON SSL LED PHP 200
Edwards Signaling 876-N5BZ PHP 14000
IP68 Rated Power Cable Assemblies PHP 400
Stainless Steel Bolts, Nuts, and Washers PHP 450
Silicone Sealant or Marine-grade Epoxy PHP 3000 (per Epoxy set)
Madison M8000 Series Vertical Float Switch PHP 1500
Renogy 10W 12V Monocrystalline Solar Panel PHP 2500
Arduino PHP 1600
GSM SIM900 PHP 1800
Sim Card PHP 50
Perforated Tube PHP 1500
TOTAL (Approximately) PHP 30, 000

40
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~:text=LED%20stands%20for%20light%20emitting,the%20result%20is%20visible%20

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45
 APPENDICES

Appendix A

Transmittal Letters

Appendix A 1: Consent letters for traveling to Toboso

46
47
48
49
 Appendix B

Documentation

Appendix B 1: Sequencing of Variable

50
Appendix B 2: Research Consultations

FIRST RESEARCH CONSULTATION HELD IN TOBOSO NATIONAL HIGH

SCHOOL

with the help of Mr. Celso Tabares:

The testing of prototype components in breadboard

November 28, 2023

51
ANOTHER PROTOTYPE COMPONENTS TESTING

December 29, 2023

52
PARTIAL COMPILING OF PROTOTYPE IN PREPARATION OF PRE-ORAL

DEFENSE

January 10, 2024

53
SECOND RESEARCH CONSULTATION HELD IN TOBOSO NATIONAL HIGH

SCHOOL

with the help of Mr. Celso Tabares:

The start of soldering of prototype and measuring miniature for the prototype placement

February 05, 2024

54
TRIAL AND ERROR OF PROTOTYPE AND COLLECTING OF DATA ANALYSIS

HELD IN TOBOSO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

February 05, 2024

55
CONTINUE OF SOLDERING PROTOTYPE

February 06, 2024

56
THIRD AND FINAL RESEARCH CONSULTATION HELD IN TOBOSO NATIONAL

HIGH SCHOOL

with the help of Mr. Celso Tabares:

The continuation of soldering of prototype components

February 13, 2024

57
COMPILING OF MINIATURE COMPONENTS AND FINALIZING SOLDERING

OUTPUT

February 17, 2024

58
FINALIZING OF MINIATURE COMPONENTS AND COMPILING SOLDERING

OUTPUT IN THE MINIATURE

February 25, 2024

59
 Appendix C

Final Prototype Output

60
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Crizel Anne A. Abangan

Age: 18

Address: Azcona St., Brgy. 6,

San Carlos City, Negros Occidental,

Philippines, 6127

Educational Background

Elementary: Congressman Vicente Gustilo Sr. Memorial School

Year Graduated: 2017-2018

Secondary: Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos, Inc.

Year Graduated: 2023-2024

Significant Achievement/s

Consistent Honor Student from Elementary to High School

St. Thomas of Villanova Innovation Award

Titanium Award (Presenter, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Grand Award (Presenter, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Citation in Research (Research Presenter, 6th Josenian Senior High School Summit in USJ-R Basak

Campus, Cebu City)

Service Award School Chorale Officer (Treasurer)

61
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Diondrae Joe S. Alingasa

Age: 18

Address: Block 2. Lot 1 St, John Subd.

San Carlos City, Negros Occidental,

Philippines, 6127

Educational Background

Elementary: School of the Future

Year Graduated: 2017-2018

Secondary: Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos, Inc.

Year Graduated: 2023-2024

Significant Achievement/s

Consistent Honor Student from Elementary to High School

St. Thomas of Villanova Innovation Award

Titanium Award (Presenter, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Grand Award (Presenter, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Citation in Research (Research Co-Author, 6th Josenian Senior High School Summit in USJ-R Basak

Campus, Cebu City)

Chief BSP Medic

Student-Athlete (Swimmer)

62
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Aleah Angelarose D. Ballesteros

Age: 18

Address: Curva Hagnaya, Brgy. Tabun-ac

Toboso, Negros Occidental,

Philippines, 6125

Educational Background

Elementary: Toboso Central School

Year Graduated: 2017-2018

Junior High School: Toboso National High School

Year Completed: 2021-2022

Senior High School: Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos, Inc.

Year Graduated: 2023-2024

Significant Achievement/s

Consistent Honor Student from Elementary to High School

St. Thomas of Villanova Innovation Award

Titanium Award (Presenter, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Grand Award (Presenter, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Citation in Research (Research Co-Author, 6th Josenian Senior High School Summit in USJ-R Basak

Campus, Cebu City)

Service Award Designer’s Artist Club (DAC) Officer (Secretary)

Service Award (Binulakan Dance Troupe)

Service Award Booklovers & English Club Officer (P.I.O.)

63
Curriculum Vitae

Name: April Nerih B. Bayon-on

Age: 17

Address: Eco-Translink Highway, Brgy. Rizal,

San Carlos City, Negros Occidental,

Philippines, 6127

Educational Background

Elementary: School of the Future

Year Graduated: 2017-2018

Secondary: Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos, Inc.

Year Graduated: 2023-2024

Significant Achievement/s

Consistent Honor Student from Elementary to High School

Citation in Research (Research Co-Author, 6th Josenian Senior High School Summit in USJ-R Basak

Campus, Cebu City)

Citation in Research (Co-Author, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Service Award (School Chorale)

Service Award (Designers and Arts Club)

64
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Matt Andrew B. Broce

Age: 18

Address: Locsin St.,

San Carlos City, Negros Occidental,

Philippines, 6127

Educational Background

Elementary: School of the Future

Year Graduated: 2017-2018

Secondary: Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos, Inc.

Year Graduated: 2023-2024

Significant Achievement/s

Consistent Honor Student from Elementary to High School

Citation in Research (Research Observer, 6th Josenian Senior High School Summit in USJ-R Basak

Campus, Cebu City)

Citation in Research (Co-Author, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Service Award (Binulakan Dance Troupe)

Service Award (School Chorale)

Peer Councilor Member

Booklovers & English Club Member

65
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Jelo Elynny T. Dacumos

Age: 18

Address: Margarita Village Ext.

San Carlos City, Negros Occidental,

Philippines, 6127

Educational Background

Elementary: Ramon Magsaysay Elementary School

Year Graduated: 2017-2018

Secondary: Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos, Inc.

Year Graduated: 2023-2024

Significant Achievement/s

Consistent Honor Student from Elementary to High School

Citation in Research (Research Co-Author, 6th Josenian Senior High School Summit in USJ-R Basak

Campus, Cebu City)

Citation in Research (Co-Author, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Service Award (Campus Ministry Peers)

Booklovers & English Club Member

66
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Andrea Vance D. Lapitan

Age: 18

Address: St. Joseph, Brgy. 1 Subd.

San Carlos City, Negros Occidental,

Philippines, 6127

Educational Background

Elementary: School of the Future

Year Graduated: 2017-2018

Secondary: Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos, Inc.

Year Graduated: 2023-2024

Significant Achievement/s

Consistent Honor Student from Elementary to High School

Citation in Research (Research Co-Author, 6th Josenian Senior High School Summit in USJ-R Basak

Campus, Cebu City)

Citation in Research (Co-Author, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Sports Award (Volleyball)

67
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Ashley S. Salvador

Age: 18

Address: Purok 2, Brgy. Ermita, Sipaway Island

San Carlos City, Negros Occidental

Philippines, 6127

Educational Background

Elementary: Ermita Elementary School

Year Graduated: 2017-2018

Secondary: Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos, Inc.

Year Graduated: 2023-2024

Significant Achievement/s

Consistent Honor Student from Elementary to High School

Citation in Research (Research Co-Author, 6th Josenian Senior High School Summit in USJ-R Basak

Campus, Cebu City)

Citation in Research (Co-Author, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Sports Award (Sepak Takraw)

Service Award (Binulakan Dance Troupe)

Service Award (Rover Scouts)

Service Award (Designers and Artists Club)

National Scout Jamboree 2023-2024 Participant

68
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Sheila Meh R. Segovia

Age: 18

Address: 3rd street, St. Vincent Subd., Brgy. 1,

San Carlos City, Negros Occidental

Philippines, 6127

Educational Background

Elementary: Daisy’s ABC School Foundation, Inc.

Year Graduated: 2017-2018

Secondary: Colegio de Sto. Tomas - Recoletos, Inc.

Year Graduated: 2023-2024

Significant Achievement/s

Consistent Honor Student from Elementary to Highschool

Citation in Research (Research Co-Author, 6th Josenian Senior High School Summit in USJ-R Basak

Campus, Cebu City)

Citation in Research (Co-Author, 2024 International Creativity and Innovation Award held in Bangkok,

Thailand)

Sports Award (Sepak Takraw)

Service Award (CSTR Drum and Lyre Corps)

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