LIVED EXPERIENCES OF INTERVENTIONISTS ON

THE DRUG REHABILITATION PROGRAM

IN TAGBILARAN CITY

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty
Of the College of Criminal Justice of
University of Bohol
Tagbilaran City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

JACKILOU E. CAMPECEÑO
MERLITA D. GAMBA
ADRIAN A. JOSOL
DONNA MAY OLAER
MARIANIE A. PAGARAN
ROGELIO S. RENOBLAS JR.
ANA MAE O. SEROJE

January 2022
 ii

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Criminology. This thesis entitled, “LIVED EXPERIENCES OF
INTERVENTIONISTS ON THE DRUG REHABILITATION PROGRAM IN
TAGBILARAN CITY”, prepared and submitted by Jackilou E. Campeceño,
Merlita D. Gamba, Adrian A. Josol, Donna May Olaer, Marianie A.
Pagaran, Rogelio S. Renoblas Jr., and Ana Mae O. Seroje has been
examined and hereby recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral
Examination.

CRMGST. MARVEN B. JUMAWID, MSCJ, LPT

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of PASSED

SHIRLEY O. MOLINA, Ph.D., CJ

Dean, College of Criminal Justice

LEAH WILFREDA E. PILONGO, Ph.D.

Dean, Research

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

THERESIL MARIE C. LAPEZ, Ph.D., CJ

Thesis Instructor
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Faith, prayers, commitment, determination, patience, and teamwork

were the key factors leading to the completion of this research. The
researchers would like to express their gratitude to everyone who helped with
this study in any way.

To the researchers’ families for their unwavering support, for allowing

all our overnight ventures to finish the research on time. As well as their
encouragement, empathy, and affection during the entire journey.

To the research adviser, Crmgst. Marven B. Jumawid, MSCJ, LPT, for

his all-out contribution and motivation to the researchers. His guidance paved
the way for the success of the study.

To our thesis instructor, Theresil Marie C. Lapez, Ph.D., CJ, for sharing
her expertise in research. She inspired the researchers and uplifted them in so
many ways.

To the panelists, Shirley O. Molina, Ph.D., CJ, and Mr. Angelo Yuayan,
for their time and prowess, ensuring that the researchers will be able to
conduct the study effectively.

To the interventionists who actively participated in answering the

questions during the interview, sharing informative knowledge, and for being
patient while the researchers are gathering data needed for the study.

Above all, to our Almighty God. For without Him, we can do nothing.

The Researchers
 iv

ABSTRACT
In response to an overwhelming demand for drug abuse
treatment services, the Matrix Intensive Outpatient Program (MIOP) in the
Philippines was implemented. This study explores the lived experiences of
interventionists on drug rehabilitation programs in Tagbilaran City. This study's
researchers used a criminological research approach, specifically, qualitative
research, in which the researchers used a Key Informant Interview (KII) with
the help of an interview guide, field notes, and a voice recorder to collect data.
These were used as the primary data collection tools for this study. In
examining the transcript material from the informant's comments during the
interview, the researchers used Colaizzi's approach, a criminological and
phenomenological analysis procedure. To code the significant statement,
responses were transcribed in a line format, and then all linked statements
were given defined meanings. After the meanings were given, they were
aggregated to produce cluster themes, which were then regrouped, and eight
significant emerging themes were created as the study's outcomes. This
research provided knowledge on the lived experiences of drug interventionists
to serve as a guide in creating powerful and sustainable programs concerned
with the rehabilitation of drug surrenderers.

Keywords: Lived Experiences; Drug Interventionist; Drug Rehabilitation

Programs; Drug Surrenderers
 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v

Chapter
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION 1
Theoretical Background 2
Legal Bases 7
Review of Related Literature and Studies 9
THE PROBLEM 38
Statement of the Problem 38
Significance of the Study 38
REASERCH METHODOLOGY 40
Design 40
Environment 40
Informants 40
Instrument 41
Data Gathering Procedures 42
Ethical Consideration 43
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS 44
2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA 45
Presentation of Data 45
Analysis/Interpretation of Data 61
3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 72
 vi

Summary of Findings 72
Conclusions 73
Recommendation 74

REFERENCES CITED
APPENDICES
Appendix A- Transmittal Letter 83
Appendix B- Informed Consent 85
Appendix C- Interview Guide 91
Appendix D- Verification Form of Transcription 94
Appendix E- Location Map 98
Appendix F- Coded Significant Statements 99
Appendix F1- Formulation of Core Meaning 136
Appendix F2- Development of Cluster Theme 159
Appendix G- Diagram of Common Themes 171
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION

Rationale

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), people are

increasingly using multiple substances, either at the same time or at different

times, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), which is likely to

increase the risks. Primary care workers are uniquely positioned to identify

and intervene with patients whose substance use is hazardous or harmful to

their health and well-being. Health promotion and prevention are essential

parts of primary care workers who engage in many preventive activities.

Drug surrenderers can be monitored through thee-mhGAP Intervention Guide

developed as a tool for health care workers. It includes World Health

Organization (WHO) and Universal Projects and Tools (UPT)

recommendations on neurological, mental, and substance use problems in

non-specialized health. The United Nations Office states this on Drugs and

Crime (UNODC).

Evidence to date suggests that interventions can work for cannabis,

benzodiazepines, amphetamines, opiates, and cocaine. Community-based

drug recovery support involves providing holistic care in preventive education,

health promotion, screening, treatment and rehabilitation services, primary

health services, essential support, education, skills training, and livelihood

opportunities in communities.

In the Philippines, Oplan Double Barrel is the PNP's flagship project in

 2

the administration's war against drugs. It consists of Oplan High-Value Target

and Oplan TokHang, which aims to surrender small-time drug dealers. In the

country, nearly half of drug abuse cases reportedly start from 15 to 19 years

old. In connection with this, all surrenderers are monitored. Surrenders must

undergo corresponding intervention programs.

In Bohol, confessed drug users and pushers pledged to end their illegal

drug activities immediately after implementing Oplan Tokhang on July 1, 2016.

The researchers' goal in undertaking this study is to find strategies and

recommend possible solutions to improve the drug rehabilitation program

through the lived experiences of the interventionists in Tagbilaran City, Bohol.

Furthermore, the researchers' motivation to conduct this study is to

explore the lived experiences of interventionists on the drug rehabilitation

program, to understand situational factors, and describe practices surrounding

an interventionist.

Theoretical Background

This study is anchored on the Social Control Theory by Travis Hirschi

and its sub-theories, Differential Association Theory of Sutherland, Social

Learning Theory of Akers, Labeling Theory of Howard S. Becker, and General

Strain Theory by Agnew.

Hirschi's (1969) social control theory proposes that delinquents fail to

form or maintain a bond to a society consisting of attachment, commitment,

involvement, and belief. Using data from the Youth in Transition Study, the
 3

present report develops and tests multivariate models of social control theory

which simultaneously consider how the four bond elements operate about

delinquency. Factor analysis and commonality analysis examine the

uniqueness of the four bond elements: attachment, commitment, involvement,

and belief, which revised and additional measures are suggested. Among the

four bond elements, the most important of the four constructs is involvement.

An individual who is actively engaging in conventional endeavors has less time

an opportunity to engage in deviant activities such as drug abuse. Background

factors-measures of social class and ability-are added to the model, and a

revised formulation of social control is suggested. This theory is anchored on

the study because the drug surrenders' attachment, commitment, involvement,

and belief of the intervention programs would lead them to the right path.

Attachment refers to the strength of a person's ties and relationships with their

social environment. Devotion to one's circle of friends can also help prevent

deviance, but only if the circle's process does not embody deviant norms. The

level of dedication spent on traditional standards and goals is referred to as

commitment. Hirschi argues that someone who has previously invested

resources, time, and energy in reaching compliant goals stands to lose more

from anomalous activity than someone who has put less effort into achieving

socially acceptable goals. By Involvement, Hirschi means that someone

intensively involved in conventional activities has less time and opportunity to

engage in deviant behavior. Hirschi sees belief as to the fourth factor in social
 4

bonding. This relates to the concept and validity of mainstream society's ideals

and conventions. It gets more challenging to transgress these values and

conventions as they become more internalized.

Individuals learn the ideals, attitudes, tactics, and motives for criminal

behavior through interaction with others, according to Sutherland's Differential

Association Theory (1950). The people with whom the actor is most likely to

interact, and their relevance are referred to as differential affiliation. These

people increase or decrease the likelihood of the actor's drug use through their

actions and attitudes. Differential association is also significant because it

defines the primary context in which the actor may observe others engaging in

drug-using behaviors imitation, encounter a stimulus that increases the

probability of the response in the future for continued drug use, differential

reinforcement, and acquire definitions or attitudes favorable to drug use. This

theory is connected to the study that if an interventionist would lead and be of

influence by conducting intervention programs, it will set as a model of

example for drug surrenders and will be helpful for their development. Society

is a jumble of disparate groupings grouped in various horizontal and vertical

configurations. Individuals are subject to varied influences since they are at

different places in their interactions. It could be based on their personality and

size. The groups can be highly diverse; they could be delinquent lesser family

groups or global groups that include society and its models. The group shapes

the character it lives in, and it accepts the rules that govern it (Mladenovic,

1997).
 5

Social learning theories emanate from the work of Skinner (1951) and

Bandura (1977). One of the most influential statements of social learning

theory that focuses specifically on problem behaviors was developed by Akers

(1998), who combined Sutherland's criminological theory of differential

association (1939) with the principles of operant conditioning as developed by

Skinner (1951) and Bandura (1977). Differential association, learning criminal

conduct via connection with criminal and anti-criminal patterns, is one of the

four fundamental constructs in Akers' theory. Its central premise is that drug

use, like all behavior, is known, determined by the consequences and

anticipated consequences of the behavior. The social learning theory connects

to the study because if drug surrenders are monitored, taught, and undergo

intervention programs, it will impart knowledge and good influence. The

molding of behaviors directed toward other people was referred to as

socialization, and the principles of learning explain social behaviors. Instead of

overt, trial-and-error action, social learning theory stresses observational

learning, acquiring new skills or information, or changing old behaviors by

watching others. Although reinforcement plays a part in observational learning,

social learning theory claims it is not the only route for novel, complex actions

to emerge (Gerow, 2011).

In his Labeling theory, Becker (1960) claims that the labels used to

describe or classify people can impact or decide their behavior and self-

identity. It is linked, associated, or mixed with people's expectations of

others and
 6

stereotyping. According to the labeling hypothesis, deviancy is not

appropriated in an act but rather by the majority predisposition to negatively

label minorities or those considered deviant from societal standards. This

theory would relate to the lived experiences of interventionists in the drug

rehabilitation program. If drug surrenders participate in the organized

intervention programs prepared by their respective barangays, people

surrounding them will change their perspectives about drug surrenderers.

Members of the community will not label them negatively but rather

optimistically. Labeling theory stresses the role of agents of social control

charged with the responsibility of enforcing social rules. They include the

police, the court system, psychiatrists, teachers, and parents. It is the agents

of control who invoke the labeling process. They are responsible for selecting

from among several rule-breakers, those who will play deviant roles. This

process is often carried out under the rubric of treatment and rehabilitation.

(Paul and Rhodes, 1978)

According to Robert Agnew (1992), General Strain Theory states that a

range of strains or stressors increases the likelihood of crime. These strains

make people feel bad and may cope with crime. These factors, in turn, are

influenced by a range of variables, including coping skills and resources,

conventional social supports, social control, association with delinquent peers,

and exposure to situations conducive to crime. Agnew argued that self-

efficacious individuals, who have extensive social support networks, and

positive self-concept are less likely to resort to crime or substance use in

 7

response to exposure to strains. The General Strain Theory is connected to

the study because when interventionists appropriately guide drug

surrenderers, this will hinder them from returning to their old habits. This

guidance will eventually turn into their strength and control them from

engaging in prohibited drug use. In addition, the inclination of one's peers

toward deviance can affect whether an individual is likely to turn to deviance in

response to strain. Thus, explaining deviance involves the level of exposure to

stresses and the extent and type of coping mechanisms available to the

individual and the individual's peer associations. Social support is essential

because it facilitates significant kinds of coping. Then, adolescents with

conventional social supports should be better able to respond to objective

strains in a non-delinquent manner (Thoits, 1984). Legal Bases

Under Sustainable Development Goal no. 3, In Article 8, Section 12, the

State shall establish and maintain an adequate food and drug regulatory

system and undertake appropriate health, workforce development, and

research, responsive to the country's health needs and problems. "Mental

Health and Well-Being" ensure healthy lives and promotes well-being for

people of all ages.

The State shall preserve and promote the people's right to health and

create health consciousness among them, according to Article 2, Section 15 of

the 1987 Philippine Constitution.

The "Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002," also known as

Republic Act No. 9165, is a policy of the State to protect the integrity of its
 8

territory and the well-being of its citizens, particularly the youth, from the

harmful effects of dangerous drugs on their physical and mental well-being, as

well as to defend them against acts or omissions that are detrimental to their

development and preservation.

Republic Act No. 11036, "An Act Establishing a National Mental Health

Policy to enhance the Delivery of Integrated Mental Health Services, Promote

and Protecting the Rights of Persons Utilizing Psychosocial Health Services,

Appropriating Funds Therefor and other Purposes," signed on June 20, 2018.

Memorandum Circular (MC) No. 16-2016 entitled "PNP Anti-Illegal

Drugs Campaign Plan - Project: Double Barrel" in support of the Barangay

Drug Clearing Strategy of the government and the neutralization of illegal drug

personalities nationwide dated July 1, 2016.

 9

Review of Related Literature and Related Studies

The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) has

recognized four local government units in Bohol, namely Balilihan, Calape,

Candijay, and Garcia Hernandez, as outstanding LGUs countrywide for their

efforts to combat illegal drug trafficking in their communities. The

administration of Rodrigo Duterte has made drug eradication a priority.

According to the President, there are over 4 million drug users in the country.

To convince drug users, pushers, and those involved to surrender and halt

their illicit operations, the police adopted the "tok tok-hangyo" or "knock and

appeal" strategy. The reaction was astounding, with 1,176,523 pushers and

users willingly reporting themselves to authorities across the country. Three

hundred ninety-six people have surrendered in Tanauan, Leyte, and the

number is growing. Local governments are left to design their initiatives to

serve their residents because there is no national model for dealing with this

problem. The Transformational Rehabilitation Plan Community-Based

Approach to Drug Prevention and Moral Recovery Program, a three-phase

modular approach, was implemented to assist participants in understanding

the process of healing and recovery from their previous lifestyles and

embracing a new life for the future.

According to Dulin & Guadamor (2017), rampant consumption of illegal

substances and criminal behaviors related to drug addiction are two of the

country's most significant issues. To combat drug misuse and criminal activity,

the Philippine government enacted various anti-drug legislation. The Philippine

 10

government passed Republic Act No. 9165, often known as the

Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002, to protect residents from the

negative consequences of dangerous narcotics. To enable a more efficient

administration of the act, local government units have been responsible for

restricting the rise in drug misuse in their area. The national and municipal

governments' Drug Prevention Campaign Program addresses drug addiction

at all levels of society. The majority of drug prevention campaigns address

children and teenagers. In addition, the National Drug Strategy Health

Education initiatives continue to raise public awareness of the negative health

consequences of drug use. The focus raises public awareness of drug-related

harm and the broader effects of drug usage on individuals, families, and

communities. Law enforcement strategies and interventions against drug

supply, on the other hand, encompass all operations undertaken by law

enforcement agencies, police, and customs forces at all levels, from national

to international, to diminish drug supply. To reduce the supply of harmful drugs

in the country, member agencies' law enforcement operations are coordinated

with the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, the National Bureau of

Investigation, the Philippine National Police, and other related authorities.

All barangays in every local government are required under DILG

Memorandum Circular 2015-63 and 2017-03 to form a Barangay Anti-Drug

Abuse Council (BADAC), which will help law enforcement agencies in the

eradication and clearance of illegal substances. The BADAC of Cabagan,

 11

Isabela was studied in this study. The following variables were studied in

detail. First, the extent to which the BADAC was implemented in each of the

three phases of the anti-drug clearance operations. Second, the effectiveness

of the council. Third, BADAC's difficulties with drug clearing procedures have

been identified. A total of 643 people participated in the survey, with 196

BADAC members and 447 community members. The data were analyzed and

interpreted using a descriptive design. A validated and tested questionnaire

was also used to collect the necessary data. The BADAC is well applied in all

three phases of drug clearing operations, according to the findings.

Furthermore, problems are "rarely" encountered by the BADAC, with

considerable differences in the challenges faced by BADAC when grouped by

barangay. As a result, the Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council is implemented

immediately in the three phases of drug clearance operations in various

barangays.

Furthermore, the Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council encountered few

challenges in carrying out BADAC duties. Finally, the barangay anti-drug

abuse councils are functional in structure, recognition, BADAC action plan,

development of BADAC Auxiliary Team, and orientation to functions and

responsibilities, but not in all indications. As a result, it's safe to assume that all

barangay councils are appropriately organized and have fulfilled the

committee's requirements.

According to Hechanova, Aliana, Calleja, Melgar, Acosta, Villasanta,

and Cue, this article describes the development of community-based drug

 12

intervention for low- to mild-risk drug users who surrendered as part of the

Philippine government's anti-drug campaign (2018). It emphasizes the

significance of designing evidence-based drug recovery therapies that are

culturally and economically relevant for Asian cultures. The need for an

intervention to improve users' drug recovery and life skills was revealed

through interviews and consultations with users and community stakeholders.

The resulting intervention reflected the country's collectivist culture, relational

values, propensity for indirect and non-verbal communication, and

interdependent self-construal. Small groups, participatory and creative

approaches, and the usage of music and prayer have all been recognized in

Philippine culture.

Carpizo and Sansano (2019) conducted a study to assess the impact of

a moral-recovery program implemented by various religious organizations in

collaboration with the Philippines' Dangerous Drugs Board, Philippine National

Police, Local Government Units, Non-Governmental Agencies, and different

business sectors. A total of 131 drug surrenderees from Cavite, Philippines,

were purposefully chosen to participate in the research. One hundred forty-

one male respondents (87%) and 17 female respondents (13%) in this survey.

The information was acquired through surveys and interviews to see how the

program changed the morality of the surrenderees. Frequency and

percentages were employed in the statistical study. The information was

acquired through surveys and interviews to see how the program changed

the morality of the

 13

surrenderees. Frequency and percentages were employed in the statistical

study. After attending the 3-month moral recovery program, 111 (85%) of the

drug surrenderees resolved to stop using drugs, 64 (49%) committed to

attending church regularly, 98 (75%) have a better relationship with God, and

23 (18%) have a healthier perspective on life and became more responsible

members of their own families, according to the findings. The responders who

were influenced to take drugs by their friends changed their life radically after

attending the 12-session moral recovery program that lasted three months.

They went from using drugs to turning to God to solve their problems. This

demonstrated that the drug surrenderees' lives and connections with God and

others were improved due to the program. Since the government requires this

program, it is suggested that more research be done on the moral recovery

program's impact in various areas of the Philippines.

As Mericle (2014) studied, social capital, in general, and social

networks, have long been significant predictors of health and well-being. The

preponderance of evidence suggests that individuals who are actively involved

in their communities and socially engaged with others have been found to live

longer, be healthier, and experience less psychological distress. Social

factors, including social network characteristics, are also associated with

alcohol and drug abuse. More recently, it has been posited that these factors

may influence recovery from substance abuse by facilitating entry into

treatment and promoting ongoing sobriety. Understanding the role that social

networks play in
 14

the genesis of substance abuse could lead to the development of prevention

and intervention strategies geared toward reducing the tremendous burden of

addiction; understanding the role that social networks play in promoting

sobriety could lead to the development of systems to support long-term

recovery from addiction over the life span.

The study of Olis (2019) aims to explore the discursive patterns in

families with recovering substance users. The following research questions

are addressed in this study: 1) What communication styles are common in

families that experience substance use disorders? 2.) Based on the roles that

emerge in families suffering from substance use disorders, what

communication style is used by the member in communicating within their

family? and 3.) What communication patterns dominate conversations in

families experiencing substance use disorders? Six family interviews were

transcribed and analyzed using the Discourse Action Model. After the analysis,

different communication styles and patterns were observed based on the

family member's substance use severity. Role changes were only apparent

when the substance use reached an advanced stage of drug use. This implies

that developing a systemic approach to treating substance use disorders can

be beneficial. The results also point out the possible advantages of family-

focused programs that are tailor-fit to the severity of the substance use by the

identified substance user.

According to Alvarez, Fabrero, Tanyag, Orbon, Kahoy, and Silang

(2017), relapse into substance use can be a struggle for drug surrenderees.

The
 15

purpose of this research was to discover factors that influence relapse risk.

The study participants were 106 drug surrenderees chosen randomly from one

of the Philippines' regions. The researchers used questionnaires to assess the

likelihood of recurrence and associated factors among the participants.

Positive criminology, which comprises spirituality, social acceptance,

resilience, and restorative justice, was examined as a relapse risk factor in the

study. The information gathered was processed and analyzed. 52 (49%) of the

106 respondents have used substances for at least one year and up to four

years, with 90 using methamphetamine hydrochloride. Peer pressure is the

most common factor for substance abuse. According to the findings, only

social acceptance predicts a low chance of relapse and accounts for 10.1

percent of the variance. The results imply that receiving approbation from

family and peers may assist drug surrenderees in reducing their likelihood of

relapse.

As stated by Alvarado (2020), the wellness program for drug

surrenderers is the first step of the Community Based Rehabilitation Program

of the national government - a jump start to the rehabilitation of the

surrenderers. According to the findings, the respondents' levels of

preparedness and acceptance are "High," while their degree of commitment is

"Moderate," according to the results. The respondents' overall perception of

the wellness program's efficacy is "Moderate." In all parts of their demographic

profile, there were disparities in the respondents' perceptions of the wellness

program's success. The perceived efficacy of the wellness program has a

considerable
 16

impact on respondents' readiness for rehabilitation. Furthermore, readiness is

the most accurate indicator of efficiency. The acceptance and commitment

dimensions are not connected and are not determinants of wellness program

efficacy.

According to Bunagan, Tabo, Bautista, Melgar, & Hechanova (2019),

families dealing with drug use frequently have complicated dynamics,

according to studies on drug use and family issues, and the interaction

between drug and family dynamics appears to be bidirectional. Among various

influences, the family plays a significant role in using and recovering a drug

person. Even though family variables are linked to drug use, the family also

contributes significantly to recovery capital. The importance of family in

addiction rehabilitation and intervention cannot be overstated. Family support

is critical to drug rehabilitation, to the point where persons who do not have it

are at a disadvantage in informal drug treatment. Among drug surrenderers,

the family can also be a source of recovery capital. According to studies,

individuals have healthier coping methods in the face of problems when their

family relationships are more encouraging and helpful. As a result, utilizing the

family's resources improves the efficiency of a drug rehabilitation program.

Drug misuse is one of the health-related issues that has been a source

of concern among adolescents. Its social ramifications are impossible to

quantify. Drug misuse has become more common in recent years all around

the world. Drugs like heroin, cocaine, and other similar substances kill

200,000
 17

people every year around the world, and they also cause a family breakup.

The rising rate of drug use has always been a problem, with negative

consequences for society. Drug usage is also a result of personal and familial

concerns among teenagers who are unable to deal with their emotional issues.

The physiological symptoms of drug addiction might be difficult to deal with,

which is why the addict has to be treated. Worst of all, narcotics harm youth in

every country on the planet (Sophia, 2018).

Its consequences on human health and increased crime and death in

the community entail enormous economic and social costs. As a result, it has

become a severe societal threat. Even though considerable resources are

spent to preventing drug usage, it is ubiquitous in the community regardless of

people's age, economic condition, level of education, race or ethnicity, or

geographic location (Okafor, 2020).

Drug misuse is more common among young individuals. As a result, the

purpose of this research is to look at the causes and reasons for these illicit

behaviors related to the use of prohibited medicines. Parents have a vital role

in the lives of their children. Parents are concerned about new threats that

their children may face as they grow into preteens and adolescents. Using

substances like alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, and other narcotics is one such

chance. Parents can aid by discussing substance use screening with their

teen's pediatrician. Teens' substance usage can have a significant impact on

their health and well-being. In partnership with the Centers for Disease Control

and
 18

Prevention, the American Academy of Pediatrics developed a guide for

implementing substance use screening in pediatric practices to aid

pediatricians in managing substance use concerns. Beginning at the age of

nine, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends evaluating children for

substance misuse.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the book

also highlights the most regularly used substances and the scope of the

problem, such as alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes, which are the most

widely used substances by adolescents. The younger kids begin taking

substances, the more likely they will abuse their senses and develop

substance abuse issues later in life. Teenagers who start drinking early are

more likely to develop a substance abuse problem or continue to use

substances later in life (PubMed Central, 2016).

Teens sometimes identify addiction with imagery from movies or people

they've seen at their lowest, darkest moments. Many people have

preconceived notions about what an addict looks like: hopeless, homeless,

suicidal, and criminal. With these concepts in mind, it's difficult for them to

comprehend how their drug or alcohol usage is a problem - after all, the

repercussions appear to be less severe. For different people, the word

"addiction" conjures up other pictures. It might be difficult for someone who is

addicted or at risk of becoming addicted to identifying with the term "addict."

It's complicated for a young individual. Parents, like kids, have their ideas

about what a person with a drug

 19

problem looks like, and these ideas can be as severe as the children. These

preconceived assumptions aid in the denial of a potential problem by parents.

Furthermore, they result in erroneous measurement instruments.

Parents might easily fall into the trap of believing that there is no problem if

their child is not behaving in ways that the parent connects with addiction.

Because of the shame attached to addiction among parents, children, and

others, many drug problems fall through the cracks, allowing for worst-case

scenarios to emerge when warning indicators existed for years. Whether or

not it is due to addiction, drug or alcohol abuse is something that the person is

abusing it, and their family should be concerned about. Worst-case scenarios

can often be avoided by seeing past conventional notions of addiction and

examining the effects of substance usage on a user's life honestly. Teens can

identify with others who have had similar experiences and tales through

recovery programs for young people. Many young individuals who had not yet

crossed the line into addiction have stopped using as a result of these

programs and have found happier, more fulfilled lives without suffering the

consequences of long-term addiction (Pathway Program, 2020)

Tuchman (2010) stated that substance use was viewed primarily as a

male problem, and many substance abuse studies are performed with a

predominance of male participants. However, the latest substance abuse

research suggests considerable gender variations in the substance-related

epidemiology, social elements, characteristics, organic responses,

 20

progressions to dependence, medical consequences, co-occurring psychiatric

disorders, and boundaries to cure entry, retention, and completion. Women's

drug use epidemiology presents issues distinct from those faced by men's

drug use. According to a growing body of information, women with drug

misuse disorders are more likely than men to experience several barriers to

accessing and entering substance abuse treatment. Women are more

susceptible to the human immunodeficiency virus than men due to gender-

specific medical concerns stemming from the interplay of gender-specific drug

use patterns and sex-related danger behaviors. Gender can affect results

differently depending on individual features and treatment strategies. These

distinctions have essential clinical, therapeutic, and research consequences.

Ruiz (2010) indicated that self-medication is described as the selection

and use of drugs with the aid of people or a member of the individuals' family

to deal with self-recognized or self-diagnosed prerequisites or symptoms.

Several advantages have been linked to suitable self-medication, amongst

them: accelerated access to remedy and comfort for the patient, the lively

position of the patient in their very own fitness care, better use of physicians

and pharmacists’ skills, and decreased or at least optimized burden of

governments due to fitness expenditure linked to the cure of minor health

conditions. However, self-medication is a long way from being a wholly

protected practice, in the case of non-responsible self-medication. Potential

risks of self-medication practices include:

 21

 Flawed self-diagnosis.

 Delays in searching for clinical recommendations when needed.

 Infrequent but severe unfavorable reactions.

 Unsafe drug interactions.

 Fallacious manner of administration.

 Fallacious dosage.

 Mistaken preference of therapy.

 Protecting a severe disorder.

 The danger of dependence and abuse.

In this quick assessment, the creator analyses recent literature on some of the

most vital risks related to self-medication practices, particularly: polypharmacy

and drug interactions, medications abuse or dependence, misdiagnosis, and

wrong treatment choice. The author additionally proposes measures that could

be adopted to clear up or improve these issues.

Singer & Ziegler (2017) mentioned a leading cultural narrative about

drug users in the United States and beyond, one imbued with rigid,

stigmatizing, and hazardous stereotypes. It portrays illicit drug users as final

ethical threats to society, a team to be feared and dreaded, a mindset that has

motivated the passage of draconian laws designed to punish severely those

arrested for a drug-related offense. Exemplary is the Supreme Court selection

of June 27, 1997, that imposed a mandatory sentence of existence in jail

besides the opportunity of parole for those convicted of possessing extra than

1.5 pounds
 22

of cocaine. In the view of the Supreme Court, possession of cocaine is the

moral equivalent of the heinous crime of first-degree murder. In addition,

illustration of the dominant "blame drug users" mindset, one that received

countrywide interest countless years ago, used to be the clarification given

through elected officials for the looting that stunned the State in the awful days

after Hurricane Katrina devastated many components of New Orleans in

August 2005. With many residents still stranded by way of polluted

floodwaters, and others packed in woefully unhygienic prerequisites in the

Superdome, the media started out playing up sensational testimonies of

massive looting at neighborhood retail businesses. Dismayed, many television

viewers had been transfixed by using photos showing people hauling away

stolen appliances, electronic gear, and other non-survival goods. During an

interview on Air America Radio, Ray Nagin, the mayor of New Orleans at the

time, was quick to blame drug users for the looting and other violence that was

unfolding in the broken city.

People from practically all civilizations use non-addictive psychoactive

drugs with addiction potential. Drug instrumentalization was proposed as a

driving force to comprehend further this behavior, its population penetrance,

and persistence. According to the drug instrumentalization theory,

psychoactive drugs are ingested in a systematic manner to improve the

efficiency of non- drug-related actions. We look at the evolutionary origins of

this behavior, the psychological mechanisms that underpin it, and the

neurobiological and neuropharmacological mechanisms that underpin it.

Instrumentalization goals
 23

are covered, including learning, and maintaining a non-addictive,

environmentally selective, and mental state-dependent consumption of

psychoactive chemicals. A tiny minority of people who use psychoactive drugs

regularly develop an addiction, which often begins with changes in the quality

and quantity of the instrumentalization goals. As a result, addiction is thought

to emerge because of long-term drug instrumentalization. As a result,

recognizing and supporting personal instrumentalization goals may be vital for

preventing and treating drug addiction in a personalized medicine strategy

(Müller, 2020).

Young men's resort to various tactics speaks of an agency that is often

ignored in public discourses. Their lay assessments of risks and experience-

based perceptions of law enforcement raise questions about the efficacy of

fear- based anti-drug campaigns. Overall, the study offers an ethnographic

argument against the punitive methods being employed by the Philippines and

for measures that reframe the relationship between police and young drug

users − from hostility to trust (Lasco, 2018).

According to Werb, Rowel, Guyatt, Kerr, Montaner, & Wood (2011), the

communities worldwide and the research have shown links among the

violence, and the illicit drug trade, mostly in urban settings, is the primary

concern them. Due to the greater appreciation of evidence-based

policymaking, they conducted a systematic study to closely inspect drug law

enforcement's impact on drug market violence. Statistically, we conducted a

systematic survey of using. They have preferred Reporting Items for

Systematic Reviews and Meta-

 24

Analyses bellwether. Specifically, we search English language electronic

databases, the Internet, and another article reference list from the inception

database to January 24, 2011. They have identified the 15 studies that

evaluated the impact of drug law enforcement on drug market violence.

Their findings are that drug law enforcement is escalating, unlikely to

decrease the drug market violence. Instead, they suggested that the existing

evidence base the higher homicide and the gun violence may be an

indivertible consequence of prohibition drug and the paradoxically will be

becoming progressively greater violence that disrupting drug markets.

Alternative regulatory regimes will be required if drug supply and drug market

violence are to be seriously curtailed, as drug prohibition has not significantly

reduced drug support.

The abuse of drugs by youths and its detrimental effects on security in

Lafia Metropolis have recently attracted public attention. Given this context, it

is critical to comprehend the factors that motivated children to use drugs and

the extent to which drug use has impacted security in the city to devise

effective strategies for reducing it. The Metropolis used a survey method, with

samples selected from ten political wards. A total of 520 people completed

questionnaires, with a respectable response rate of 76.92 percent. The replies

were evaluated using bivariate analysis, logistic regression, and multiple

regression analyses. The findings found that drug usage was prevalent in the

Metropolis due to a lack of parental control, easy access to drugs, and the
 25

emergence of a gangster street culture. Incessant scuffles and street fighting,

more significant contact with the police, accidents, injuries, and robbery and

theft are all examples of these repercussions on urban security. As a result,

the study recommended that awareness campaigns be created about the

consequences of youth drug use, that government institutions in charge of

drug control be strengthened to step up their strategies to curb illicit drug

production and supply in the Metropolis, and that Almajiri boys and girls be

prohibited from roaming the Metropolis at night (Ikoh, Smash, Okwanya,

Clement, & Aposhi) (2019).

Current drug‐control strategies in Canada focus funding and resources

predominantly on drug law enforcement, often at the expense of preventive,

treatment, and harm reduction efforts. This study aimed to examine the

availability of the most used substances in Vancouver, Canada, after

implementing such strategies. Using data from two large cohorts of drug‐using

youth and adults in Vancouver from 2007, we assessed the perceived

availability of heroin, crack, cocaine, crystal methamphetamine, and

marijuana. Compared to youth (n= 330), a greater proportion of adults (n=

1,160) reported immediate access (i.e., within 10 minutes) to heroin (81.0%

vs. 55.9%, p < .001), crack (90.4% vs. 69.3%, p < .001), and cocaine (83.7%

vs. 61.1%, p < .001). Conversely, larger proportions of youth reported

immediate access to crystal methamphetamine (62.8% vs. 39.4%, p < .001)

and marijuana (88.4% vs. 73.2%, p < .001) compared to adult users. Despite

age differences in illicit drug

 26

availability, all drugs are readily accessed in Vancouver despite drug law

enforcement efforts. This includes frequently injecting drugs, placing users at

risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and transmitting another

blood‐borne disease. (Hadland, Marshall, Kerr, Lai, Montaner, and Wood,

2012).

The purpose of this study was to identify the most consistent and

reliable risk and protective factors associated with nonmedical prescription

drug use in a range of settings, including the community, school, interpersonal,

and individual levels. An evaluation of papers published in 2012 that looked at

the Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs among adolescents was

undertaken. Original research studies focusing on risk and protective factors

and review articles having a part on factors related to Nonmedical Use of

Prescription Drugs were included. Only risk and protective factors were

considered if they were examined in at least two methodologically sound

research studies. Adolescent Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs was

linked to several risk and protective factors. Previous substance use,

adolescent aggressive/delinquent conduct, and a greater perceived risk or

harm of use were all significant risk factors for Nonmedical Use of Prescription

Drugs at the individual level. Adolescents and emerging adults are more

vulnerable to nonmedical prescription drug use. Within the community, school,

interpersonal, and unique domains, there are several areas where prevention

measures can be made. As a result, diverse approaches that target issues

from several disciplines are required to reduce

 27

the nonmedical use of prescription drugs (Nargiso, Ballard, and Skeer, 2015).

Grecu, Dave, & Saffer (2019) studied the enormous cost of Prescription

(Rx) Drug abuse and calls from policymakers for practical interventions. There

are confined research on the effects of policies supposed to restrict such

misuse. This finds out about estimates the consequences of Prescription Drug

Monitoring Programs, which constitute a crucial coverage concentrated on

getting entry to nonmedical use of Prescription drugs. Based on goal

indicators of abuse as measured via substance abuse therapy admissions and

mortality associated with Prescription drugs, estimates do not endorse any

substantial consequences of instituting an operational Prescription Drug

Monitoring program. They find, however, that mandatory‐access provisions,

which raised Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs ligation prices using

requiring carriers to query the Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs before

prescribing a controlled drug, are substantially associated with a reduction in

Prescription Drug abuse. The effects are driven primarily using a discount in

opioid abuse, typically most robust amongst younger adults (ages 18 to 24),

and underscore necessary dynamics in the coverage response. Robustness

checks are consistent with a causal interpretation of these effects. They also

assess possible spillovers of mandatory Prescription Drug Monitoring

Programs on the use of different illicit drugs and find a complimentary discount

in admissions associated with cocaine and marijuana abuse.

Ham, Kim, Chung, & Im (2017) studied addictive drug use or prescribed
 28

medicinal drug abuse can cause psychosis. Some representative signs

regularly elicited by using patients with psychosis are hallucinations,

anhedonia, and disrupted executive functions. The symptoms of these

psychoses are divided into three categories: positive, negative, and cognitive.

The signs and symptoms of Drug-Induced Psychosis are not distinctive from

the symptoms of schizophrenia, and it is hard to distinguish between them.

Due to this ambiguity of significant difference between the Drug-Induced

Psychosis Drug-Induced Psychosis and schizophrenia, the Drug-Induced

Psychosis animal model has been regularly used as the schizophrenia animal

model. However, though the signs and symptoms may also be the same, its

motives are distinctive in that Drug-Induced Psychosis is acquired and

schizophrenia is heritable. Therefore, this review cowls several Drug-Induced

Psychosis models such as amphetamine, PCP/ketamine, scopolamine, and

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. We also address these three schizophrenia

fashions through a genetic strategy with a new standpoint that distinguishes

Drug-Induced Psychosis from schizophrenia.

Okafor (2020), in his study, revealed that drug abuse is one of the

health- related problems among Nigerian adolescence and has been a supply

of problems to instructional stakeholders. Its social implications to

undergraduate college students cannot be quantified. This learns about

examined reasons and penalties of drug abuse among undergraduates at the

University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey format used to

be adopted for the study,

 29

and a simple random sampling technique was used to choose the respondents

for the study. The instrument used to be a researcher-designed questionnaire

on the motives and consequences of drug abuse amongst undergraduates.

The device was validated via lecturers in the Department of Social Sciences

Education, and it possessed a coefficient of 0.72 the use of a take a look at re-

test method. The study's population was made up of all of the University of

Ilorin's undergraduate college students. The respondents' demographic

information and drug abuse characteristics were described and analyzed using

percentages. Means have been used to analyze the lookup question, while t-

test and Analysis of Variance were used to test the null hypotheses at a 0.05

stage of significance. The findings found that the primary purpose of drug

abuse among undergraduates at the University of Ilorin was to cope with

academic challenges. Results also pointed out that the most critical

consequence of drug abuse amongst undergraduates of the University of Ilorin

was low self-esteem. It used to be similarly revealed that there have been no

enormous variations in the motives and penalties of drug abuse amongst

undergraduates of the University of Ilorin, primarily based on gender and their

faculty. On the other hand, the government was advised to implement actions

against persons who promote drugs indiscriminately, to supervise the target

area, and, if possible, to monitor the activities of drug misuse victims. In

conjunction with the National Campaign in opposition to Drug Abuse, the

Ministry of Education interacts in excellent interagency agreements to

streamline services to guide college

 30

students with Drug misuse causes social and behavioral difficulties.

Adolescent substance use is associated with a higher prevalence of substance

use disorders in adults, emphasizing the necessity of teenage substance use

prevention. We looked at whether teenage use of one substance is linked to a

higher chance of using another drug, independent of how they use it. In 2017,

we evaluated data from 17,000 kids aged 12–17 who took part in the National

survey way back in 2014 about drug use and health, a nationally

representative sample of data on substance use among the civilian, non-

institutionalized population in the United States. The researchers used

descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models. After

controlling for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, children who had used

marijuana in the preceding month, respectively, compared to children who had

not used marijuana in the previous month. Past-month usage of cigarettes,

marijuana, and other illegal drugs was considerably greater among past-month

alcohol users than among teenagers who had not used alcohol in the previous

month. This prevalence increased as the severity of alcohol use increased.

Most of the marijuana, other illegal drugs, and alcohol use was considerably

more significant among youth who smoked cigarettes in the previous month

than youth who had not smoked cigarettes in the last month. Another

substance used is linked to youth marijuana use, cigarette smoking, or alcohol

intake. This study is significant for youth prevention, as it supports the

message that adolescents should not be given any substance to help them

(DuPont, Han, Shea, & Madras, 2018).

 31

The essay is the first comprehensive examination of the Philippines'

drug war under the Responsibility to Protect. It goes through two stages. First,

it examines extrajudicial executions and vigilante justice, dehumanization, and

danger exaggeration to demonstrate that the drug war is a crime against

humanity. Second, it considers the reactions of the United Nations' permanent

five members. Security Council and the Association of Southeast Asian

Nations. Despite that the U.S., the U.K., and France have expressed public

concerns, we show that they prioritize counterterrorism and trade over the

Responsibility to Protect.

Meanwhile, China and Russia uphold that the war on drugs is a matter

of domestic jurisdiction. We use 26 semi-structured elite interviews conducted

in Southeast Asia (2016-2018) to show that the elites value state sovereignty

and non-interference in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The

outcome is that there is a significant protection deficit as the government of the

Philippines, the p5, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations are failing

to protect those targeted in the war on drugs. We hope that the article will act

as a catalyst for a much-needed conversation on the international community's

political, legal, and moral responsibilities regarding mass violence against drug

users in international relations (Gallagher, Raffle, & Maulana, 2020).

In many nations, including the Philippines, juvenile drug usage is a

severe problem. As a result, this research was carried out to establish the core

reasons for drug addiction among college students to identify potential

 32

solutions. If the core reasons for widespread drug misuse are not sufficiently

addressed, simple law enforcement measures will be useless. The reasons for

drug misuse must be understood as a foundation for re-aligning preventive

and rehabilitation programs to ensure their efficacy. To collect data, survey

instruments and interviews were used. The law enforcement agencies that

handle drug-related matters, such as the police and drug enforcers, are

responders. Faculty and employees from colleges whose jobs involve dealing

with student matters were also included. Peer influence, lack of attention from

parents, severe family problems, lack of guidance from parents, a weak

foundation on moral values, suffering frustrations, absence of a school anti-

drug abuse council, lack of drug abuse prevention activities, means to

temporarily forget problems are the top ten causes of drug abuse among

college students, according to the findings of this study (Caday, 2017).

According to Vardakou, Pistos, and Spiliopoulou (2011), a new class of

"designed drugs" known as "legal highs" has lately arisen on the drugs misuse

market. It is lawful to consume, possess, and supply these medicines. The

most often used "legal high" is mephedrone, a central nervous system

stimulant. This paper summarizes all known information on the psychoactive

qualities, clinical data, safety profile, and regulations surrounding the new

"legal high," focusing on the Internet's involvement in the spread of

mephedrone. Available data were already collected by various literature

search engines and World Wide Web. The valuable information about

psychoactive properties, safety profile, and

 33

clinical data for mephedrone and its use as "legal high" was managed to spot

and summarize. Usually, the Internet plays a vital role in distributing "legal

highs," becoming one of the significant "drug markets." Adolescents and

young adults curious about drugs become exposed to thousands of sites when

they search on the Internet that expounds upon the positive effects of drugs

and downplays or denies any adverse effects. The use of mephedrone is

mainly a youth phenomenon. The hazardous products are the strong desire to

re-dose, uncomfortable changes in body temperature and heart rate,

hallucinations, and psychosis.

By Degenhardt and Hall (2012), this publication provides research on

the possible adverse health effects of problem use of amphetamines,

cannabis, cocaine, and opioids. We examine data from systematic evaluations

of the prevalence of illicit drug use and dependence, remission from addiction,

illegal drug user mortality, and evidence for the acute and chronic impacts of

illegal drug use. Cannabis has substantial negative health impacts, including

dependency, psychotic illnesses, and other mental diseases. Cannabis' health

risks differ from amphetamine, cocaine, and opiate usage in that cannabis has

a low death rate. Drug problems require more significant data on the

prevalence of various types of illicit drug use and the global effects that their

usage generates.

Elvik (2013), this study is where the error in a printed work was

discovered and corrected. Where the paper is otherwise like the previously
 34

published article. The meta-analysis includes 66 studies containing 264

estimated risks of accidents using illicit or prescribed drugs when driving. A

meta-analysis of studies and systematic reviews that looked at the risk of an

accident when using drugs while driving is reported. Most of the the

medications' increases in accident risk were linked to the use of the drugs. The

medicines were taken while driving, and the doses were often inaccurate.

Most of the research that has looked at whether there is a dose-response

relationship between the number of medicines consumed and the influence on

accident risk has shown that there is. Where using drugs while driving is

strictly prohibited. It can significantly affect the risk of severe and fatal injury

accidents than less severe accidents, usually property-damage-only accidents.

Many studies are of poor quality, making causal inference difficult. The proof

evidence of publication bias was found for some drugs. Most studies do not

control possible confounding factors because the associations found cannot

be interpreted as causal relationships.

Based on the research conducted by Midford (2010), some approaches

are effective in preventing young from using drugs. These are the following:

classroom-based approach, parenting, tapping the whole school and

community, and some target risk and protective factors during childhood. All

the cited procedures are generally related to the social influence model. These

social influence prevention programs have a small positive impact on drug

use. The research made a better understanding of how to increase the

effectiveness
 35

of the programs and what can be achieved. Yet, it's suggested to have further

study to know which specific approach gives a more significant effect because

it needs concrete and authentic pieces of evidence. The best way of

influencing the young's behavior towards drugs is the contemporary social

influence approach.

According to Stockings & Degenhardt (2016), they did a systematic

study of reviews with evidence on the effectiveness of suppression, early

mediation, harm reduction, and treatment of problem use in young people for

tobacco, alcohol, and prohibited drugs such as the cannabis, opioids,

amphetamines, or cocaine. Levy, public exertion restrictions, advertising rigor,

and the minor legal age are effective ways to reduce alcohol and cigarette

use. Still, they are ineffective when it comes to illegal narcotics. Illumination of

the available evidence for school-based restraint is affected by methodological

issues; mediation that includes skills training will be more influential than

acquirement preparative, which is not adequate. Social norms and brief

mediation to decrease the component use of the young people do not have

substantial evidence of efficacy. Roadside drug testing and mediation to

reduce injection- relevant harms have a moderate to significant result, but

young people need additional research. Depart availability of study on

mediation for vague substance use to the young people insinuates the need to

test mediations that influence adults. Existing evidence comes from high-

income countries, with unknown capabilities in other countries and cultures

and age, sex, and risk

 36

status. To reduce the high burden of substance use in young people,

concerted efforts are needed to increase evidence-based mediations.

According to Demant, Ravn, and Thorsen (2010), the researcher of this

article suggested that one should go to clubs and mingle with the youth to

understand them. By being in the club, the researcher will have access to the

hidden number of drug users, who somehow can have classified as

problematic. It is said that this group of people use the drug as means of

leisure. Using the concept "sociopathic," the researcher will go to the club and

use this ethnographic observation to comprehensively answer questions

regarding the youth's leisure life.

According to Pourallahvirdi, Rahmani, Ranjbar, Bakhtavar, & Ettehadi

(2016), the drug is considered as one of the main problems faced by different

countries, they cause the existence of some diseases that is contagious with a

nature of both chronic and recurrent in Iran addiction is expounding every

year. Five hundred twenty-five drug addicts were enrolled in the addiction

center of Tabriz City, Iran. The researcher created a questionnaire with open

and closed questions to assess the reasons for drug addiction. Data were

analyzed, and the result was the significant causes of drug addiction are a

failure in life and escape from problems. There was a substantial difference

between male and female addicted persons and concluded that causes of

drug addiction are a failure in life and escape from problems. However, further

study is recommended to have a varied group of respondents.

 37

THE RESEARCH FLOW

THEORETICAL LEGAL BASES

BACKGROUND  SDG Goal 3
 Article 2. Section 15
 Social Control Theory and Article 8. Section
 Differential Association 12 of 1987 Philippine
Constitution
Theory  R.A. No. 9165
 Social Learning Theory (Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of
 Labelling Theory 2002)
 General Strain Theory  R.A. No. 11036 “The
Mental Health Act”
 Memorandum Circular
(MC) No. 16-2016
THE INPUT
Informants Profile
What were the personal circumstances of the interventionists?

What were the positive and negative experiences of the interventionists on the drug
rehabilitation program?
What were the significant changes to drug surrenderers?
What were the significant changes to the lives of interventionists?

PROCESS
1. Gathering of data based on a qualitative method of research utilizing
Key Informant Interview (KII) with the aid of an interview guide, field
notes, and voice recorder.
2. Data Collection
3. Data Analysis

OUTPUT
RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

Figure 1: Research Flo

 38

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explore the lived experiences of interventionists on

the drug rehabilitation program in Tagbilaran City, Bohol.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What were the personal circumstances of the interventionists?

2. What were the positive and negative experiences of the interventionists

on the drug rehabilitation program?

3. What were the significant changes to drug surrenderers?

4. What were the significant changes to the lives of interventionists?

Significance of the Study

The researchers of the study considered this to be of value because

this study is connected to their course – Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

Specifically, the findings and outcomes of this study will be significantly

beneficial to the following entities:

Philippine National Police (PNP). This study would help them further

strengthen their advocacy on protecting society against criminality and

enhancing policy for intervention programs.

 39

Local Government Units. This study will heighten awareness of Local

Government Units (LGUs) regarding the intervention programs under the

Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council (BADAC). Therefore, this research will

increase the knowledge of the issue in the hope that it can be a sound

empirical basis for policy and program interventions.

Interventionists. This study will serve as their reference or guide in

creating powerful and sustainable programs is concerned with the

rehabilitation of drug surrenderers.

Community. These realities will help them to understand what it means

intervention programs to drug surrenderers and to become aware of the steps

in implementing them.

Future Researchers. The study will provide a more in-depth

understanding of the lived experiences of interventionists handling drug

surrenders that would also help identify the effectiveness of the intervention

programs. This study can be utilized as a reference material to support further

studies researchers regarding intervention programs.

 40

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Design

The researchers of this study used a criminological research method,

precisely, qualitative research, utilizing Key Informant Interview (KII) with the

aid of an interview guide, field notes, and voice recorder in gathering data.

These served as the central gathering tools to attain sufficient data needed for

this study.

Environment

The locale of this study will be directed to Tagbilaran City, Bohol.

Among 47 municipalities and the only city, Tagbilaran City (provincial capital)

was the most significant population size. Fifteen barangays are comprising

Tagbilaran, with a population of 105,051 for the year 2015 census. The city

encompasses a land area of 32.7 km2 (12.6 sq. mi), with a coastline of 13 km

(8.1 mi) on the southwestern part of the island; the city shares its boundaries

with the towns of Cortes, Corella, and Baclayon.

Informants

The informants of the study are the interventionists handling the drug

rehabilitation programs. Their respective Barangay Chairman appoints them to

monitor, guide, conduct intervention programs to facilitate the Matrix Intensive

Outpatient Program (MIOP). There were only twelve (12) informants from the
 41

seven (7) barangays in Tagbilaran City. The seven (7) barangays were chosen

based on the Tagbilaran City Police Station data on the number of drug

surrenderers from 2016 to the present. The barangays having the highest

number of drugs surrenderers are Booy, San Isidro, Ubujan, Cogon, Poblacion

III, Manga, and Mansasa. Thus, there were two (2) informants per barangay

interviewed from barangay Booy, Cogon, Manga, Poblacion III, and San Isidro.

There was one (1) informant from barangay Mansasa and another one (1)

informant from barangay Ubujan. In total, the researchers had twelve (12)

informants for the study. Only interventionists having at least one year of

experience and are currently active will be included in the study.

Instrument

The researchers utilized an interview guide validated by the research

adviser and external experts. The interview guide consists of open-ended

questions that deal with the following aspects: personal circumstances of the

informants; the positive and negative experiences of the informants as

interventionists for the drug rehabilitation program; the significant changes to

drug surrenders, and the significant changes to the lives of interventionists.

The interview was conducted and supplemented with field notes and a voice

recorder to accurately document the informants' responses.

 42

MATRIX
Barangay Number of Respondents
Booy 2
San Isidro 2
Ubujan 1
Cogon 2
Poblacion III 2
Manga 2
Mansasa 1
Total: 12

Figure 2: Matrix of Informants

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers of this study sent a transmittal letter to the Vice

President for Academics of the University of Bohol and the Dean of the

College of Criminal Justice to ask for their permission in conducting the study

outside the University campus. Upon the approval of the transmittal letter, the

study's researchers then asked permission from the Tagbilaran City Police

Station Chief of Police, Barangay Chairman, to interview the person in charge

regarding the intervention program drugs surrenderers. Informants were

individually interviewed by the researchers regarding their experiences in

handling and facilitating intervention programs for the surrenderers. The

selection of the informants was based on the barangays in Tagbilaran City,

Bohol having more surrenderers who participated in the intervention programs.

 43

Upon the conduct of the study, in consideration of the Covid-19

pandemic situation, researchers conducted interviews virtually using Google

meet as the online platform and phone call. The link that was used during the

interview is https://meet.google.com/xsq-pdky-nzj. Through these, the

researchers were

able to assure that safety protocols were being followed in gathering the

information needed for the research.

Ethical Considerations

To ensure that ethical considerations were appropriately addressed, the

study's researchers submitted their research paper and interview guide to the

research and ethics committee of the University of Bohol Research Center.

This ensures that the information gathered, and the respondents involved in

the study are to be treated with the utmost confidentiality. The study's

researchers observed proper courtesy and respect in dealing with the involved

offices and informants by providing all the necessary documents as their

references. The researchers waited for the courtesy call and asked for the

office's approval.

The researchers explained the purpose of the study and inform the

informants that they have the right to refuse, decline, or withdraw if they

decide to before asking them to sign a consent form. The researchers

considered the responses of the informants, ensuring their secrecy. Once

informants agreed, researchers asked for their availability. All information

gathered by the researchers were only limited and used within the study.
 44

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

To understand, the researchers intend to define the following terms with

an operational definition for a better understanding of the context of the study

and clarify any questions that readers may have.

. Lived Experiences. These refer to the experiences encountered by

interventionists in handling drug surrenderers, which includes both positive

and negative experiences they had while implementing in their respective

Barangay's drug rehabilitation programs.

Interventionists. They are trained Barangay counselors who

understand the psychological aspects of the drug surrenders. They are helping

drug surrenderers on the intervention programs by guiding them.

Drug Surrenderers. These are personalities who voluntarily

surrendered to authorities as part of the Philippine government's anti-drug

campaign. The interventionists are handling them for the intervention

programs.

Intervention Programs. These programs will help drug surrenderers

achieve the highest function, independence, and quality of life possible. This

helps restore the individual to optimal health, functioning, and well-being of

drug surrenderers.
 45

CHAPTER 2
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of data.

Presentation of Data

Consistent with the methodology of this study, the researchers

transcribed and translated the responses, and the significant statements were

extracted. The researchers formulated core meanings out of the significant

statement and classified them into cluster themes from where the researchers

created the emergent themes.

For a clear context of this study, each lived experience of the

informants was taken mostly in the local dialect, so that they freely expressed

their thoughts.

The following are the emergent themes:

I. Experiences of the interventionists

1. Inter alia, inter alios (Among other things or between other

persons.)

2. In absentia lucis, Tenebrae vincunt (In the absence of light,

darkness prevails.)

3. Respice finem (Consider the end.)

II. Significant Changes to Drug Surrenderers

1. Acta non verba (Deeds, not words.)

2. Docendo discimus (By teaching, we learn.)

 46

3. Sapere aude (Dare to know.)

III. Significant Changes to Interventionists

1. Ad Meliora (Towards better things.)

We meticulously endeavored to present and expound the emergent

themes in every sub-problem that respond to the experiences of the

interventionists on the drug rehabilitation program.

I. Experiences of the interventionists

After conducting rehabilitation program, they encountered different

experiences as they facilitated the drug surrenderers on their journey for

reformation by following the Matrix Intensive Outpatient Program (MIOP) given

by the Barangay Anti-Drug Abused Counsel (BADAC) and another sector the

Center for Drug Education and Counseling (CEDEC). We formulated three

emergent themes related to their experiences in handling drug surrenderers

until they go onward for their journey to transformation.

1. Inter alia, inter alios (Among other things or between other persons.)

This theme was created to describe the experiences of the interventionists

after they handled drug rehabilitation program. As the interventionists

conducted drug rehabilitation program they created good connection, strong

bonds and trust towards each other and guided drug surrenderers throughout

their journey to reformation. Interventionists experienced different behaviors

from the drug

 47

surrenderers as they were being monitored for their rehabilitation. This theme

is articulated by the responses of the participants.

When I inquired from participant 5 about his experiences after handling,

rehabilitation program for drug surrenderers he said thus:

Well, positive experiences, magka jamming man

pod mi sa mga drug dependents nga surrenderees.

Also, maminaw man pod sila sa unsay akong mga ipang

sulti or i tackle about sa programa or mag heart to heart

talk mi. (P5:SS1). (Well, positive experiences, we’re

jamming with drug dependent surrenderees. They also

listen to what I say or tackle about the program or we’re

having a heart to heart talk.

Participant 11 also stated that the Barangay community represented by

their barangay captain, officials and concerned personnel of CEDEC were the

ones who guided them all in all activities for them to participate for their

reformation. He said:

Ok so ah sa positive side ah nindot ning mo agi ta

aning mga I mean magdala ta aning rehabilitation

program kay makita man gd nato ang drug surrenderes

nato every Sunday man gyd ta magkita atong ma feel pd

 48

cla na nganong ning sod cla anang butanga onsay gika

ingna ,onsay reason nila ,then ato sad ma feel nila nga

onsay way para nakatabang ta nila nga ma guidedan cla

malikay cla sa ilang bisyo possibly ma end jd ang ilang

pag gamit sa ginadili nga drugas so mao na. Sa positive

side nindot jd sa feeling nga makatabang ta nila to help

themselves pd na mag bag o para makalimot pd cla sa

ilang bisyo. (P11:SS1) (Okay, so the positive side, it is

nice to undergo, I mean to handle this rehabilitation

program for we can see our drug surrenderes every

sunday since we must see each other every sunday, we

can feel them why they enter those things, the starting,

their reason, then we can also feel them the way how to

help them, to guide them away from their vice l, possibly

to end their use of illegal drugs. The positive side, it is

really nice to feel when you can help them, to help

themselves also to change to forget their vice.)

The participant 6 has observed that the drug surrenders have strengthen

their relationship with their families:

Sa ilang family pod, maka dungog man pod tag

feedback gikan sa ilang asawa, anak, mama, papa, nga

 49

nabag-o jud ahong anak. Makabantay najud sila sa mga

buhaton sa ilanganak sud sa ilang balay compared sa

before pa sila nisud sa MIOP nga sigeg katog di nila

mapukaw ug toa nilakaw ug wa sila kahibaw asa

nilakaw. Pero karon, kasagran jud nabag-o jud (P6:SS5)

(In their family, we heard some feedbacks from their

wife, son, mother, father that their son has

changed.They also notice the changes in what they do

at home compared before when it had not yet entered

MIOP who are always sleeping or wandering around that

they do not know where it go. But now, some of them

have really changed.)

2. In absentia lucis, Tenebrae vincunt (In the absence of light, darkness

prevails.) This theme depicts the negative experiences of

interventionists handling drug surenderers reformation. Various factors

affect illegal drug uses that includes curiosity, friends, and family

pressure.

Participant 5 responded to the inquiring about factors affecting illegal

drug use. He said:

Dili sila tanang taw maot ug batasan, naka sud lang

sila sa bisyo na ingganyo tungod sa barkada, na

pressure sa pamilya, or gusto lang musuway. (P5:SS10)

(Not all of them have bad personality, they just get into

vice because
 50

they are influenced by friends, family pressure, or just

want to try.)

Participant 5 has eagerness to answer when we asked question

regarding his negative experiences as an interventionist:

Then, sa mga youth nga akong gi handle-lan nga

drug dependent persons, dihay mga ni positive pod,

pero niangkon pod sila nga naka gamit sila kay tungod

kay diha lage kunoy birthday nga gi attenan then ga

bawon kuno ang sa isa sa mga kaila nila ug ingana.

(P5:SS4) (Then, among the youths that I handled as

drug dependent persons, there were also positive, but

they also admitted that they were able to use them

because there was a birthday party and one of the

acquaintances brought that thing.)

Participant 10 stated that most drug surrenders were provoked to use

illegal drugs because of their personal reasons and family matters. They

shared how they were triggered to take drugs hoping it would solve their

problems.

Ah kuan kanang kasagaran sa drug users kanang

kuan sige away sa ilang family sige ka gubot so karon

hapsay na kay morag maisog man pod kuno nang utok

 51

ana. Arang arang na pod kay imbis na ipalit nilag drugs

ang ilahang kwarta malipay na ilang asawa kay naa nas

ilang pamilya ang kinitaan. So, mao pd na unja

nanambok na sila na gwapo na. (P10:SS4) (Commonly,

drug users always have family problems, fight with family

members and always in chaos because of anger but

now, it is in order. The bad situation is improved now

since instead of using their money to buy drugs they will

spend their income for their family making the wife

happy. Then, they gain weight also and looks handsome

now.

3. Respice finem (Consider the end.) This theme presents that Matrix

Intensive Outpatient Program (MIOP) is the way to make the life of drug

surenderers changed where they observed depletion of cases and have

the willingness to clean up their names as drug surrenderers in the list.

However, government tolerate the bad habits of the drug surenderers:

Participant 9 of the individual interview narrated that due to pandemic

crisis the drug cases was lessen and he said:

Sa pagkakaron nga naa ta sa pandemic nya minus

minus pa jud ang drugs nanambok jud. (P9:SS6) (Now,

that we are still in the pandemic, drugs are not rampant,

and they gained weight.)

 52

Also, participant 9 shared that drug surrenderers are willing to undergo

MIOP to clean up their names in the list:

So, tungod sa among gibuhat na tokhang na

encourage sila na mo attend sa MIOP kay aron nga ma

delete ang ilang ngan sa listahan. Ang among mga

surrenderers or drug user or person who use drugs naa

man gud tay listahan ngadto sa PNP nga the same nga

listahan PDEA, CEDEC og sa Barangay. Now, dili siya

ma delete ang ilang ngan kung dili sila mo graduate sa

MIOP so amoa na gipasabot nila para ma limpyo inyong

ngan kinahanglan mo human jud mog MIOP na kuan

sila na mo attend. (P10:SS2) (So, because of the Oplan

Tokhang we did, they were encouraged to attend the

MIOP for the reason that they want to delete their names

in the list. Our surrenderers, drug user or person who

use drugs are in-list in the PNP with the same list in

PDEA, CEDEC and the barangay. Now, their names will

not be deleted if they don't graduate in MIOP, as we

explained to them so that they are necessary to attend

the MIOP.)
 53

When I asked participant 6 about his experiences where he felt

dismayed, he expressed sadly his experience:

Maong useless ba kay kanang PWUDs nga imong

gika hinabi na ug naa na sa MIOP, imbis kay na normal

na, tungod anang mga hindrances sa society ug

problema nga naa pa jud, unya i approach siya nga balik

ug ikaw may gunit ani syempre mubalik jud siya kay ag

hing approach niya kay higher man naa sa gobyerno.

(P6:SS10) (It’s useless because those PWUDs we

talked to and entered MIOP, instead of becoming

normal, because of the hindrances in society and the

problems that exist, if someone approached him to come

back, he will definitely come back especially if the one

who will approach him is a high government official.

II. Significant Changes to Drug Surrenderers

There are three themes that describe the different impact of

rehabilitation program to drug surrenderers.

1. Acta non verba (Deeds, not words.) This theme describes how the

drug rehabilitation were able to make positive changes in the personal lives of

drug surrenders.
 54

Participant 2 stated that how he noticed the change in the physical

appearance of the drug surrenderers. It was mentioned that they look better

than they ever were.

Makita sa ilang mga panglawas nga na reform na

elang porma nanga gwapo na, sauna mga haggard

kaau porma ug dili na salawayun sa trabaho. (P2:SS4)

(To see their physical aspect improved became

handsome. Before they look haggard. And not a problem

in their work field.)

Participant 3 mentioned that the drug surrenderers gained weight. This

signifies that they have become healthier and have stopped the use of illegal

drugs.

Sa physical fitness nila daan nakuan sila matambok

makuan ma healthy tan-awon kaysa permero jud nga

wa, makuan jud sila kanang kay mura man gud kay ug

mo skwela syempre maga ilis na sila, mangaligo mga

kuan jud sila kanang nindot jud tan awon ilang

panagway. (P3:SS7) (With their physical fitness, they

already gain weight, they look healthier than before.

They’re like attending in school so of course they’ll

change,and take a bath then their appearances would

looks good.)
 55

Participant 1 shared his experience that they regularly check the

improvement of the drug surrenderers through surprise drug test. Fortunately,

the MIOP is effective because the drug surrenderers result is always negative.

During drug test amo sila gipa tawag, pero dili me

magpahibaw nga naay drug test, negative gyud sila

kalingaw tinuod gyud sila nga ni undang (P1:SS4)

(During drug test we call them not telling them that they

will undergo the drug test and the result is always

negative. It is really true that they have stopped.)

2. Docendo discimus (By teaching, we learn.) This theme describes

how drug rehabilitation program improved the lives of drug surenderers and

the possible solutions on strengthening the program.

When we inquired from the participants on the impact of MIOP to drug

dependents, participant 5 stated, thus:

So, sa mga drug dependents nga ni undergo sa

MIOP, diha tay nakita nga nagbag-o najud, gikan sa

tambay, ni undergo sila sa MIOP, karon nag bag-o na, ni

kuan nag trabaho, naa nay chances na maka trabaho.

(P5:SS5) (So for the drug dependents who have

 56

undergone MIOP, we have seen that they have changed

from unemployed, then undergo a MIOP, they have now

changed, looking for job, have chances to work.)

Participant 11 was sincere when he described how happy he was when

he knows that there are positive changes especially in anger management of

drug surrenderers. He described his experience as follows:

Ah sa amoa ah surrenderes noh, naa man me mga

mo testimony sa ilahang kabag ohan sa ilang kaagi so

daghan gyd ah naay uban nga di ka control sa ilang

anger during that kanang addiction pa nila nga period

pero pagka human sa atoang rehabilitation program ah

maka control na cla onya naka kat on sila noh.

(P11:SS5) (Our surrenderers, we have testemonies

about their changes to their past, so there are a lot who

can't control their anger during the addiction period but

at the end of our rehabilitation program they were able to

control, and they learn.)

Another participant also gave his statement regarding on the different

activities they implement to divert the attention instead of engaging in illegal

drugs. This is what participant 1 said:

 57

Ang among gihimo is mao na nga sports activity

nag himo ug tree planting, nag coastal cleanup mao nay

among gipanghimo, kasagaran gyud namo is sports.

Para ma divert, ky ug jamo silay kalingawan ky adto

man pud mo dung sa ilang na andan labing pag tapok

tapok sila, atleast naa silay kalingawan maka dula sila.

(P1:SS9) (What we did is to initiate the sports activity,

tree planting and coastal cleanup. But mostly it’s sport

activity. To divert them. Because if they don’t have other

means of enjoyment, they would go back to what they

use to do. Atleast they recreational activity.)

3. Sapere aude (Dare to know.) This theme presents the importance of

Matrix Intensive Outpatient Program (MIOP) and the significance of

participation of the drug surrenders. The participants were in consensus that

their lives were improved into positive.

Participant 5 shared that because of the program, work opportunities

and chances open to drug surrenderers, as he said thus:

Well, nabag-o ang mga drug surrenderees,

naningkamot sila na makakita sila ug mga trabaho,

natagaan sila ug mga second chances, actually ang

uban third chances na gani kay ni undergo sila ug

MIOP then
 58

niundang, gidung namo, gipabalik namo na dapat

muhuman sila ug balik mapahuman, then karon naay

uban drug dependents na nakasakay nag barko nag

seaman na. (P5:SS8) (Well, the drug surrenderers have

changed, they are trying to find jobs, they are given

second chances, actually some give third chances

because they did undergo MIOP then quit, we went to

them, we sent them back to finish, then now there are

other drug dependents who are boarded a ship and had

become seaman.)

As I inquired from the participant 7, he also said that:

Murag matintal sila og suyop-suyop ba kay karun

nga naka sud sila sa MIOP class or unsa ni kaning

program sa goberno kay nagbantay na sila kay naa man

guy mga random drug test nga murag mahadlok na sila

ba. (P7:SS7) (Maybe they are tempted to use drugs,

after they attend MIOP class or a program from the

government they are now careful because of random-

drug test, maybe they are fear of it.)

 59

Another participant also confirmed that there are positive changes on

the outlook of lives of drug surrenderers, this is what participant 3 gave his

response:

Na utro ilang panan-aw sa kinabuhi nga naa na

silay maayong direksyon. (P3:SS8) (Their perspective in

life change for the better now that they’re in the right

path.)

III. Significant Changes to Interventionists

There is only one theme that describe the different approaches

on motivating drug surrenders in participation of drug rehabilitation program.

1. Ad Meliora (Towards better things.) This theme represents the

positive actions done by the interventionist towards the drug surrenderers for

them to have a better life specifically, encouragement and motivation.

Participant 8 of individual interview proudly said that he encouraged

drug surrenderers to stop from vices, he said that:

Akong gi aghat ang mga drug surrenderee nga mo

undangon sa ilang bisyo, sa pag attend og MIOP.

(P8:SS1) (I encouraged the drug surrenderers to stop

their vices and attend the MIOP.)

 60

Participant 7 shared the ways on how they handled drug surrenderers

according to their capacity in participating the intervention programs, as he

stated with a cooperative and clear voice:

Ah nga dili pud nmu sila edoot as kuan, kanang

human as we are, sabayan pud nmu sila ug unsay kuan

ba, kay dili man nimo ni madali-dali ning mga tawhana

ug pabalik gud, mubalik man gyud. (P7:SS3) (You don’t

need to drag them down, human as we are you need to

tap with them because it;s not easy for them to go back.)

Participant 11 also narrated his experiences regarding on how they

encouraged the drug surrenders to finish the rehabilitation program. He said:

Pinaagi sa atoang intervention atoa silang

gitabangan adto silang gipaagi sa atong rehabilitation

program gi encourage nato sila nga mo homan for

kasagaran nay uban mo abot og years naay uban

months lang until ning graduate cla so mao na nga ah

atoa nang gibuhat kay natabangan nato cla right after

pagraduate nila naka kita na clag new opportunities na

ablihan na ang oportunidad para nila dawat na cla kong

asa man cla gusto manarbaho in that way ah nakahatag

sad na nilag og mas klaro nga income noh sa ilahang

pamilya.
 61

(P11:SS7) (Through our intervention we help them, we

let them pass our rehabilitation program, we encourage

them to finish for usually some are years, some are

months until graduation, so we did really help them after

graduation for they see new opportunities, opportunities

were open for them, they are accepted wherever they

want to work, in that way they were given clear income

for their families.)

Analysis of Data

The researcher utilized the colaizzi’s method in phenomenological

tradition in analyzing the data.

This study was anchored on the structural strain theory, differential

association theory and social control theory.

Structural strain theory explains that society puts a pressure on

individuals in order to achieve socially accepted goals or in achieving all of the

dreams in life even though they lack the means or capacity in achieving their

plans, this may lead to the strain or gap regarding the plans or goals they

settled to achieve.

Differential association theory suggests that through interactions with

others, we learned behavior; individuals learned the values, attitudes,

 62

techniques, and even motives for criminal behavior. This theory spoke on how

the person learned behavior and even deviant or criminal behavior.

Social control theory refers to a perspective which predicts that when

social constraints or control on antisocial behavior are weakened or absent,

delinquent behavior emerges.

I. Experiences of the interventionists. The researchers formulated

the following themes reflecting to the experiences of the informants:

1. Inter alia, inter alios (Among other things or between other persons.)

This subject was established to describe the interventionists'

experiences following their involvement in a drug rehabilitation program.

As the interventionists carried out the drug rehabilitation program, they

built strong ties and trust among themselves and guided drug

surrenderers on their path to reformation. While the drug surrenderers

were being supervised for their rehabilitation, interventionists saw a

variety of behaviors. The responses of the participants articulate this

theme, if reinforced.

Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the value of seeing

and modeling other people's behaviors, attitudes, and emotional

reactions. "Learning would be extremely difficult, not to mention

dangerous," Bandura (1977) writes, "if people had to rely exclusively on

the repercussions of their own activities to tell them what to do."

Fortunately, most human behavior is acquired by observation and

modeling: one gets

 63

a notion of how new activities are conducted by witnessing others, and

this coded information acts as a guide for action on subsequent

occasions.". Human behavior is explained by social learning theory as a

continual reciprocal interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and

environmental forces. Attention, which includes modeled events

distinctiveness, affective valence, complexity, prevalence, functional

value and observer characteristics sensory capacities, arousal level,

perceptual set, past reinforcement, retention, which includes symbolic

coding, cognitive organization, symbolic rehearsal, and motor

rehearsal, and Motor Reproduction, which includes physical capabilities

and self- observation of reproduction.

Employment is an important predictor of sustainable recovery for

people with drug-use problems, a high priority among those in recovery,

and an important goal for welfare policies. However, previous

explorations of the process of gaining employment have been

inadequate. The purpose of this study was to explore how people in

recovery from lives dominated by drug use engage in securing paid

employment, and how they make sense of this process. In-depth

interviews were performed on three different occasions over 2.5 years

with people experiencing the demanding process of gaining

employment. We analyzed their stories employing a narrative approach

and located them in a social structural context drawing on human-

capital framework.
 64

Our findings show how our participants drew on socially circulating

stories of the ‘useless addict’, ‘normality’, and the ‘employable citizen’,

which intersect with human-capital logic embedded in public activation

programs. The knowledge obtained from this study demonstrates how

socially circulating stories and human-capital logic contribute to the

perception that people have about their readiness for work and how

they can become employable. Further, it illuminates how recovery

discourses mirror neoliberal values constituting the contextual setting in

which the job hunt takes place.

2. In absentia lucis, Tenebrae vincunt (In the absence of light, darkness

prevails.) This topic illustrates interventionists' poor experiences with

drug addicts' rehabilitation. Curiosity, friends, and familial pressure are

all variables that influence illegal drug use.

Rational Choice Theory, reasons that an individual thinks through

each action, deciding on whether it would be worth the risk of

committing a crime to reap the benefits of that crime, whether the goal

be financial, pleasure, or some other beneficial result.

Marc Hauser argues that humans have evolved a universal moral

instinct, unconsciously propelling us to deliver judgments of right and

wrong independent of gender, education, and religion. Experience

tunes up our moral actions, guiding what we do as opposed to how we

deliver our moral verdicts. For hundreds of years, scholars have argued

that
 65

moral judgments arise from rational and voluntary deliberations about

what ought to be. The common belief today is that we reach moral

decisions by consciously reasoning from principled explanations of

what society determines is right or wrong. This perspective has

generated the further belief that our moral psychology is founded

entirely on experience and education, developing slowly and subject to

considerable variation across cultures. In his book, Hauser shows that

this dominant view is illusory. Combining his own research with findings

in cognitive psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, evolutionary biology,

economics, and anthropology, he examines the implications of his

theory for issues of bioethics, religion, law, and our everyday lives.

3. Respice finem (Consider the end.) This theme suggests that the

Matrix Intensive Outpatient Program (MIOP) is a means to alter the

lives of drug surrenderers who have noticed a decrease in instances

and are willing to remove their names from the list of drug surrenderers.

The government, on the other hand, tolerates the drug surrenderers'

negative habits.

Choice Theory, the belief that individuals choose to commit a crime,

looking at the opportunities before them, weighing the benefit versus

the punishment, and deciding whether to proceed or not.

Reframing alone isn't enough, of course. That's where Dr. Ornish's

other astonishing insight comes in. Paradoxically, he found that radical,

 66

sweeping, comprehensive changes are often easier for people than

small, incremental ones.

II. Significant Changes to Drug Surrenderers. Three themes

characterize the various effects of drug rehabilitation programs on drug

surrenderers.

1. Acta non verba (Deeds, not words.) This theme discusses how drug

rehabilitation was able to produce good improvements in drug

surrendered individuals' personal life.

According to Social Learning Theory of Akers that emanate from

the work of Skinner (1951) and Bandura (1977), if drug surrenders are

monitored, taught, and undergo intervention programs, it will impart

knowledge and good influence. The molding of behaviors directed

toward other people was referred to as socialization, and the principles

of learning explain social behaviors. Instead of overt, trial-and-error

action, social learning theory stresses observational learning, acquiring

new skills or information, or changing old behaviors by watching others.

Although reinforcement plays a part in observational learning, social

learning theory claims it is not the only route for novel, complex actions

to emerge (Gerow, 2011).

 67

How do individuals achieve “good outcomes” in one-shot

strategic situations? One much-explored possibility is that they engage

in prepay communication – cheap talk – in which they endeavor to

convince one another of the actions they intend to play. However, there

may be no incentive for such communication to be truthful, or even

informative. Another, less explored, possibility is that individuals take

account of their knowledge of the past behavior of others when deciding

which actions to play. While these two possibilities have been

considered separately, there has been no research that compares the

relative importance of these two devices as aids in solving coordination

problems. We design and run an experiment with human subjects that

allows for a comparison of the roles played by cheap talk and

observation of past actions as devices for achieving good outcomes.

2. Docendo discimus (By teaching, we learn.) This theme describes

how drug rehabilitation program improved the lives of drug surrenderers

and the possible solutions on strengthening the program.

According to Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory (1950),

Individuals learn the ideals, attitudes, tactics, and motives for criminal

behavior through interaction with others. The people with whom the

actor is most likely to interact, and their relevance are referred to as

differential affiliation. These people increase or decrease the likelihood

of the actor’s drug use through their actions and attitudes. If an

interventionist would
 68

lead and be of influence by conducting intervention programs, it will set

as a model of example for drug surrenders and will be helpful for their

development.

The present research paper clarifies the importance of education

with a holistic approach. With the advancement of science and

technology the human civilization so far has travelled a long way with

so many success stories of development in its hand. Whether be

personal, social, political, economic or cultural development, the role of

education can’t be underestimated. Today we have education on every

aspect of life which paves the way for the holistic development of the

individual, society and the nation. Education is of course, a boon for the

human life. But it is equally true that the education should not only be

learning concept. Fundamentally, it should be ensuring values imparted

to all students and of course, value-based education is very important if

we want to have good citizens. So, in our entire curriculum, it should be

ensured that value-based education is incorporated into the chapters in

the interesting way so that the children and students learn it at every

step of their schooling. Value based education plays a pivotal role in the

holistic development of students as the results of several such

experiments have shown.

3. Sapere aude (Dare to know.) This theme presents the importance of

Matrix Intensive Outpatient Program (MIOP) and the significance of

 69

participation of the drug surrenders. The participants were in consensus

that their lives were improved into positive.

Deterrence theory, the most prominent choice-based theory, is

based on the idea that people engage in crime when the anticipated

benefits of committing a crime outweigh the likely costs of crime. The

quality of formal punishments is a key aspect of deterrence theory. In

deterrence theory, there is an emphasis on solid theoretical foundation

for some policies and programs, and it offers a straightforward solution

to the problem of crime specifically to increase the likelihood of

detecting a crime and strengthening the punishments associated with

criminal behavior. There are two forms of deterrence: general and

specific. General deterrence seeks to prevent crime among the general

population through the public awareness of both crimes and

punishments. Specific deterrence seeks to prevent crime committed by

those individuals who have already committed a previous offense. In

theory, these offenders would not commit another offense because they

experienced the pains of punishment meeting a threshold level of swift,

certain, and severe penalties. For the prevention of crime, deterrence

theory has a commonsense appeal.

In the absence of effective formal means for controlling crime in the

Western world, community crime prevention has emerged as a major

alternative and supplement to the criminal justice system. This article

 70

attempts to review what is known currently about the nature, extent,

and effectiveness of community-based efforts to prevent residential

crime. Included in this assessment are citizen actions to protect

themselves, their property, and their neighborhood, as well as efforts to

prevent crime through changes in the physical environmental and

through innovations in community policing. Although community-based

efforts are supported widely by theory, studies of natural covariation,

and by numerous poorly designed evaluations, there is a paucity of

strong demonstrations and evaluations showing that such interventions

can alter the behavior and local environments of persons who are not

already predisposed to crime prevention. Substantially more research is

needed to determine the collective benefits of community crime

prevention strategies, but a number of promising approaches currently

are being developed.

III. Significant Changes to Interventionists. There is only one theme

that describe the different approaches on motivating drug surrenders in

participation of drug rehabilitation program.

1. Ad Meliora (Towards better things.) This theme represents the

positive actions done by the interventionist towards the drug surrenderers for

them to have a better life specifically, encouragement and motivation.

Social control theory assumes that people can see the advantages of

crime and are capable of inventing and executing all sorts of criminal acts on

the spot without special motivation or prior training. Social control theory
 71

proposes that people's relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs

encourage them not to break the law. It assumes that the impulse to commit

crime is resisted because of the costs associated with such behavior. It

assumes further that a primary cost of crime is the disapproval of the people

about whom the potential offender cares.

Motivation for drug use treatment is widely regarded as crucial to a

client's engagement in treatment and success in quitting drug use. Motivation

is typically measured with items reflecting high treatment readiness (e.g.,

perceived need for treatment and commitment to participate) and low

treatment resistance (e.g., skepticism regarding benefits of treatment). This

study suggest that readiness and resistance should both be assessed among

clients entering treatment, especially when the referral is coercive. Intake and

counseling protocols should address readiness and resistance separately.

 72

CHAPTER 3

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study and the relevant

findings that were drawn out of the study. This also presents the implications

that find practical applicability for the institution practices the implementation of

this program and for future studies.

Summary

This study explored the lived experiences of interventionists on the drug

rehabilitation program in Tagbilaran City. Specifically, it sought to answer the

following questions:

1. What were the personal circumstances of the interventionists?

2. What were the positive and negative experiences of the interventionists

on the drug rehabilitation program?

3. What were the significant changes to drug surrenderers?

4. What were the significant changes to the lives of interventionists?

In this study, the researchers used a criminological and qualitative

approach, with interviews as a crucial data gathering strategy. Prior to the

interview, the interview guide was validated by the research adviser and

external experts. The research was carried out in the specified barangays of

Tagbilaran City, namely, Booy, San Isidro, Ubujan, Cogon, Poblacion III,

Manga, and Mansasa.

 73

Interventionists who were appointed to monitor, guide, and conduct

intervention programs to facilitate the Matrix Intensive Outpatient Program

(MIOP) served as informants for the study. All twelve (12) of the informants

were individually interviewed via phone call and Google Meet. To accurately

transcribe the responses of the informants, the researchers used an interview

guide that has been approved by the pre-oral defense panelist and ethics

committee, as well as field notes and a voice recorder.

In examining the transcript material from the informant's comments

during the interview, I used Colaizzi's approach, a criminological and

phenomenological analysis procedure. To code the significant statement,

responses were transcribed in a line format, and then all linked statements

were given defined meanings. After the meanings were given, they were

aggregated to produce cluster themes, which were then regrouped, and eight

significant emerging themes were created as the study's outcomes.

Findings

From the gathered data, through the recorded response of the twelve

(12) informants, eight (8) substantial emergent themes were created. These

eight themes formulated are as follows: Inter alia, inter alios (Among other

things or between other persons.), Docendo discimus (By teaching, we learn.),

In absentia lucis, Tenebrae vincunt (In the absence of light, darkness

prevails.), Respice finem (Consider the end.), Sapere aude (Dare to know.),

Acta non verba (Deeds, not words.), and Ad Meliora (Towards better things.).
 74

For the experiences of the informants as interventionists, themes

created were, Inter alia, inter alios (Among other things or between other

persons.), In absentia lucis, Tenebrae vincunt (In the absence of light,

darkness prevails.), and Respice finem (Consider the end.).

For the significant changes to the drug surrenderers, themes created

were, Acta non verba (Deeds, not words.), Docendo discimus (By teaching,

we learn.), Sapere aude (Dare to know.).

For the significant changes to the interventionists, there was one theme

created, which is, Ad Meliora (Towards better things.).

Conclusions

Through the findings of the researchers’ study, recommendations and

suggestions are presented.

Implications for Practice

For the Philippine National Police (PNP), as enforcers of the law and

who are the frontliners of the first implementation arms of the Matrix Intensive

Outpatient Program (MIOP), it is suggested that there is a need to improve

and refine the process in connecting and communicating with interventionists.

The PNP should strengthen their advocacy on protecting society against

criminality and enhance policies for intervention programs.

 75

For the Local Government Unit, the researchers recommend

heightening awareness of the Local Government Units (LGUs) regarding the

intervention programs under the Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council (BADAC).

In addition, more support should be given financially through budget allocation

in order to continue the rehabilitation program for the interventionists and

surrenderers.

For the interventionists, the study will serve as reference or guide in

creating powerful and sustainable programs concerned with the rehabilitation

of drug surrenderers. Additional activities such as skills training and livelihood

programs must be provided by the concerned office or agency on the

rehabilitation and reformation for the surrenderers that will lead them on the

journey of transformation so that those surrenderers will be given the

opportunity to have their own job and generate an income as they will be given

an idea on how to manage business and other sources of profit.

For the community, these realities will help better understand what

intervention programs means to drug surrenderers and to become aware of

the steps in implementing them.

Recommendations

I recommend the following topics for future studies:

The Causes and Effects of Active Participation in the MIOP to know

what factors motivates the drug surrenderers to participate and encourage

others to finish the said program.

 76

Lived Experiences of Drug Surrenderers Undergoing Rehabilitation

Programs to study about what challenges they have undergone and propose

possible solutions to solve problems.

Evaluation and Assessment of the Interventionists Handling Drug

Rehabilitation Programs, this study would deliberate both the positive and

negative feedback from the drug surrenderers first-hand.

The Impact of the Implementation of the MIOP, this study would reveal

if there were positive or negative impacts of the program and state how it

should be enhanced.

Level of Awareness and Acceptance of Drug Surrenderers Among

Community Members to study how the community can take part in the

rehabilitation process of the drug surrenderers.

 77

REFERENCE CITED

4 Bohol LGUs Get National Award for Outstanding Anti-Drug Drive. (2019).
Published. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2RTgrmk. Accessed last April
25, 2021.
Agnew, R. (2006). General strain theory: Current status and directions for
further research. Taking stock: The status of criminological theory, 15,
101-123. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3qlFREH. Accessed last March 6,
2021.
Alvarado, A. (2020). Preparedness, Acceptance, and Commitment as
Predictors of Efficacy of the Wellness Program for Drug Surrenderers.
Globus Journal of Progressive Education. A Refereed Research
Journal (Vol 10 / No 1). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3xp3fG2. Accessed
last April 26, 2021.
Alvarez, A. S., Fabrero, E. F., Tanyag, N. M., Orbon, M. C., Kahoy, P., & Silang,
C. (2017, October). Determinants of risk of relapse among drug
surrenderees. In Abstract Proceedings International Scholars
Conference (Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 4-4). Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3nlFgmu. Accessed last April 26, 2021.
Article on Drug Addiction and Youth | Teen Drug Abuse Articles | Pathway
Program near Phoenix, AZ and Sacramento, CA. (2020, February 7).
The Pathway Program. https://bit.ly/3vFScaH Accessed last March 04,
2021.
BoholChronicle.Com.Ph. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3sVv2e4. Accessed last
April 25, 2021.
Bunagan, K., Tabo, C., Bautista, V., Melgar, M., Co, T., & Hechanova, M.
(2019). Engaging the Family in Recovery: Outcomes of a Community-
Based Family Intervention. Pap.ph. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3nqAHYb. Accessed last April 26, 2021.
Cabangan, S. D. (2019). The Operation of Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council
(BADAC) in Cabagan, Isabela. International Journal of Advanced
Research in Management and Social Sciences, 8(10), 206-
233.Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3xuR5Ma. Accessed last April 26,
2021.
Caday, F. B. (2017). Causes of drug abuse among college students: The
Philippine experience. The International Journal of Social Sciences and
Humanities Invention, 4(4), 3430. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3t4hlJZ.
Accessed last March 07, 2021.
Carpizo, E. M., & Sansano, A. G. S. (2019, December). Impact of the Moral
Recovery Program for Drug Surrenderees in Cavite. In Abstract
 78

Proceedings International Scholars Conference (Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 901-

908). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/32NBtFd. Accessed last April 26, 2021.
Dangerous Drug Board. (2020). Community-Based Treatment and
Rehabilitation Resources Published. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3DF9CZ2. Accessed last September 02, 2021.
Degenhardt, L., & Hall, W. (2012). Extent of illicit drug use and dependence,
and their contribution to the global burden of disease. The Lancet,
379(9810), 55-70. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2OPd1iT. Accessed last
March 12,2021.
Demant, J., Ravn, S., & Thorsen, S. K. (2010). Club studies: Methodological
perspectives for researching drug use in a central youth social space.
Leisure Studies, 29(3), 241-252. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/38wSdUs.
Accessed last March 14, 2021.
Dulin, A. T., & Guadamor, M. L. (2017). Pulse and impressions of community
residents on the illegal drug campaign of the philippine national police.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social
Sciences, 6(5), 191-205. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3eywdec.
Accessed last April 26, 2021.
DuPont, R. L., Han, B., Shea, C. L., & Madras, B. K. (2018). Drug use among
youth: national survey data support a common liability of all drug use.
Preventive medicine, 113, 68-73. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3cfCeLI.
Accessed last March 07, 2021.
Elvik, R. (2013). Risk of road accident associated with the use of drugs: a
systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from epidemiological
studies. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 60, 254-267. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3bBEHAX. Accessed last March 12,2021.
Gallagher, A., Raffle, E., & Maulana, Z. (2020). Failing to fulfil the
responsibility to protect: the war on drugs as crimes against humanity in
the Philippines. The Pacific Review, 33(2), 247-277. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/2OggN57. Accessed last March 07, 2021.
Given, L. M. (2008). The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research
methods (Vols. 1-0). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:
10.4135/9781412963909. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3azIr4P.
Accessed last April 25, 2021.
Grecu, A. M., Dave, D. M., & Saffer, H. (2019). Mandatory access prescription
drug monitoring programs and prescription drug abuse. Journal of
Policy Analysis and Management, 38(1), 181-209. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/30pz821. Accessed last March 09, 2021.
 79

Hadland, S. E., Marshall, B. D., Kerr, T., Lai, C., Montaner, J. S., & Wood, E.
(2012). Ready access to illicit drugs among youth and adult users. The
American journal on addictions, 21(5), 488-490. https://bit.ly/3vCvWPc
Accessed last March 05, 2021.
Ham, S., Kim, T. K., Chung, S., & Im, H. I. (2017). Drug abuse and psychosis:
new insights into drug-induced psychosis. Experimental neurobiology,
26(1), 11. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3sWn2tm. Accessed last March
09, 2021.
Hechanova, M. R. M., Alianan, A. S., Calleja, M. T., Melgar, I. E., Acosta, A.,
Villasanta, A., ... & Cue, M. P. (2018). The development of a
community- based drug intervention for Filipino drug users. Journal of
Pacific Rim Psychology, 12. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2R18ZFb.
Accessed last April 26, 2021.
Ikoh, M. U., Smah, S. O., Okwanya, I., Clement, U. A., & Aposhi, Z. A. (2019).
Factors affecting entry into drug abuse among youths in Lafia
metropolis: implications on security. Sage open, 9(1),
2158244018823428. https://bit.ly/3taNn7q. Accessed last March 04,
2021.
Izutsu, T., Tsutsumi, A., Minas, H., Thornicroft, G., Patel, V., & Ito, A. (2015).
Mental health and wellbeing in the Sustainable Development Goals.
The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(12), 1052-1054. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3t2NZf8. Accessed last March 10, 2021
Krohn, M. D., Loughran, T. A., Thornberry, T. P., Jang, D. W., Freeman-
Gallant, A., & Castro, E. D. (2016). Explaining Adolescent Drug Use in
Adjacent Generations: Testing the Generality of Theoretical
Explanations. Journal of drug issues, 46(4), 373–395.
https://bit.ly/3s0fKVu. Accessed last March 6, 2021.
Labeling Theory: Social Constructionism, Social Stigma, Deinstitutionalisation,
George Herbert Mead, Howard S. Becker, Labelling. General Books
LLC. ISBN 9781234583347. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/30LYM14.
Accessed last March 15, 2021.
Loverde, M. (2012). What Is An Intervention Program? Family First
Intervention. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3dPeGPB. Accessed last April
25, 2021.
Lasco, G. (2018). Kalaban: Young drug users’ engagements with law
enforcement in the Philippines. International Journal of Drug Policy, 52,
39-44. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3buGzeA. Accessed last March 07,
2021.
Mazo, G. N. (2017). Transformational Rehabilitation: Community-Based
Intervention to End the Drug Menace. International Journal of Research-
 80

Granthaalayah, 5(12), 183-190. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3nkoLHD.

Accessed last April 26, 2021.
Mericle, A. A. (2014). The role of social networks in recovery from alcohol and
drug abuse. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40(3),
179-180. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/32Lw8y3. Accessed last April 26,
2021.
Midford, R. (2010). Drug prevention programmes for young people: where
have we been and where should we be going?. Addiction, 105(10),
1688-1695. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3bEgI46. Accessed last March
14, 2020
Müller, C. P. (2020). Drug instrumentalization. Behavioural Brain Research,
112672. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3qxzdeD. Accessed last March 06,
2021.
Nagelhout, G. E., Hummel, K., de Goeij, M. C., de Vries, H., Kaner, E., &
Lemmens, P. (2017). How economic recessions and unemployment
affect illegal drug use: a systematic realist literature review.
International Journal of Drug Policy, 44, 69-83. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/2PDjTjS. Accessed last March 09, 2021.
Nargiso, J. E., Ballard, E. L., & Skeer, M. R. (2015). A systematic review of
risk and protective factors associated with nonmedical use of
prescription drugs among youth in the United States: a social ecological
perspective. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 76(1), 5-20.
https://bit.ly/3cH6IX1 Accessed last March 05, 2021.
No, C. M. C. (2016). 16-2016. PNP Anti-Illegal Drugs Campaign Plan–
Project:“Double Barrel”. National Police Commission. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3zIYisG. Accessed last September 02, 2021.
Okafor, I. P. (2020). Causes and Consequences of Drug Abuse among Youth
in Kwara State, Nigeria | Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le
Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse. Causes of Drug Use.
https://bit.ly/2QhZ7XD. Accessed last March 04, 2021.
Okafor, I. P. (2020). Causes and consequences of drug abuse among youth in
Kwara state, Nigeria. Canadian Journal of Family and Youth/Le Journal
Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse, 12(1), 147-162. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3bsIxw8. Accessed last March 09, 2021.
Olis, A. D. (2019). Family Talks: An Exploratory Study On Family Discourse
and Substance Use _ (Doctoral dissertation, University of San Carlos).
Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2RZ1FKN. Accessed last April 26, 2021.
Oplan Tokhang” relaunched in Bohol with modifications. (2018, January 29).
 81

Orcutt, J. D. (1987). Differential association and marijuana use: A closer look

at Sutherland (with a little help from Becker). Criminology, 25(2), 341-
358. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3mCemqk. Accessed last April 12,
2021.
Philippine Constitution (1987). Declaration of Principles and State Policies.
Retrieved fromhttps://bit.ly/30tvRPk. Accessed last March 10, 2021
Philippine Constitution (1987). Social Justice and Human Rights. Retrieved
from https://bit.ly/3l1HPch. Accessed last March 10, 2021
Pourallahvirdi, M., Rahmani, F., Ranjbar, F., Ebrahimi Bakhtavar, H., &
Ettehadi, A. (2016). Major causes of drug abuse from the viewpoint of
addicted persons referred to addiction treatment centers of Tabriz city,
Iran. Archives of Neuroscience, 3(3). Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3s8EJ9r. Accessed last March 14, 2021.
Presidential Decree No. 1683 (1980). Amending Certain Sections of Republic
Act. No. 6425, as amended, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs
Act of 1972. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3by5Swt. Accessed last March
10, 2021.
Rachel Humeniuk, Sue Henry-Edwards and Robert Ali. Self-Help Strategies
for Cutting Down or Stopping Substance Use: A Guide.(Draft Version
1.1. for Field Testing). Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003.
Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3nyZoSA. Accessed last May 1, 2021.
Republic Act No. 11036 (2018). Mental Health Act Act of 2018. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3vkiQFc. Accessed last April 28, 2021.
Republic Act No. 9165. (2002). Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2N8WV3q. Accessed last March 10, 2021.
Ruiz, M. E. (2010). Risks of self-medication practices. Current drug safety,
5(4), 315-323. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2O58x7X. Accessed last
March 06, 2021.
Singer, M., & Ziegler, J. (2017). The role of drug user stigmatization in the
making of drug-related syndemics. Foundations of BioSocial Health:
Stigma and Illness Interactions, 1-24. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3ro1GVp. Accessed last March 06, 2021.
Sophia, T. T. W. (2018, January 23). Essay on Drug Addiction in Youth. The
Wisdom Post. https://bit.ly/3lx5h1y. Accessed last March 04, 2021.
Stockings, E., Hall, W. D., Lynskey, M., Morley, K. I., Reavley, N., Strang, J.,
... & Degenhardt, L. (2016). Prevention, early intervention, harm
reduction, and treatment of substance use in young people. The Lancet
Psychiatry, 3(3), 280-296. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2OJP1hf.
Accessed last March 14, 2021.
 82

Teen Substance Use & Risks. (2020, February 10). Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3cEULkO.
Accessed last March 04, 2021.
Tuchman, E. (2010). Women and addiction: the importance of gender issues
in substance abuse research. Journal of addictive diseases, 29(2),
127-
138. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3qurTAJ. Accessed last March 06,
2021.
University Students’ Views Regarding Reasons for Drug Abuse Among
Youths. (2016, March 1). PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3rXFPo3. Accessed last March 12, 2021.
UNODC. (2016). World Drug Report. Published. Retrieved from
https://www.unodc.org/. Accessed last September 02, 2021.
Vardakou, I., Pistos, C., & Spiliopoulou, C. (2011). Drugs for youth via Internet
and the example of mephedrone. Toxicology letters, 201(3), 191-195.
Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3eBUGka. Accessed last March 12,2021.
Ward, J., Brown, C. (2015). Differential association theory: International
Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Second edition.
Werb, D., Rowell, G., Guyatt, G., Kerr, T., Montaner, J., & Wood, E. (2011).
Effect of drug law enforcement on drug market violence: A systematic
review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(2), 87-94. Retrieved
from https://bit.ly/2OEr0rU. Accessed last March 12,2021
Wiatrowski, M. D., Griswold, D. B., & Roberts, M. K. (1981). Social control
theory and delinquency. American sociological review, 525-541.
Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2QhCGln. Accessed last March 15, 2021.
World Health Organization. (2005). Brief Intervention for Substance Use: A
Manual for Use in Primary Care. Published. Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/3t702JA. Accessed last September 02, 2021.
Talabong, R. (2017). PNP suspends Oplan Double Barrel, again. Rappler.
Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3vb88AG. Accessed last April 25, 2021.
 83

Appendix A
84
 85

APPENDIX B
86
87
88
89
90
 91

Appendix C
INTERVIEW GUIDE
On
“LIVED EXPERIENCES OF INTERVENTIONISTS ON DRUG
REHABILITATION PROGRAM IN TAGBILARAN CITY”
I. Profile of the Informants

a. Alias (optional) (Alyas):

b. Age (Edad):
c. Sex (Lalaki o Babae):
d. Educational Attainment (Naabot sa Pag-eskwela)
e. Participant’s status (Menyu, Olitawo/daga o Byudo/byuda)
f. Work or Occupation (Trabaho):
g. Designation (Asa na Destino)
h. Years of Experience (Pila ka tuig sa trabaho)
II. Personal Circumstances of the Interventionists

a. What was your contribution or participation in conducting

intervention programs for drug surrenderers? (Unsa imong
kontribusyon o partisipasyon sa pag hatag ug interbensyon na
mga programa para sa mga drug surrenderers?)
b. What is the exact number of drug surrenderers who participated
in your Barangay’s intervention programs at present? (Unsa
kadaghanun ang surrenderers nga ning apil sa interbensyon nga
mga programa sa inyong Barangay karon?)
c. Did drug surrenderers consistently attend and join the
intervention programs? (Makanunayon ba ang pag tambong ug
pag apil sa mga drug surrenderers niining interbensyon nga mga
programa?)
d. If yes, how many drug surrenders participated in your
Barangay’s intervention programs? (Kung oo, unsa kadaghanun
ang surrenderers nga ning apil sa interbensyon nga mga
programa sa inyong Barangay?)
 92

e. If no, how many drug surrenders did not participate in your

Barangay’s intervention programs? (Kung dili, unsa kadaghanun
ang surrenderers nga wala ni apil sa interbensyon nga mga
programa sa inyong Barangay?)

III. What were the positive and negative experiences of the

interventionists on the drug rehabilitation program?
a. Please share your positive experiences as an interventionist in
the drug rehabilitation program. (Palihug e say-say ang ang
imong mga nindot nga kaagi isip usa ka gitugyanan nga
magdumala sa mga ni surrender para ipalawm sa drug
rehabilitation program.)
b. Please share your negative experiences as an interventionist in
the drug rehabilitation program. (Palihug e say-say ang ang
imong mga maot nga kaagi isip usa ka gitugyanan nga
magdumala sa mga ni surrender para ipalawm sa drug
rehabilitation program.)
c. What are the standard procedures that you follow in conducting
the drug rehabilitation program? (Unsa nga mga proseso inyong
gipatuman sa pag implementar sa drug rehabilitation program?)
Follow up questions:
 Do you have your own ways? (Naa ba kay kaugalingong
pamaagi?)
 Are your standard procedures the same as other
barangays in Tagbilaran City? (Pareha ba nga mga
proseso ang ginasunod sa ubang barangay sa Tagbilaran
City?)

d. How do you encourage surrenders to continue participating?

(Unsaon nimo pag awhag sa mga surrenders nga mo padayon
ug pag apil?)
 93

e. How do you encourage those who do not participate? (Unsaon

nimo pag awhag sa mga surrenders nga di tig apil?)
f. What interventions do you do for those surrenders who do not
attend and follow the program? (Unsa imong ginabuhat para sa
mga surrenders nga dili tig tambong ug sunod sa programa?)

IV. Significant Changes to Surrenders

a. What were the significant changes in the lives of the drug surrenders
after undergoing the drug rehabilitation program? (Unsang mga
mahinungdanong kabag-ohan sa kinabuhi sa mga surrenderers human
sila nakasuway sa drug rehabilitation program?)
b. Was there a change in the attitude or outlook in life? (Naa bay
kabag- ohan sa ilang kinaiya o panan-aw sa kinabuhi?)
c. How did the intervention program create an impact in the lives of
drug surrenderers? (Giunsa pag apekto sa programa ang kinabuhi sa
drug surrenders?)

V. Significant changes to the Lives of Interventionists

a. How does handling the drug rehabilitation program change your life?
(Giunsa pag bag-o sa imong kinabuhi ang pag handle sa drug
rehabilitation program?)
b. What problems have you observed in the drug rehabilitation
program? (Unsa may namatikdan nimong mga problema sa
programa?)
c. What can you suggest to help solve the problem in the drug
rehabilitation program?
(Unsa may mga suhestiyon nimo para masulbad ning problema sa drug
rehabilitation program?)
 94

Appendix D

UNIVERSITY OF BOHOL
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE CITY OF TAGBILARAN

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

Informed Consent Form for: Interventionists on Drug Rehabilitation Program in

Tagbilaran City

Name of Principal Investigators: JACKILOU E. CAMPECEÑO, MERLITA D.

GAMBA, ADRIAN A. JOSOl, DONNA MAY OLAER, MARIANIE A. PAGARAN,
ROGELIO S. RENOBLAS JR., ANA MAE O. SEROJE

Name of Organization: University of Bohol-College of Criminal Justice

Title of Research: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF INTERVENTIONISTS ON THE

DRUG REHABILITATION PROGRAM IN TAGBILARAN CITY

We are the researchers from the University of Bohol and currently undertaking
research on the topic entitled: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF INTERVENTIONISTS
ON THE DRUG REHABILITATION PROGRAM IN TAGBILARAN CITY. With
respect, we invite you to be part of this research study for appreciative inquiry. The
purpose of our research study is to gain knowledge pertaining to the lived experiences
of interventionists on the drug rehabilitation program, to understand situational
factors, and describe practices surrounding an interventionist. This study aims to
explore strategies and recommend possible solutions to improve the drug
rehabilitation program in Tagbilaran City.

You are being invited to take part in this research because we give credence to
your experiences, views, and opinions as an interventionist and can contribute much to
our understanding and knowledge of the study. However, your participation in this
research is entirely voluntary. It is your choice whether to participate or not. If you
choose not to participate, we cannot demand nor compel your verdict.

The researchers are asking you to help us better understand your lived
experiences as an interventionist. If you accept, you will be asked to answer delicate
and sensitive questions regarding your experiences, as well as how you deal with
them. The interview will be done through this Google Meet link -
https://meet.google.com/suh-qomv-xoa. It would take approximately thirty (30)
minutes of your time for an in-depth discussion. This study will serve as your
reference or guide in creating powerful and sustainable programs concerned with the
rehabilitation of drug surrenderers.
 95

The information recorded is confidential, and no one else will access the
information documented during your interview. The entire interview will be audio-
recorded, but no one will be identified by name on the tape. The audio recording will
be kept in the Research Office of the University of Bohol. The recorded information is
confidential, and no one else except the Research Dean will access the tapes. The
recordings will be destroyed a week after the Final Oral Defense. After the final
defense, the results of the study will be shared with the participants. You will be given
a copy to ensure that the purpose of the research has been achieved. If you do not wish
to answer any of the questions during the interview, you may say so, and the
interviewer(s) will move on to the following questions.

You may contact Ms. Donna May Olaer at 09208871070 or through email at
[email protected] for any questions or concerns regarding this
matter.

CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT
I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I have had the
opportunity to ask questions about it and any questions. I have been asked to have
been answered to my satisfaction. I consent voluntarily to be a participant in this
study.

Name of Participant:
Signature of Participant: _
Date:

STATEMENT BY THE RESEARCHER OR PERSON TAKING CONSENT

I confirm that the participant was given an opportunity to ask questions about the
study and all the questions have been answered correctly and to the best of my ability.
I confirm that the individual has not been coerced and the consent has been given
freely and voluntarily.

Name of Researcher:
Signature of Researcher:
Date:
 96

UNIVERSITY OF BOHOL
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE CITY OF TAGBILARAN

PORMA SA PAG-UYON

Porma sa Pag-uyon alang ka: Interventionists on Drug Rehabilitation Program in

Tagbilaran City

Pangalan sa mga Tigduki-duki: JACKILOU E. CAMPECEÑO, MERLITA D.

GAMBA, ADRIAN A. JOSOl, DONNA MAY OLAER, MARIANIE A. PAGARAN,
ROGELIO S. RENOBLAS JR., ANA MAE O. SEROJE

Ngalan sa Organisasyon: University of Bohol-College of Criminal Justice

Titulo sa Panukiduki: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF INTERVENTIONISTS ON THE

DRUG REHABILITATION PROGRAM IN TAGBILARAN CITY

Kami, mga estudyante sa University of Bohol, nagpahigayon sa usa ka pagtoon

kabahin ug mahitungod sa LIVED EXPERIENCES OF INTERVENTIONISTS ON
THE DRUG REHABILITATION PROGRAM IN TAGBILARAN CITY. Tungod sa
maong pagtoon, kami naghangyo kanimo sa imong pag-duyog ug pag-apil sa maong
kalihukan pinaagi sa pagtubag sa pipila nga mga pangutana nga amo na nga gi-andam
alang niini. Ang maong pagtoon gitumong para makakuha ug mga impormasyon ka
bahin sa mga kaagi sa mga interbensyonista na maong nagdumala sa mga drug
rehabilitation program, masabtan ilang mga kahimtang, ug ihulagway ang mga buhat
nga naglibut sa usa ka interbensyonista. Tumong niini nga pagtuon nga tukion ang
mga pamaagi ug irekomenda ang mga mahimo’g solusyon aron mapaayo ang
programa sa rehabilitasyon sa droga sa Lungsod sa Tagbilaran.

Giimbitahan ka nga moapil ani nga panukiduki tungod kay naghatag mi ug

pagsalig sa imong mga kasinatian, panan-aw, ug opinyon ingon usa ka
interbensyonista ug makaamot sa among pagsabut ug mga nahibaw-an bahin sa
pagtuon. Ang imong pag- apil sa kini nga panukiduki bug-os nga boluntaryo.
Makabuot ka kung mopadayon ba ug apil o dili. Kung pilion nimo nga dili moapil, dili
kami makapugos sa imong hukom.

Gihangyo ka sa mga tigdukiduki nga mo tabang na mas masabtan ang imong

mga kasinatian ingon usa ka interbensyonista. Kung imong gidawat, hangyoon ka nga
tubagon ang mga sensitibo nga mga pangutana bahin sa imong mga kasinatian, ug
giunsa nimo ni pagsulbad.
 97

Ang pakigsulti himuon pinaagi sa link sa Google Meet -

https://meet.google.com/suh-qomv-xoa. Mokabat kini ug katungang oras o 30 ka
minuto para sa lawom na paghisgot. Ang kini nga pagtuon magsilbi nga imong
pakisayran o giya sa pagmugna kusug ug malahutayon nga mga programa nga adunay
kalabutan sa rehabilitasyon sa mga misurender sa droga.

Ang impormasyon nga maukha e tartar nga kompidensyal, ug wala’y lain

makadungog sa kasayuran nga nadokumento sa panahon sa imong pakighinabi. Ang
tibuuk nga interbyu ma-record sa audio, apan wala’y hinganlan sa tape. Ang audio
recording itago sa Research Office sa University of Bohol. Ang matala nga kasayuran
itago, ug wala’y uban gawas sa Research Dean nga mo-access sa mga recording. Ang
pagrekord maguba usa ka semana pagkahuman sa Final Oral Defense. Pagkahuman sa
katapusang pagdepensa, ang mga sangputanan sa pagtuon ihatag sa mga
interbensyonista. Tagaan ka ug kopya para masigurado nga ang tumong sa pagtuon
kay nakab-ot. Kung naa kay gusto nga dili tubagon sa mga pangutana, pwede ra ka mo
ingon para ang tig-interbyu magpadayon sa mga musunud nga pangutana.

Mahimo nga mo-contact ni Ms. Donna May Olaer aning numeroha

09208871070 o mo email sa [email protected] alang sa mga
pangutana o dugang kasayuran mahitungod niining maong kahilukan.

SERTIPIKO SA PAGTUGOT

Akong nabasa ang gihisgutan nga mga impormasyon, o kaha gibasa alang kanako.
Gihatagan ako sa opurtunidad sa pagpahayag sa akong mga pangutana, ug ang mga
pangutana nga gipatubag kanako akong gitubag uban sa tumang katagbawan.
Boluntaryo ang akong pagtugot nga mo-apil niining kalihukan sa pagtoon.

Pangalan:
Pirma:
Petsa:

PAMAHAYAG SA TIG-DUKI-DUKI O TAWO NGA MIKUHA SA PAGTUGOT

Akong gi- komperma nga ang nag- unang importante gihatagan sa oportunidad ug
kahigayonan sa pagpahayag sa iyang mga pangutana kabahin sa gihimo nga pagtoon,
ug ang matag mga pangutana gihatagan sa insakto nga tubag, segun sa akong pagtuo.
Ako usab nga gi-komperma nga ang maong tawo wala pugsa ug hinoon mihatag sa
iyang boluntaryong pagtugot.

Pangalan:
Pirma:
Petsa:
 98

APPENDIX E

Figure 3: Shows the Vicinity Map of Tagbilaran City, Bohol

 99

APPENDIX F
Coded Significant Statement

Significant SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT Participant Line

Statement Number Number
Number

1.
Sa ahong experience, nag tinabangay man P1 28-30
me mga barangay official, mao to nga katong
naka recruite me ug 34.

(In my experience, we also cooperated with

barangay officials, so we were able to recruit
34.)

P1:SS1
2. Ang negative, kanang naay uban nga dili gyud
mo sanong, kanang inig anha nato nga mag P1 34-38
tago tago, naa man uban seguro kanang mga
tawhana gasige pana ug gamit, mao ng dili
mo atubang hadlok seguro dakpon ba kauban
namo mga pulis.

(The negative is that others would not attend

to the scheduled program, that whenever we
go there they would hide. Some probably still
using it, that’s why they are afraid to be
caught by the pulis.)

P1:SS2
3. Ang aho jud na kuanan is sa kadto lang lima
kabook na nauna ug attend sa MIOP nga P1 74-81
tinuod gyud sila nga ni undang. So nagpakita
gyud nga nakasabut sila sa gipang discuss sa
mga interventionist, Makita gyud sila nga ok.

(what I had observed is those five individuals

who undergone the said MIOP that I could
attest they have really stop using prohibited
drugs. So it really shows that they really
 100

understand the things that were discussed by

interventionist. We can really see that they
were ok.

P1:SS3
4. During drug test amo sila gipa tawag, pero dili
me magpahibaw nga naay drug test, negative P1 84-86
gyud sila kalingaw tinuod gyud sila nga ni
undang

(During drug test we call them not telling them

that they will undergo the drug test and the
result is always negative. It is really true that
have stop.)

P1:SS4
5. Na ok sila ky na kapaminaw man sila ug
ilhanan mana ug wa sila kasabut, wa sila P1 87-89
maminaw sige pa silag gamit.

(They were ok because they listened. And the

clue is they would not understand if they didn’t
listened and so they would probably be using
it.)

P1:SS5
6. Aho geh share ug unsay ahoang mga
nahibaw an sa amoang mga mga seminars P1 92-94
mga training bahin ug unsaon pag interview.

(I shared the things I know in our seminars

and trainings about how to interview the drug
user.)

P1:SS6
7. Ang problema is ang financial raman jud pero
naa man ag city nag support sa barangay P1 101-103
bahin aning intervention.
 101

(The problem is the financial really but, the

city could support the barangay regarding this
intervention.)

P1:SS7
8. Ang amo lang jud is ang mga mga PWUDs
kinahanglan mapa anha namo After namo sa P1 103-107
session, mao nga ug naay di pa mo abut nga
mag sugod na, kalingawan na namo ug tawag
para aron mo attend mao na among
gipanghimo.

(The only thing we really cared about is that

we should encourage the PWUD’s to come to
us after the session, that’s why if there are
individuals who did not arrived, we really keep
on calling their attention to attend.)

P1:SS8
9. Ang among gihimo is mao na nga sports
activity nag himo ug tree planting, nag coastal P1 116-121
cleanup mao nay among gipanghimo,
kasagaran gyud namo is sports. Para ma
divert, ky ug jamo silay kalingawan ky adto
man pud mo dung sa ilang na andan labing
pag tapok tapok sila, atleast naa silay
kalingawan maka dula sila.

(What we did is to initiate the sports activity,

tree planting and coastal cleanup. But mostly
it’s sport activity. To divert them. Because if
they don’t have other means of enjoyment
they would go back to what they use to do.
Atleast they recreational activity.)

P1:SS9
10. Syempre kadtong ilang mga, mga
participation mga participants nga mga P2 15-18
surrenderer sa tanan mga activity’s ug sa
seminar sa gipanghimo.

(Of course, the participation of the surrenderer

in all our activities and seminars that we had.)
 102

P2:SS1
11. Di mo attend, di mo participate.
P2 19
(Would not attend, would not participate.)

P2:SS2
12. Mahinungdanun nga maau na ilahang
relationship sa elang pamilya makita sa ilang P2 36-38
mga panglawas nga na reform na elang
porma.

(Meaningful if they have good relationship

with their family, and to see their selves
improved physically.)

P2:SS3
13. Makita sa ilang mga panglawas nga na reform
na elang porma nanga gwapo na, sauna mga P2 42-44
haggard kaau porma ug dili na salawayun sa
trabaho.

(To see their physical aspect improved

became handsome. Before they look haggard.
And not a problem in their work field.)

P2:SS4
14. Problema, dili mu attend, inig drug test
positive. P2 48-49

(The problem of not attending, during drug test

would have positive result.)

P2:SS5
15. Daghan excuses ug katong mga nag himu
ghapun sa ilang mga binuhatan mao ng P2 49-51
madakpan,mao na mga problema.

(There are lots of excuses for those who are

still doing on what they use to do that’s why
they were caught again, that’s the problem.)
 103

P2:SS6
16. Sigihan na ghapun ug convince nga mo balik
ta arun ma clear sila ky ug di sila ma clear P2 53-55
ana madakpan sila automatic sila nga naa
naman sila record daan ky ni surrender man
sila.

(Keep on convincing them to clear their name

because if not they will the automatically be
arrested knowing that they were already have
a record as surrenderer.)

P2:SS7
17. Kanang duna kay dedication nga mulantaw P3 43-44
nila kay voluntary baya ning amo wala baya
me sweldo ana nga interventionist.

(You have that dedication and looking forward

doing it for them as this is a voluntary act of
an interventionist.)

P3:SS1
18. Taas kaayo ug pag lantaw nila ba nga for their P3 49-52
good mao btaw na nga ang amo nga time so
murag aho nang ge share nila ang ahong
three T's: time, talent, treasure kay mangayo
man sad sila.

(With a positive viewpoint we freely share our

time with them. Actually, I shared them my
three T’s: time, talent and treasure.)

P3:SS2
19. Kana lang kuan ra kapoyon ka syempre naay P3 67-70
imong gusto time nimo ma conflict usahay ma
priority na sila kay lisod man pud nga imong
kuanon nimo ilang time nila nga session
ingana.

(There are times you feel tired. Your time is in

conflict with theirs. You have to prioritize them
for this is their session.)

P3:SS3
 104

20. Niya sakripisyo lage mao na naa negative P3 70-74

comments nga naa mn jud nang sacrifices
unya tolerance nila kay di baya lalim nang pa
ujon-ujon para lang nga mo participate sila ug
mohoman mura ka usahay ug kanang nga
nurture bitaw ug bata.

(This is really a sacrifice along with their

tolerance with those negative comments for it
is really not easy for them to participate and
finish it. Sometimes it feels like you’re
nurturing a child.)

P3:SS4
21. Di motuo mao nay bad experience usahay P3 75-81
pud, di motuo mo drop out ingnong kog
pastilan muna-muna nako intawn ani tua ni
drop out. Di sila mo straight ba unsay tumong
sa programa naa man jud na di mana
kalikayan nga naa gajuy mo tibagbag.

(They don’t always follow with us causing to

drop out. They don’t adhere to the goal and
purpose of this program.)

P3:SS5
22. Nindot gud sila kay gitagaan man sila ug mga P3 121-127
maayo na paagi na ma encounter naa gani pa
eskwelahon silag TESDA or tagaan sila ug
mga ayuda ug sa uban kinsay ganahan nga
taga NGO or tagaan pog programa sa
barangay aftercare nga sa amo naa mi gi
aftercare nga entrepreneurship ana so at least
makahibaw sila maninda ginagmay
matabangan sila kadto mga walay trabaho.

(It’s nice for them to have program like this

which offers TESDA education, aids from
NGO’s and other aftercare program such us
entrepreneurship on small or local business to
help those who are unemployed.)

P3:SS6
 105

23. Sa physical fitness nila daan nakuan sila P3 128-132

matambok makuan ma healthy tan-awon
kaysa permero jud nga wa, makuan jud sila
kanang kay mura man gud kay ug mo skwela
syempre maga ilis na sila, mangaligo mga
kuan jud sila kanang nindot jud tan awon ilang
panagway.

(With their physical fitness, they already gain

weight, they look healthier than before.
They’re like attending in school so of course
they’ll change, and take a bath then their
appearances would looks good.)

P3:SS7
24. Na utro ilang panan-aw sa kinabuhi nga naa P3 133-134
na silay maayong direksyon.

(Their perspective in life change for the better

now that they’re in the right path.)

P3:SS8
25. I can deal with kuan different cases nga P3 140-142
kinabataan hantod sa kina tiguwangan unya
naanad napud ko ug storya ug counseling.

(I can deal with different cases from youngest

to oldest then I got used to speaking and
counselling.)

P3:SS9
26. Kana gud sila angayan jud na sila tagaan ug P3 159-164
financial support kay ga lain man gud pud sila
niya daghang way trabaho unja mao lage na
nga tagaan silag aftercare nga pa eskwelahon
ug tesda niya tagaan ug unsay kinahanglan,
para di mkabalik nga naa silay salig sa ilang
kaugalingon na magpakabuhi sila sa tarong,
dili sila maanad sa drugs-drugs kay makadaot
na.

(They deserve financial support because they

also have families and they’re unemployed,
that is why they were given aftercare like
 106

TESDA education and gave them what they

need so that they will not going back from
using drugs and build their confidence. No
more drugs for that is harmful.)

P3:SS10
27. Sa city ge monitor mana sila kanunay pero P3 169-171
mao lage nga kuan kinahanglan nga tutokan
pud na maong programa naa man puy mag
monitor.

(In the city, they are monitored always but we

focus on the programs because it also
monitored.)

P3:SS11
28. Sa una sa ahong mga na experience, among P4 17-21
mga na experience is nalipay pud me nga labi
na sa panahon nga mag drug test bitaw sila
nga negative sila tanan, mao manay
experience namo nga maapil pud me ug
kalipay nga murag nisunod jud sila sa among
programa.

(With my first experience, we felt happy when

they are all negative from drug test, we
shared with them the happiness. So it was our
experience that we are also happy that they
seemed to follow our programs.)

P4:SS1
29. Ang mga negative ana is kanang daghan mga P4 22-25
pasumangil sumangil nang uban kana bitaw
ug murag dili jud sila gusto nga moapil nga
napugos ra kay tungod lage anang naay ilang
record didto sa PNP daghan mga pasumangil.

(The negatives are that there are others

making excuses and it seems that they don’t
want to participate, they were just forced in
doing it because of their record in the PNP.)

P4:SS2
 107

30. Sa ahoang nahibaw-an mura ug dili na gubot P4 44-45

ilang pamilya lami na ilang dagan sa pagpuyo
mao ra akong na kuanan.

(As far as I know, their relationship with family

is stable and harmonious.

P4:SS3
31. Bahin sa physical appearance daghan ug P4 46-48
kabag-ohan basta mahuman ra sila mo
conduct gyud sila sa MIOP dghan gyud
kabag- ohan nila.

(In terms of physical appearance, there are

many changes as long as they’re done
participating the MIOP, they are definitely
changed.)

P4:SS4
32. Ang dako ragyud impact ana is kanang mautro P4 49-50
gyud ilang mga buhat sauna nga dili maayo.

(The biggest impact would be the behavior that

are change for the better.)

P4:SS5
33. Ang ahong namatikdan pud nga problema sa P4 54-57
anang programaha kana rapung kadtong una
gud ma'am dugay man gud kaayo na siya
mahoman mura bitaw ang uban dili ka
agwanta mo abot silag pila katuig bitaw.

(As I have noticed, the problem with this

programs during the first implementation only
is that it takes a long time to finish the
program and others could not bear the long
duration.)

P4:SS6
34. Ang akoa ragyud ika suggest ana ma'am kana P4 61-62
gyud tutok ragyud kanunay sa mga
surrenderers.

(What can I only suggest ma’am is that to

really focused on the surrenderers always.)
 108

P4:SS7
35. Dili kaayo ipataas ilang programa para P4 62-63
molahotay gyud sila.

(They shouldn’t hold the programs too long so

all can last and finish.)

P4:SS8
36. Well, positive experiences, magka jamming
man pod mi sa mga drug dependents nga P5 16-19
surrenderees. Also, maminaw man pod sila sa
unsay akong mga ipang sulti or i tackle about
sa programa or mag heart to heart talk mi.

(Well, positive experiences, we’re jamming

with drug dependent surrenderees. They also
listen to what I say or tackle about the
program or we’re having a heart to heart talk

P5:SS1
37. Isa sa mga positive pod, kay kursonada jud
sila nga mahuman ang MIOP, para pod P5 19-21
mahinlo ilang mga pangan as drug
surrenderees diri sa barangay.

(One of the positives is that they were eager

to finish the MIOP, so that they can clean up
their names as drug surrenderees here in the
barangay.)

P5;SS2
38. Usa siguro sa negative kay kanang di sila P5 22-25
kapugong sa ilang kaugalingon nga emotion,
so naa poy panahon nga while ga undergo
sila sa MIOP dapat commited sila pero nisulti
man pod
sila kay nagpa random surprise drug test man
mi nila.

(One of the negative is that they can't control

their own emotions, so there is a time when
while they are undergoing MIOP they should
 109

be committed but they also told us for they did

a random surprise drug test.)

P5:SS3
39. Then, sa mga youth nga akong gi handle-lan P5 25-30
nga drug dependent persons, dihay mga ni
positive pod, pero niangkon pod sila nga naka
gamit sila kay tungod kay diha lage kunoy
birthday nga gi attenan then ga bawon kuno
ang sa isa sa mga kaila nila ug ingana.

(Then, among the youths that I handled as

drug dependent persons, there were also
positive, but they also admitted that they were
able to use them because there was a
birthday party and one of the acquaintances
brought that thing.)

P5:SS4
40. So sa mga drug dependents nga ni undergo P5 68-71
sa MIOP, diha tay nakita nga nagbag-o najud,
gikan sa tambay, ni undergo sila sa MIOP,
karon nag bag-o na, ni kuan nag trabaho, naa
nay chances na maka trabaho.

(So for the drug dependents who have

undergone MIOP, we have seen that they
have changed, from unemployed, then
undergo a MIOP, they have now changed,
looking for job, have chances to work.)

P5:SS5
41. Unya naa poy mga testimony nga tungod sa P5 71-74
pag undang nila sa ginadili nga droga ug ni
undergo sa MIOP, natarong ilang kinabuhi,
nalig-on ang ilang relasyon sa ilang pamilya
ug nabag-o gyud sila as a person.

(Then there are testimonies that because they

stopped using illicit drugs and did undergo
MIOP, their lives went well, their relationship
with their family was strengthened and they
were really changed as a person.)
 110

P5:SS6
42. Sa outlook naa, dili pud ta muingon nga yagit, P5 75-77
kanang kuan lang, kamao na sila manamit ug
ang ilang prospect sa ilang life, ilang tan aw
sa kinabuhi, na turn into positive.

(In the outlook, we can’t say dirty, it’s just,

they can now dress well and their prospect in
their life has changed, their outlook in life turn
into positive.

P5:SS7
43. Well, nabag-o ang mga drug surrenderees, P5 78-83
naningkamot sila na makakita sila ug mga
trabaho, natagaan sila ug mga second
chances, actually ang uban third chances na
gani kay ni undergo sila ug MIOP then
niundang, gidung namo, gipabalik namo na
dapat muhuman sila ug balik mapahuman,
then karon naay uban drug dependents na
nakasakay nag barko nag seaman na.

(Well, the drug surrenderees have changed,

they are trying to find jobs, they are given
second chances, actually some give third
chances because they did undergo MIOP
then quit, we went to them, we sent them
back to finish, then now there are other drug
dependents who are boarded a ship and had
become seaman.)

P5:SS8
44. Actually, na change ang way nako in seeing a P5 84-87
person. Kay lage ako sauna, mutug-an ko na
basta drug dependent na, dili maayong taw,
maoy akong makita especially sa daily news
sa interventionist, nakita nako na ingani diay.

(Actually, it changed my way of seeing a

person. Because before, I admit that as long
as a person is a drug dependent, I think he is
not a good person, it is what I see especially
in the daily news of Interventionist, I saw it like
this.)
 111

P5:SS9
45. Dili sila tanang taw maot ug batasan, naka P5 87-89
sud lang sila sa bisyo na ingganyo tungod sa
barkada, na pressure sa pamilya, or gusto
lang musuway.

(Not all of them have bad personality, they

just get into vice because they are influenced
by friends, family pressure, or just want to try.)

P5:SS10
46. Ang akoang pag tan-aw sa kinabuhi nabag-o P5 89-93
pod, nga blessed diay pod ko. Sa akoang
pagka blessed, dapat mutabang pod ko nila
na ma blessed pod sila. And, madung sila sa
saktong dalan sa kinabuhi nga mahimong
good influence nila.

(My outlook in life has changed, that I was

blessed, in being blessed, I must help them to
be blessed too. And, they will be on the right
path in life which will be a good influence on
them.

P5:SS11
47. Well, ang isa ana is kanang gahi ug ulo. Naay P5 94-95
uban mag pa presyo usahay, para man unta
sa ilang kaugalingon ni.

(Well, one of those is that being stubborn.

Sometimes others ask for price, even if it's for
themselves.)

P5:SS12
48. Suggestion siguro no ug kabahin ani, ari ta sa P5 102-105
youth dapat i teach nato sa atong mga
kabatan-onan nga dapat dili mo sulod ani nga
ginadili na droga diha pa lang sugod sa
skwelahan. Sa
eskwelahan ug sa balay dapat magsugod.

(Suggestion maybe in regards to this, we

should teach our youth that they should not
 112

engage in this prohibited drug right there at

school. It should begin in school and home.)

P5:SS13
49. Sa eskwelahan, mao pod nay isa sa dako pod P5 107- 109
nga factor nga malikay ang mga kabatan-
onan na molikay ug sulod anang ginadili basta
naa lay strong nga foundation pod.

(School, is also one of the big factors that

avoid youth from entering prohibited thing as
long as there is a strong foundation.)

P5:SS14
50. So mga negative na, naa juy uban nga mag P6 69-70
lahi, ug gahi jud sila ug ulo.
( for negative, there are others who did not
participate and are stubborn.)

P6:SS1
51. Pero so far karon, mailhan man nimo tong P6 71-75
murag lulong jud bitaw sila, makaingon pud ta
nga pusher pud na sila kay kanang di jud ka
tagdon. I deadma jud ka nila kay ila sigurong
huna huna nga di sila gusto mubiya ana nga
bisyo.

(But so far as of now, you will really get to

know those drug addicts, we can also say that
they are also pushers because they wil just
ignore you. They would really ignore you
because they probably think that they don't
want to give up that habit.)

P6:SS2
52. Ilang physical, makit-an namo nga nabag-o P6 106-107
sila. Nalimpyo ang nawong, wa nay mga
bangas-bangas.

(In their physical, we can see that they have

changed. Face is cleansed, beard and
mustache are gone.)

P6:SS3
 113

53. Makig amigo na sila, ug mu approach ta, P6 112-113

mutubag na ingana.

(They are already making friends, when you

approach them, they will respond.

P6:SS4
54. Sa ilang family pod, maka dungog man pod P6 113-118
tag feedback gikan sa ilang asawa, anak,
mama, papa, nga nabag-o jud ahong anak.
Makabantay najud sila sa mga buhaton sa
ilang
anak sud sa ilang balay compared sa before
pa sila nisud sa MIOP nga sigeg katog di nila
mapukaw ug toa nilakaw ug wa sila kahibaw
asa nilakaw. Pero karon, kasagran jud nabag-
o jud

(In their family, we heard some feedbacks

from their wife, son, mother, father that their
son has changed.They also notice the
changes in what they do at home compared
before when it had not yet entered MIOP who
are always sleeping or wandering around that
they do not know where it go. But now, some
of them have really changed.)

P6:SS5
55. Kasagaran jud sa mga pamilya, mu testimony P6 119-121
na sila nga di jud diay ika baylo ang pamilya
sa mga bisyo-bisyo. Kay kung mupadayon jud
ta sa bisyo, guba jud ang imong pamilya.

(Usually in families, they will testify that family

can’t be replaced by vices. Because if we will
continue to indulge in vices, our family will be
destroyed.)

P6:SS6
56. Naka pautro jud nila ug naka pabalik sa ilang P6 125-128
saktong pang huna-huna. Bisan sa ilang
spiritual ba, maka balik na silag simba labi
nag sa session kay pari pud atoang ipa
speaker. Maka hinuklog jud sila.
 114

(It really change them and brought them back

to sanity. Even in their spirituality, they
returned to church especially if the speaker of
the session is a priest. They really realized
things.)

P6:SS7
57. Sa pirmiro jud nuon, labi na bitaw ug di nimo P6 129-130
kaila nang PWUDs, mura kag managang pa.

(At first, especially if you don’t know the PWDs

yet, it looks like you need to be careful.)

P6:SS8
58. Murag mag study paka sa iyang behavior. Imo P6 130-133
jud nang tun-an, dili kay mag hala-hala ra kag
storya. Ug garaon na siya, imo pong gara-
garaan ginagmay. Imo lang sakyan pod iyang
kinaiya ba

(It looks like you need to study their behavior.

You really need to study that, you don't just
speak all of a sudden. If they are naughty, be
playful to them too. You just have to go with
the flow with their behavior.)

P6:SS9
59. Maong useless ba kay kanang PWUDs nga P6 143-148
imong gika hinabi na ug naa na sa MIOP,
imbis kay na normal na,
tungod anang mga
hindrances sa society ug problema nga naa
pa jud, unya i approach siya nga balik ug ikaw
may gunit ani syempre mubalik jud siya kay
ag hing approach niya kay higher man naa sa
gobyerno.

(It’s useless because those PWUDs we talked

to and entered MIOP, instead of becoming
normal, because of the hindrances in society
and the problems that exist, if someone
approached him to come back he will
definitely come back especially if the one who
will approach him is a high government
official.
 115

P6:SS10

60. So far maayu man kay dipud lalim baya ning P7 17-19
interventionist mura ka anig kanang dghan ka
ug mga e apply sa mga persons with using
drugs kay ni kang-a na baya na sila, , kanang
mga utok.

(So far, it’s good eventhough being an

interventionist is not easy because you need
to apply a lot of things to those persons using
drugs because their thinking is not normal).

P7:SS1

61. Lisud-lisud na baya na sila e approach. Isip P7 21-24

interventionist maningkamot gyud me taman
sa amuang capacidad nga e apply apply
namo tung among ge seminaran nga
kinahanglan gyud nga kinahanglan gyud nga
imo na silang ma approach ug maayo.

(They are not easy to approach. As an

interventionist we will try our best to apply the
things that we learned during our seminars, it
need proper approach to them.)

P7:SS2

62. Ah nga dili pud nmu sila edoot as kuan, P7 25-27

kanang human as we are, sabayan pud nmu
sila ug unsay kuan ba, kay dili man nimo ni
madali-dali ning mga tawhana ug pabalik gud,
mubalik man gyud.
 116

(You don’t need to drag them down, human

as we are you need to tap with them because
it;s not easy for them to go back.)

P7:SS3

63. Ah negative, I mean kanang murag naay uban 29-31

nga murag di gyud mutoo ba naay uban nga P7
bisan unsaun nmu ug istorya nga mu attend
ta
,ah d gyud mag supak2 gyud ba.

(Ah negative, I mean there are some who are

not willing to attend, they are just making
arguments.)

P7:SS4

64. Sgurong wapa ka amgo, or kanang dipa P7 32-34

kadawat gyud sila ba nga naa pa sila anang
bisyoha, mao ng murag mainsulto, mura silag
dipa ka biya anang bisyoha ba, mao lage hagu
lage.

(Maybe they don’t realize or they cant accept

that they are still on that vice, maybe they are
insulted, maybe they cannot leave that vice,
its very tired.)

P7:SS5

65. Kasagaran man gud pud nga ilahang P7 67-69

ipastorya nga gapasalamat pud sila nga naka
attend silag MIOP kay sa wala pa kuno sila
murag matintal sila og suyop-suyop ba.
 117

(Most of them are thankful that they attended

the MIOP because before they are tempted to
engage in drugs.)

P7:SS6

66. Murag matintal sila og suyop-suyop ba kay P7 69-72

karun nga naka sud sila sa MIOP class or
unsa ni kaning program sa goberno kay
nagbantay na sila kay naa man guy mga
random drug test nga murag mahadlok na sila
ba.

(Maybe they are tempted to use drugs, after

they attend MIOP class or a program from the
government they are now careful because of
random-drug test, maybe they are fear of it.)

P7:SS7

67. Ouh naay mga dako gyud ug kausaban pero P7 73-75

wata kahibawo after sa muadto na sila sa
gawas kay within sa tarung man sila kaau,
within sa anang MIOP class, ou maayo man
hospitable man sila.

(Yes, there are a lot of big changes but we

don’t know the situation after they will go back
their outside world, but they are very good
and hospitable in their MIOP class.)

P7:SS8

68. Ah natul-id man sila nga dili na makagamit og P7 76-78

drugs, dina gyud sila mo kuan mu gamit og
droga, mao ranay amuang ge after
gyud.
 118

(They are enlightened not to use drugs, not to

engage in drugs, that’s our main goal.)

P7:SS9

69. Ah nalipay gyud kaau kog dako nga usa kos P7 79-81
napili nga interventionist kay tiaw ba pud ning
mupatul-id kag tawo nga hiwi ba.

(I am very happy that I was one of the

interventionist because I was able to
enlightened people who are not in good path.)

P7:SS10

70. So, nalipay gyud kog ayo nga usa pud kos P7 81-84
mga naka seminar aning usa sa mga
interventionist ba sa kaning drugs, ah dako
kaayug katabang nako ni nga ma apply gyud
nato sa atung palibot ba isip kagawad.

(I was very glad that I was one of the

interventionist to attend a seminar about
drugs, as a barangay official this has a big
contribution for me to apply in the community.)

P7:SS11

71. Ah so far wala man , motoo man sila sa among P7 85-86

kuan unsay instruction, so far ah wala man.

(None so far, they were able to follow our

instructions.)
 119

P7:SS12

72. Ah kuan mani kaning ah ipadayun lang ang P7 87-90

programa sa goberno nato nga kinahanglan
nga kaning mga batan on dili na magamit og
drugs kay mao mani hinungdan mga barkada-
barkada nga maka gamit og drugs.

(The government must continue their program

in order for the youth to refrain in engaging to
their peers or gangs because this is one of the
reason for the youth to engage in using
drugs.)

P7:SS13

73. Akong gi aghat ang mga drug surrenderee P8 6-7

nga mo undangon sa ilang bisyo, sa pag
attend og MIOP.

(I encouraged the drug surrenderers to stop

their vices and attend the MIOP.)

P8:SS1

74. Adtong first batch diay kuan namo unom P8 9

kabook almost graduate.

(During the first batch, there were six who

almost graduated.)

P8:SS2

75. Aho jud na sila gipa pugos nga pag maka P8 11-12
attend og classes every session.

(I forced them to attend classes, every

session.)

P8:SS3
 120

76. Bisitahan kada weekend akong adtoon jud na P8 16-17

sila bisag naa sila sa watchlist.

(I visit them every weekend even if they are

part of the watchlist.)

P8:SS4

77. Ga kuan mig protocol gikan sa DOH. Unsay P8 28-30

kuan sa DILG, PNP og sa among kaugalingon
sa unsay klase namong approach anang
taohana.

(We follow the DOH’s protocols. We also

abide by the DILG, PNP, and what we have in
our Barangay depending on what approach
we will be using for that certain person.)

P8:SS5

78. Tagaan jud silag chance, tagaan pa jud og P8 46-48

chance tagaan namo’g ultimatum. Gihimo
lage namong programaha aron pag edukar ba
o pagtambal bas a mga addict tagaan jud ug
encouragement.

(We give them chance; we give them

ultimatum. We made this program to educate
and to cure the drug addicts. We give them
encouragement.)

P8:SS6

79. Dako jud kaayog kausaban na mo istorya siya P8 53-54

parte sa relihiyon murag mo too na sa Ginoo.

(It is indeed a big change that the person talks

about religion and that he/she believes in the
Lord.)

P8:SS7

80. P8 76-78
 121

Kanang makit an nimo nga lonely siya duolon

nimo. “Nganung lonely man ka?” mo
istorya mana “mao ni ako kagawad mao ni
ako problema”.

(When I see the person lonely, I come up to

them and ask them why they are lonely. They
respond the reasons why and tell me their
problems.)

P8:SS8

81. Mas motuo pa naho nang ilang mga anak ako P8 85-86
mo istorya mo tuo og ginikanan.

Their children believe me when I talk to them

than their parents.

P8:SS9

82. Ang atong gobyerno kuwang og unsa may e P8 99-101

kuan hatagan bag livelihood nila nga long run
ba nga mawala ang iyang bisyo.

(Our government lacks opportunities like

giving them livelihoof that would solve the
problem in the long run and eradicate their
vices.)

P8:SS10

83. Ang gobyerno nato dako kaayog lapses ba P8 115-117

nga di gyud katutok nga unsay long run nga
sulosyon.

(Our government has great lapses; they do

not focus on creating sustainable solutions for
the long run.)

P8:SS11

84. Maayo gud nang hatagan nimo’g mga private P8 117-119

entrepreneurship nga mga building ngana
mga karenderya kanang tarongon unta ba.
 122

(It’s good that we give them private small

businesses, building perhaps, or eatery,
something appropriate for them.)

P8:SS12

85. Mag conduct me og matag dominggo ah P9 4-6

sabado mag conduct me og interventionist
nga mga drug surrenderer dba? Seminar para
sa ilaha pud nga magbago sila.

(Every Sunday, oh, Saturday, us,

interventionists, conducts seminars for them
to change.)

P9:SS1

86. Ako kay maka hisgot man tag ingana, ako pud P9 13-16
ning ano pud ko nila murag tig seminar pud ko
nila as interventionist ang pamaagi namo ana
is unsa tong mga naa sa ano tong gibasa
naho mao rato amo I discuss nila

(For me, since we are discussing about it, I

conduct seminars as an interventionist, our
procedure is that what we have, we read it
and discuss it with them.)

P9:SS2

87. Naa, gisunod namo sa city na so ano namo P9 20

naa may guidelines.

(We have, we follow the guidelines of the city.)

P9:SS3

88. Amo silang textan, isa pud na. Human og di P9 21-22

sila textan amo sila adtoon.

(We send them a text message; this is just

one. After texting them, we go to them.)

P9:SS4
 123

89. I house to house nya og mu usab na pud balik P9 25-26

n apud looy kayo to sila naa silay buhian.

(We go to their house, because I pity them if

they will go back to their bad habits, and they
have a family to feed.)

P9:SS5

90. Sa pagkakaron nga naa ta sa pandemic nya P9 27-28

minus minus pa jud ang drugs nanambok jud.

(Now, that we are still in the pandemic, drugs

are not rampant, and they gained weight.)

P9:SS6

91. Nakita nimo sa bataa nga naningkamot nga P9 28-29

mo trabaho.

(I saw how persevering they are to work.)

P9:SS7

92. Sa wala pa sila sa drug surrender nag bago P9 30-31

na man sila pero kaso lang kini mga
nisurrender sila kay naa man sila lista sa
PNP.

(Even before they surrendered, they already

changed, but they surrendered because they
are part of the PNP’s list.)

P9:SS8

93. So makita pud namo nga sa side nila ok na P9 32-33

man pud at least nadunggan ilang pagpatid
nila sa community.

(We noticed that on their side, they are okay,

at least they now have their sense of
community.)

P9:SS9
 124

94. Wala man murag pareho-pareho lang man P9 34-36

gihapon at least akong gi share akong
kaugalingon nila share ra pud. At least nang
share lang naho, atleast naka ano pud ko nila.

(There’s none. It seems the same. At least I

shared about myself, and they shared too. As
long as, they have shared with me, and vice-
versa.)

P9:SS10

95. Mga sa pagka karon kay ni karon ning lahi P9 38-40

man ang programa karon sa MIOP kay ang
uno, I, II, III, nga barangay ni merge na tapok.

(For now, the program of the MIOP has

changed because Poblacion I, II, and III have
been merged and united.)

P9:SS11:

96. Murag lahi ra jud kontra sa katong barangay P9 40-42

ray ra gyud kay murag naay gap siguro nay
mauwaw, naa dili mo attend ngana ba.

(It seems different than before, when it was

done per barangay, there was a gap because
maybe they felt embarrassed, and they don’t
attend, somewhat like that.)

P9:SS12
Kung og magpagahi jd silag attend sa MIOP
97. magpada mi og letter request sa PNP and P10 38-42
PEDEA for tokhang toktok-hangyo
magpauban mi sa authorities na maoy
motabang namog hangyo na dili mi ingnon na
nag jama-jama laman mi naa joy mga pulis
nga mo explain nila na nga mao ni atong
balaod mao ni mao na.

(If they will be hardheaded upon attending the

MIOP, we will sent a letter to request the PNP
and PDEA for "Tokhang" or "Toktok-Hangyo",
 125

and request the authorities to join us and help

us to persuade them, so that they will not say
that we are not following rules, there should
be police officers who will explain our law.)

P10:SS1
98. So, tungod sa among gibuhat na tokhang na
encourage sila na mo attend sa MIOP kay P10 43-50
aron nga ma delete ang ilang ngan sa
listahan. Ang among mga surrenderers or
drug user or person who use drugs naa man
gud tay listahan ngadto sa PNP nga the same
nga listahan PEDEA ,CEDEC og sa
Barangay. Now, dili siya ma delete ang ilang
ngan kung dili sila mo graduate sa MIOP so
amoa na gipasabot nila para ma limpyo
inyong ngan kinahanglan mo human jud mog
MIOP na kuan sila na mo attend.

(So, because of the Oplan Tokhang we did,

they were encouraged to attend the MIOP for
the reason that they want to delete their
names in the list. Our surrenderers, drug user
or person who use drugs are in-list in the PNP
with the same list in PDEA, CEDEC and the
barangay. Now, their names will not be
deleted if they don't graduate in MIOP, as we
explained to them so that they are necessary
to attend the MIOP.)

P10;SS2
99. Ah negative? Kuan the hardest thing sa MIOP P10 51-60
interventionist kaning pag gama sa records
kapila balik ahong report i submit sa CEDEC I
think that was five times nag utro-utro kos
ahong reporting kay kanunay correctionan kay
dili baya pud lalim kaning mag gama ka og
report of 100 people more than actually more
than a hundred because apil man nimo og
report ang kadto wala nahuman as long as na
lista siya sa imong listahan nga kuan to siya a
person who use drugs , iapil na siyag report
wether ning human ba siya or wa ba siya ning
human so naay hard time to record meeting.
 126

(Ahm negative? The hardest thing of being a

MIOP interventionist is making records, I
repeated multiple times in making my report to
submit to CEDEC. I think I repeated my report
five times because of the corrections since it
is not easy to make a report of 100 people,
more than a hundred rather since you will
include in the report those who did not finish
as long as he/she is listed as person who use
drugs. Either finish or not finish, include those
persons in the report making it hard to record
meeting.)

P10:SS3
100. Ah kuan kanang kasagaran sa drug users P10 142-147
kanang kuan sige away sa ilang family sige ka
gubot so karon hapsay na kay morag maisog
man pod kuno nang utok ana. Arang arang na
pod kay imbis na ipalit nilag drugs ang ilahang
kwarta malipay na ilang asawa kay naa nas
ilang pamilya ang kinitaan. So, mao pd na
unja nanambok na sila na gwapo na.

(Commonly, drug users always have family

problems, fight with family members and
always in chaos because of anger but now, it
is in order. The bad situation is improve now
since instead of using their money to buy
drugs they will spent their income for their
family making the wife happy. Then, they gain
weight also and looks handsome now.

P10:SS4
101. Of course naa jd kabag-ohan not unlike sa P10 148-152
users pa sila nga murag way kuan ,first of all
their personalities kong adik ka og porma then
imo pud personalities maglagot ka ,murag dali
masuko, maglagot, baho nga wa makasabot.
So, kay murag na kuan na sila nga apil man
pud na sa lecture kung unsay mahitabo nimo.
(Of course there are changes not unlike the
times when they are still users that they look
so
ba. First of all their personalities, if you're an
addict then your personality is prone to anger,
 127

fast to be angry, smelly and hard to

understand. So they know the reality since it
is included in the lecture.)

P10:SS5
kung mo dependent jud na sa droga ang P10 153-157
102. imong utok ma drive sa druga so na kuan na
matungnan nila nga dili jud diay maayo nga
dependent naka sa droga na wala nakay
pakialam sa imong kaugalingon, sa imong , sa
imong focus toa ra jud na makapalit ka no?
So, mao nay changes ana nila.

(When your mind depends on drugs then it

will be affected. It is really not good being
dependent on drugs that you doesn't take
care of yourself anymore since you focus only
upon buying drugs. So, those are the changes
to them.)

P10:SS6
Ah syempre kanang kuan na sila kanang P10 158-164
103. murag good citizen na sila , whenever naay
kuan sa Barangay mo cooperate sila mo
attend. Maguol sila kung unsay pananglit na
naay giawhag sa Barangay na ilang ipabuhat
na dili nila ma himo maguol cla ilaha kang
tawagon unsaon man ni kagawad? Labi nag
for example mo absent sila unsaon man ni
naho kagawad? like kadtong 5 na wa
mograduate kay kulang sila sa drug test
maguol intawn to sila.

(Of course they improve into being a good

citizen, whenever there are activities in the
barangay they will cooperate and attend. They
feel guilt when they cannot comply to the task
given by the Barangay so they will approach
me and ask me how to do it, especially when
they absent they will ask me about it like
those 5 who did not graduate they feel sad.
 128

P10:SS7
104. Kagawad di na diay ? Mura bag feel naho nga P10 165-168
mura kog inahan na magpatambag nga
unsaon naman ni naho? Na wa man ko ka ?
Ayaw ka guol kay by next batch ig graduate
sa 3rd batch apil namo sa graduation if maka
drug test mo malipay ra pod sila.

(Councilor its not possible anymore? Llike I

feel like mother advicing them about the
question; What can I do now? Don't worry
because by next batch after the 3rd batch you
will be included in the graduation if you will be
drug tested, it will make them happy.)

P10:SS8
105. Sa ahong kinabuhi ning samot kog ka busy. P10 169-171
The most induced job ni kagawad is being
interventionist kay making report sobra kaayo
ka complicated kay nagbalik-balik ka sigeg
butang sa ngan.

(In my life I became busier. The most induced

job of a councilor is being an interventionist
because makig reports are very complicated
since you will repeat it upon putting names.)

P10:SS9
106. Ang mga problema namo no? Kaning walay P10 180-183
trabaho, walay trabaho mao nay usa namo ka
target after sa graduation, ang moving up
naay mga training no? Nga job training na
among mga graduate maka kuan sila og
kanang income kay lisod baya pod.

(Our problem, no occupation, our target is the

problem no occupation after graduation. In
moving up there are trainings right? Job
trainings that our graduate will find an income
because it's not that easy.)

P10:SS10
 129

107. murag e refer sila actually naa poy drug test P10 187-188
gihapon to check og kanang nagpadayon ba
silag pag undang sa ilang mga drug use.

(We will refer them, actually there will still drug

tests to check if they continuously stopping in
using drugs.)
P10:SS11
108. Ah ahong ika suggest no? Na kanang once P10 189-196
naay madakpan drugs ikuan unta na dayon
ikuan unta na unsaon na pagsulti? Aron
paglikay sa anomalya once adunay drug na
madakpan bisan gamay, bisan daghan no, i
disposed unta dayon na i disposed kay of
course nagkinhanglan man tag kanang
ebidensya mao man jud na sa kaso pero
usahay man gud di lang ta maka kuan
matahap nga ngano man na ang droga di
man mahurot? Kapila na ang dakop nganong
di man mahurot?

(What can I suggest is that once there is an

arrested/confiscated drugs they will dispose it
immediately. To avoid anomalies once there
are drug arrested in small or in large quantity
they should despose it immediately because
of course we need evidence as needed in
case but sometimes we can also ask why
drugs are not exhausted? For how many
times did arresting happened but why it is not
exhausted?)

P10:SS12
109. Ok so ah sa positive side ah nindot ning mo P11 40-50
agi ta aning mga I mean magdala ta aning
rehabilitation program kay makita man gd
nato ang drug surrenderes nato every Sunday
man gyd ta magkita atong ma feel pd cla na
nganong ning sod cla anang butanga onsay
gika ingna ,onsay reason nila ,then ato sad
ma feel nila nga onsay way para nakatabang
ta nila nga ma guidedan cla malikay cla sa
ilang
bisyo possibly ma end jd ang ilang pag gamit
sa ginadili nga drugas so mao na. Sa
 130

POSITIVE side nindot jd sa feeling nga

makatabang ta nila to help themselves pd na
mag bag o para makalimot pd cla sa ilang
bisyo.

(Okay, so the positive side, it is nice to

undergo, I mean to handle this rehabilitation
program for we can see our drug surrenderes
every sunday since we must see each other
every sunday, we can feel them why they
enter those things, the starting, their reason,
then we can also feel them the way how to
help them, to guide them away from their vice
l, possibly to end their use of illegal drugs.
The positive side, it is really nice to feel when
you can help them, to help themselves also to
change to forget their vice.)

P11:SS1
110. So mga negative experiences namo so far P11 51-56
kasagaran me magproblema noh isa mga
gahig ulo na surrenderes kanang mga deli jd
pakita deri ,dili mosanong sa tawang sa
Barangay bisan onsaon namo og tokhang
,pagbisita sa ilaha og onsa pang paagi do
gihapon mo ari ,naa poy uban mo ari lang
pero mag che rapd og wala wala.

(So the negative experiences of us so far,

usually, we have problems on those
hardheaded surrenderes, those always
absent, those who don't answer the calling of
the barangay no matter what we do in doing
"Tokhang", visiting them in their house and
any kind of ways but still not going here.
There are also others going here but they are
not in focus.)

P11:SS2
111. Ok so ah ,first three ah kami gyd pinaka P11 139-144
obvious noh nga kong maka graduate kas
rehabilitation program maka trabaho ka og
tarong nga trabaho so pwede naka mo apply
og anywhere kay maka kuha man ka deritso
sa
 131

imong nga requirements oh so pwede naka

mokuhag Barangay clearance ,police
clearance.

(Okay, so first three, this is the very obvious

that when you graduate in the rehabilitation
program you can work a decent job, so, you
can apply anywhere since you can get fastly
your requirements, you can now get a
barangay clearance and police clearance.)

P11:SS3
ilahang ah physical noh ah, medyo manambok P11 147-152
112. ,ma healthy mo glow ngana sa facial nila nga
looks kanang ma bag o medyo anhag na cla
kaayo tan awon kaysa adtong mora btawg
adik pa cla sa bisyo so makita man pd na sa
physical gyd na sa tao and at thesame time
naa pd na clay effect sa ilang psychological
og emotional nga ah behavior.

(Their physical, quite fat,became healthy, will

glow, rheir facial looks will change or they will
look blooming than the times when they are
still addicts to their vice. So we can see it in
their physical aspect of the person and at the
same time there is also effect in their
psychological and emotional behavior.)

P11:SS4
Ah sa amoa ah surrenderes noh , naa man P11 153-158
113. me mga mo testimony sa ilahang kabag ohan
sa ilang kaagi so daghan gyd ah naay uban
nga do ka control sa ilang anger during that
kanang addiction pa nila nga period pero
pagka human sa atoang rehabilitation
program ah maka control na cla onya naka
kat on cla noh.

Our surrenderers, we have testemonies about

their changes to their past, so there are a lot
who can't control their anger during the
addiction period but at the end of our
 132

rehabilitation program they were able to control

and they learn.)

P11:SS5
114. Nga kanang ah kana among gi tawag nga P11 158-166
mylaps justification where in ah makahibaw
na cla sa ilang kaugalingon og onsaon nila
pag likay na mabalik cla sa ilahang bisyo so
maningkamot cla nga dili na cla basta basta
nga ma tintal noh og balik sa ilang bisyo og
ngana na mga ah changes naa pd nay
changes kabahin sa outlook or paman aw sa
kinabuhi like ning more positive na cla and
nakadawat na cla of more opportunities onya
more on ah family oriented na cla sa ilahang
panimalay , ok.

(Those what we call mylaps justification where

in they already know how to avoid getting
back to their vice, so they will strive with effort
not to be tempted so easily getting back to
their vice and those things have changes on
their outlook or view of their lives to be more
positive, having more opportunities and being
family oriented in their homes. Okay. )

P11:SS6
115. Pinaagi sa atoang intervention atoa clang P11 171-179
gitabangan adto clang gipaagi sa atong
rehabilitation program gi encourage nato cla
nga mo homan for kasagaran nay uban mo
abot og years naay uban months lang until
ning graduate cla so mao na nga ah atoa
nang gibuhat kay natabangan nato cla right
after pagraduate nila naka kita na clag new
opportunities na ablihan na ang oportunidad
para nila dawat na cla kong asa man cla
gusto manarbaho in that way ah nakahatag
sad na nilag og mas klaro nga income noh sa
ilahang pamilya.

(Through our intervention we help them, we

let them pass our rehabilitation program, we
encourage them to finish for usually some are
 133

years, some are months until graduation, so

we did really help them after graduation for
they see new opportunities, opportunities
were open for them, they are accepted
wherever they want to work, in that way they
were given clear income for their families. )

P11:SS7
116. Ah dako kay nig kabag ohan nako in a way P11 185-188
nga nag nag todlo ni namo noh how to
understand the person onsaon nimo
pagsabot sa tao
,onsaon nmo pay pa syensya sa tao like sa
among pagka interventionist klase klase gyd
kaayo tao.

(There's a big difference to me in a way that it

teaches us how to understand the person,
how to understand the person, how to control
patience to the person since we, being
interventionist, we handle different people.)

P11:SS8
117. Participants na gyd mismo kay dili me ka ka P11 222-226
kuan btaw dili me ka pogos kay naay uban
inag anha namo oh che mo anha ko ,mo
attend ko pero inag start na wala gyd makita
bisan onsaon balik balik dili na gyd cla ,luoy
laman pero saon taman.

(Participants itself because we can not force

them, some will say they will come, they will
attend but at the start you will not see them
through how many times to ask them but they
don't, I pity them but thats it.)

P11:SS9
118. So sa amoa nga panan aw noh? Ah kaning P11 227-236
ma sulbad ni ilaha ragyd kaugalingon ang
maka sulbad ani nga di cla mo attend pero sa
amoa nga part ah medyo dihado me kanang
di mo attend kay maluoy man gd me kay tao
Raman gihapon oh diba pero ang amoa man
gong pagpamalakad strikto me na ning
implement sa
 134

mga balaod nato strikto me na nag implement

onsay mga programs sa mga activities
gihatag sa ah sa national city or sa local noh
,para mao nay among buhaton deri sa among
Barangay mao na amoa na ing ani nga
problema namo.

(So in our views, to solve it is in theirselves, to

solve in them that they don't attend but in our
part we are in the disadvantage because we
pity them if they don't attend, they are still
humans, we are very strict in implementing
the laws, we are strict in implementing the
programs, activities given by the national, city
or local. Those what we do here in our
barangay that it gives us problem.)

P11:SS10
Positive man tong gebuhat nga koan ba nga
119. programa nato sa goberno naa man poy ni P12 61-63
sanong pud kanang ni undang jud ba kanang
wa najod mo koan bahig drugs.

(The government's program was positive

some of them obey and stop using drugs.)

P12:SS1
120. Sige gihapon duwa nang uban wa mo attend P12 66-67
gapadayun gihapon.

(Some of them are still playing and didn’t

cooperate)

P12:SS2
121. Sauna kuno mag drive pedicab iyang bana dili P12 105-107
kuno mo remit wala kunoy e remit nga kwarta
pero karun mo remit na kuno.

(Her husband before was a tricycle driver but

he didn't give money but now he is supporting
his family.)
 135

P12:SS3
122. Katung isa ni storya nga koan hinimbahon P12 109
napud kuno iyang bana.

(One said that her husband became devoutly

religious)

P12:SS4
123. Na busy ko gamay. P12 110-111

(I'm a little busy)

P12:SS5

124. Nangambak ag mga kuan nanagan kay P12 141-142

nahadlok.

(They escaped because they were afraid.)

P12:SS6
 136

APPENDIX F1
Formulation of Core Meaning
SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT FORMULATED MEANINGS
(In my experience, we also Cooperation with barangay officials
cooperated with barangay officials, is necessary.
so we were able to recruit 34.)
FM1.
P1:SS1
The negative is that others would not Negativity due to not being
attend to the scheduled program, that supported.
whenever we go there, they would
hide. Some probably still using it, FM2.
that’s why they are afraid to be
caught by the police.)

P1:SS2
(What I had observed is those five Positive response to the intervention
individuals who undergone the said done.
MIOP that I could attest they have
really stop using prohibited drugs. FM3.
So, it really shows that they really
understand the things that were
discussed by interventionist. We can
really see that they were ok.

P1:SS3
(During drug test we call them not Consistent checking of drug
telling them that they will undergo the surrenderers.
drug test and the result is always
negative. It is true that have stop.) FM4.

P1:SS4
(They were ok because they listened. Good feedback from the attendees.
And the clue is they would not
understand if they didn’t listen and so FM5.
they would probably be using it.)

P1:SS5
(I shared the things I know in our Sharing of all the things that could
seminars and trainings about how to help drug users.
interview the drug user.)
FM6.
P1:SS6
 137

(The problem is the financial really Financial problem that could inhibit
but, the city could support the the process doing the intervention.
barangay regarding this intervention.)
FM7.

P1:SS7
(The only thing we really cared about Motivate more the concern
is that we should encourage the individuals.
PWUD’s to come to us after the
session, that’s why if there are FM8.
individuals who did not arrived, we
really keep on calling their attention
to attend.)

P1:SS8
(What we did is to initiate the sports Create activities where they can
activity, tree planting and coastal enjoy.
cleanup. But mostly it’s sport activity.
To divert them. Because if they don’t FM9.
have other means of enjoyment, they
would go back to what they use to
do. At least they recreational activity.)

P1:SS9
(Of course, the participation of the Participation is really needed.
surrenderer in all our activities and
seminars that we had.) FM10.

P2:SS1
(Would not attend, would not Lack of motivation to attend and
participate.) participate.

P2:SS2 FM11.
(Meaningful if they have good Fostering good relationship within
relationship with their family, and to the family and others.
see their selves improved physically.)
FM12.
P2:SS3
(To see their physical aspect Improvement in the physical aspect.
improved became handsome. Before
they look haggard. And not a problem FM13.
in their work field.)

P2:SS4
 138

(The problem of not attending, during Not attending during the test really
drug test would have positive result.) needs to be solved.

P2:SS5 FM14.
(There are lots of excuses for those Invalid reason that could make them
who are still doing on what they use get back to the bad habit.
to do that’s why they were caught
again, that’s the problem.) FM15.

P2:SS6
(Keep on convincing them to clear Convincing them to continue
their name because if not they will improving themselves.
the automatically be arrested
knowing that they were already have FM16.
a record as surrenderer.)

P2:SS7
(You have that dedication and Dedicate to help the surrenderers
looking forward doing it for them as voluntarily.
this is a voluntary act of an
interventionist.) FM17.

P3:SS1
(With a positive viewpoint we freely Supporting others through sharing
share our time with them. I shared time, talent, and treasure.
them my three T’s: time, talent and
treasure.) FM18.

P3:SS2
(There are times you feel tired. Your An exhaustion due to poor time
time conflicts with theirs. You must management.
prioritize them for this is their
session.) FM19.

P3:SS3
(This is really a sacrifice along with Requires a lot of sacrifices and
their tolerance with those negative patience.
comments for it is not easy for them
to participate and finish it. Sometimes FM20.
it feels like you’re nurturing a child.)

P3:SS4
(They don’t always follow with us Lack of determination to participate.
causing to drop out. They don’t
adhere to the goal and purpose of FM21.
this program.)
 139

P3:SS5
(It’s nice for them to have program Giving of assistance to those in
like this which offers TESDA
education, aids from NGO’s and need. FM22.
other aftercare program such us
entrepreneurship on small or local
business to help those who are
unemployed.)

P3:SS6
(With their physical fitness, they Improvement of physical
already gain weight, they look appearance.
healthier than before. They’re like
attending in school so of course FM23.
they’ll change and take a bath then
their appearances would look good.)

P3:SS7
(Their perspective in life change for Develop positive outlook in life.
the better now that they’re in the right
path.) FM24.

P3:SS8
(I can deal with different cases from Adaptability and flexibility in handling
youngest to oldest then I got used to drug surrenderers.
speaking and counselling.)
FM25.
P3:SS9
(They deserve financial support Presence of financial support and
because they also have families and aftercare programs.
they’re unemployed, that is why they
were given aftercare like TESDA FM26.
education and gave them what they
need so that they will not going back
from using drugs and build their
confidence. No more drugs for that
are harmful.)

P3:SS10
(In the city, they are monitored Keeping on track with the programs.
always but we focus on the programs
because it also monitored.) FM27.

P3:SS11
 140

(With my first experience, we felt Happiness was achieved for

happy when they are all negative following the programs.
from drug test, we shared with them
the happiness. So, it was our FM28.
experience that we are also happy
that they seemed to follow our
programs.)

P4:SS1
(The negatives are that there are Unwillingness to be involved in the
others making excuses and it seems programs.
that they don’t want to participate,
they were just forced in doing it FM29.
because of their record in the PNP.)

P4:SS2
(As far as I know, their relationship Improvement of family well-being.
with family is stable and harmonious.
FM30.
P4:SS3
(In terms of physical appearance, Positive transformation of physical
there are many changes as long as appearance.
they’re done participating the MIOP,
they are definitely changed.) FM31.

P4:SS4
(The biggest impact would be the Good behavior is attained.
behavior that are change for the
better.) FM32.

P4:SS5
(As I have noticed, the problem with Long period of time of the programs
these programs during the first affects the performance of
implementation only is that it takes a surrenderers.
long time to finish the program and
others could not bear the long FM33.
duration.)

P4:SS6
(What can I only suggest ma’am is The surrenderers are the pivot of the
that to really focused on the programs.
surrenderers always.)
FM34.
P4:SS7
 141

(They shouldn’t hold the programs too Reduce the length of time of the
long so all can last and finish.) programs.

P4:SS8 FM35.

(Well, positive experiences, we’re Good relationship with drug

jamming with drug dependent dependent surrenderees.
surrenderees. They also listen to
what I say or tackle about the FM36.
program or we’re having a heart-to-
heart talk.)

P5:SS1

(One of the positives is that they A desire to clean up their names as

were eager to finish the MIOP, so drug surrenderees in the barangay.
that they can clean up their names as
drug surrenderees here in the FM37.
barangay.)

P5:SS2

(One of the negatives is that they Difficulties in dealing with their

can’t control their own emotions, so emotions and lack of commitment
there is a time when while they are while undergoing MIOP.
undergoing MIOP they should be
committed but they also told us for FM38.
they did a random surprise drug test.)

P5:SS3

(Then, among the youths that I Friends are one of the factors that
handled as drug dependent persons, influence youth from using drugs.
there were also positive, but they
also admitted that they were able to FM39.
use them because there was a
birthday party and one of the
acquaintances brought that thing.)

P5:SS4

(So, for the drug dependents who Life has changed and work chances
have undergone MIOP, we have developed.
seen that they have changed, from
unemployed, then undergo a MIOP, FM40.
 142

they have now changed, looking for

job, have chances to work.)

P5:SS5

(Then there are testimonies that Lives are in progress, bond with
because they stopped using illicit their families grew stronger and self-
drugs and did undergo MIOP, their development changes.
lives went well, their relationship with
their family was strengthened and FM41.
they were really changed as a
person.)
P5:SS6

(In the outlook, we can’t say dirty, it’s Life prospects have improved and
just, they can now dress well and positive outlook in life develop.
their prospect in their life has
changed, their outlook in life turns FM42.
into positive.)

P5:SS7

(Well, the drug surrenderees have Lives went well and job opportunities
changed, they are trying to find jobs, have arisen due to MIOP.
they are given second chances,
some give third chances because FM43.
they did undergo MIOP then quit, we
went to them, we sent them back to
finish, then now there are other drug
dependents who are boarded a ship
and had become seaman.)

P5:SS8

(Actually, it changed my way of Perspective on people shifted.

seeing a person. Because before, I
admit that as long as a person is a FM44.
drug dependent, I think he is not a
good person, it is what I see
especially in the daily news of
Interventionist, I saw it like this.)

P5:SS9
 143

(Not all of them have bad personality, Fall into vices due to friends and
they just get into vice because they family pressure and curiosity.
are influenced by friends, family
pressure, or just want to try.) FM45.

P5:SS10

(My outlook in life has changed, that I Assisting drug surrenderers to a

was blessed, in being blessed, I must better life.
help them to be blessed too. And
they will be on the right path in life FM46.
which will be a good influence on
them.)

P5:SS11
(Well, one of those is that being Some are hard-headed and not
stubborn. Sometimes others ask for participating.
price, even if it’s for themselves.)
FM47.
P5:SS12

(Suggestion maybe in regard to this, Educate youth against illicit drugs at

we should teach our youth that they school and at home.
should not engage in this prohibited
drug right there at school. It should FM48.
begin in school and home.)

P5:SS13

(For negative, there are others who Less commitment in participating.

did not participate and are stubborn.) FM50.

P6:SS1

(But so far as of now, you will really Ignoring people and refusing help to
get to know those drug addicts, we stop from vices.
can also say that they are also
pushers because they will just ignore FM51.
you. They would really ignore you
because they probably think that they
don’t want to give up that habit.)

P6:SS2
 144

(In their physical, we can see that Physical appearance changed.

they have changed. Face is
cleansed, beard and mustache are FM52.
gone.)

P6:SS3

(They are already making friends, Good interpersonal communication.

when you approach them, they will
respond.) FM53.

P6:SS4

(In their family, we heard some Lives have improved than before
feedbacks from their wife, son, who are always sleeping and leaving
mother, father that their son has home.
changed. They also notice the
changes in what they do at home FM54.
compared before when it had not yet
entered MIOP who are always
sleeping or wandering around that
they do not know where it goes. But
now, some of them have really
changed.)

P6:SS5

(Usually in families, they will testify Family is a great factor in preventing

that family can’t be replaced by vices. vices.
Because if we will continue to indulge
in vices, our family will be destroyed.) FM55.

P6:SS6

(It really changes them and brought Manner of thinking and spirituality
them back to sanity. Even in their has been changed.
spirituality, they returned to church
especially if the speaker of the FM56.
session is a priest. They really
realized things.)

P6:SS7

Being careful to avoid harm.

 145

(At first, especially if you don’t know

the PWDs yet, it looks like you need FM57.
to be careful.)

P6:SS8

(It looks like you need to study their Knowing drug surrenderers behavior
behavior. You really need to study for harmonious relationship.
that; you don’t just speak all of a
sudden. If they are naughty, be
playful to them too. You just must go FM58.
with the flow with their behavior.)

P6:SS9

(It’s useless because those PWUDs High government officials became

we talked to and entered MIOP, drug surrenderers’ protectors,
instead of becoming normal, because causing them to revert to drug use.
of the hindrances in society and the
problems that exist, if someone FM59.
approached him to come back, he
will definitely come back especially if
the one who will approach him is a
high government official.)

P6:SS10

(So far, it’s good even though being Positive Contributions of the
an interventionist is not easy Interventionist
because you need to apply a lot of
things to those persons using drugs FM60.
because their thinking is not normal).

P7:SS1

(They are not easy to approach. As Good communication between the

an interventionist we will try our best interventionist and the drug
to apply the things that we learned surrenderers
during our seminars, it needs proper
approach to them.) FM61.

P7:SS2

Motivating the surrenderers

 146

(You don’t need to drag them down,

human as we are you need to tap FM62.
with them because it’s not easy for
them to go back.)

P7:SS3

(Ah negative, I mean there are some Negative Behaviors of the

who are not willing to attend, they are Surrenderers
just making arguments.)
FM63.
P7:SS4

(Maybe they don’t realize, or they Negative Mentality of the

can’t accept that they are still on that Surrenderers
vice, maybe they are insulted, maybe
they cannot leave that vice, it’s very FM64.
tired.)

P7:SS5

(Most of them are thankful that they Thankful of MIOP.

attended the MIOP because before
they are tempted to engage in
drugs.) FM65.

P7:SS6

(Maybe they are tempted to use MIOP is a bridge to surrenderers

drugs, after they attend MIOP class awareness
or a program from the government
they are now careful because of FM66.
random-drug test, maybe they are
fear of it.)

P7:SS7

(Yes, there are a lot of big changes, Surrenderers able to adopt the
but we don’t know the situation after positive behaviors during MIOP
they will go back their outside world, class
but they are very good and
hospitable in their MIOP class.) FM67.

P7:SS8
 147

(They are enlightened not to use Enlightenment is the main goal of

drugs, not to engage in drugs, that’s the interventionist
our main goal.)
FM68.
P7:SS9

(I am very happy that I was one of Positive Contribution of an

the interventionists because I was Interventionist
able to enlighten people who are not
in good path.) FM69.

P7:SS10

(I was very glad that I was one of the Applying the things that the
interventionists to attend a seminar interventionist learned for the
about drugs, as a barangay official benefits of the society.
this has a big contribution for me to
apply in the community. FM70.

P7:SS11

(None so far, they were able to follow Surrenderers able to obey

our instructions.) instructions.

P7:SS12 FM71.

(The government must continue their The advocacy of the government

program in order for the youth to must be strengthened in order for
refrain in engaging to their peers or the youth to refrain in using drugs
gangs because this is one of the
reasons for the youth to engage in FM72.
using drugs.)

P7:SS13
(I encouraged the drug surrenderers Encouragement of interventionists
to stop their vices and attend the help the drug surrenderers to control
MIOP.) their vices and attend.
 148

FM73.
P8:SS1
(During the first batch, there were six There were only a few who
who almost graduated.) participated.

P8:SS2
FM74.
(I forced them to attend classes, every Interventionists had to motivate
session.) them to attend sessions.

P8:SS3 FM75.
(I visit them every weekend even if Constant visits were conducted.
they are part of the watchlist.)

P8:SS4 FM76.
(We follow the DOH’s protocols. We Interventionists followed the DOH,
also abide by the DILG, PNP, and DILG and PNP’s guidelines in the
what we have in our Barangay implementation of the MIOP. It
depending on what approach we will varies from one person to another.
be using for that certain person.)
FM77.
P8:SS5
(We give them chance; we give them Chances were given to make sure
ultimatum. We made this program to the program would educate the drug
educate and to cure the drug addicts. surrenderers.
We give them encouragement.)

P8:SS6 FM78.
(It is indeed a big change that the The biggest impact is their faith has
person talks about religion and that been strengthened.
he/she believes in the Lord.)

P8:SS7 FM79.
(When I see the person lonely, I The surrenderer opens up when
come up to them and ask them why asked.
they are lonely. They respond the
reasons why and tell me their
problems.)
FM80.
P8:SS8
Their children believe me when I talk Surrenders believe the
to them than their parents. interventionists more.
 149

P8:SS9 FM81.
(Our government lacks opportunities The government lacks livelihood
like giving them livelihood that would opportunities.
solve the problem in the long run and
eradicate their vices.)
FM82.
P8:SS10
(Our government has great lapses; The government did not focus on
they do not focus on creating creating sustainable solutions.
sustainable solutions for the long
run.) FM83.

P8:SS11
(It’s good that we give them private Surrenderers should be given their
small businesses, building perhaps, own small businesses.
or eatery, something appropriate for
them.) FM84.

P8:SS12
(Every Sunday, oh, Saturday, us, Every weekend, interventionists
interventionists, conducts seminars conduct seminars.
for them to change.)
FM85.
P9:SS1
(For me, since we are discussing Interventionists are given a guide
about it, I conduct seminars as an and discuss it with the drug
interventionist, our procedure is that surrenderers.
what we have, we read it and discuss
it with them.) FM86.

P9:SS2
(We have, we follow the guidelines of The guidelines are standard from
the city.) the city.

P9:SS3 FM87.
(We send them a text message; this Interventionists sends a message
is just one. After texting them, we go and goes to the house of the
to them.) surrenderers to check.

P9:SS4 FM88.
(We go to their house, because I pity Interventionists feel bad if they won’t
them if they will go back to their bad change and go back to their old
habits, and they have a family to habits.
feed.)
 150

FM89.
P9:SS5
(Now, that we are still in the The pandemic decreased the
pandemic, drugs are not rampant, number of drug users.
and they gained weight.)
FM90.
P9:SS6
(I saw how persevering they are to Drug surrenders are willing to work.
work.)
FM91.
P9:SS7
(Even before they surrendered, they Drug surrenderers already stopped
already changed, but they even before they surrendered.
surrendered because they are part of
the PNP’s list.) FM92.

P9:SS8
(We noticed that on their side, they The sense of community has been
are okay, at least they now have their imparted to the drug surrenderers.
sense of community.)
FM93.
P9:SS9
(There’s none. It seems the same. At The interventionists and surrenders
least I shared about myself, and they both shared their experiences with
shared too. As long as, they have each other.
shared with me, and vice-versa.)
FM94.
P9:SS10
(For now, the program of the MIOP Three barangays joined forces and
has changed because Poblacion I, II, merged for the implementation of
and III have been merged and MIOP.
united.)
FM95.
P9:SS11
(It seems different than before, when There was a gap that led to
it was done per barangay, there was surrenderers feeling embarrassed.
a gap because maybe they felt
embarrassed, and they don’t attend, FM96.
somewhat like that.)

P9:SS12

(If they will be hardheaded upon Strict but in legal and lawful way of
attending the MIOP, we will send a abiding the rehabilitation process.
 151

letter to request the PNP and PDEA

for "Tokhang" or "Toktok-Hangyo” FM97.
and request the authorities to join us
and help us to persuade them, so
that they will not say that we are not
following rules, there should be police
officers who will explain our law.)

P10:SS1

(So, because of the Oplan Tokhang Perfect attendance to delete their

we did, they were encouraged to names in the list as drug
attend the MIOP for the reason that surrenderers as they desire.
they want to delete their names in the
list. Our surrenderers, drug user or FM98.
person who use drugs are in-list in
the PNP with the same list in PDEA,
CEDEC and the barangay. Now, their
names will not be deleted if they don't
graduate in MIOP, as we explained to
them so that they are necessary to
attend the MIOP.)

P10:SS2

(Negative? The hardest thing of It is difficult to make a report because

being an MIOP interventionist is there are numerous technicalities.
making records, I repeated multiple
times in making my report to submit FM99.
to CEDEC. I think I repeated my
report five times because of the
corrections since it is not easy to
make a report of
100 people, more than a hundred
rather since you will include in the
report those who did not finish as
long as he/she is listed as person
who use drugs. Either finish or not
finish, include those persons in the
report making it hard to record
meeting.)

P10:SS3
 152

(Commonly, drug users always have Drug use causes disorientation in the
family problems, fight with family family and defective physical outlook.
members and always in chaos
because of anger but now, it is in FM100.
order. The bad situation is improved
now since instead of using their
money to buy drugs they will spent
their income for their family making
the wife happy. Then, they gain
weight also and looks handsome
now.)

P10:SS4

(Of course, there are changes not Drug usage triggers bad personality
unlike the times when they are still and unpeaceful state of mind.
users that they look so bad. First of
all, their personalities, if you're an FM101.
addict then your personality is prone
to anger, fast to be angry, smelly and
hard to understand. So, they know
the reality since it is included in the
lecture.)

P10:SS5

(When your mind depends on drugs Strong pleasures to use drugs affects
then it will be affected. It is really not the intellectual capacity of a person.
good being dependent on drugs that
you don’t take care of yourself FM102.
anymore since you focus only upon
buying drugs. So, those are the
changes to them.)

P10:SS6

(Of course, they improve into being a Transforming someone from

good citizen, whenever there are uncooperative to someone
activities in the barangay they will cooperative in barangay activities.
cooperate and attend. They feel guilt
when they cannot comply to the task FM103.
given by the Barangay so they will
 153

approach me and ask me how to do

it, especially when they absent they
will ask me about it like those 5 who
did not graduate they feel sad.)

P10:SS7

(Councilor it’s not possible anymore? Motherly care for the drug
Like I feel like mother advising them surrenderers.
about the question; What can I do
now? Don't worry because by next FM104.
batch after the 3rd batch you will be
included in the graduation if you will
be drug tested, it will make them
happy.)

P10:SS8

(In my life I became busier. The most Life of an interventionist is not easy;
induced job of a councilor is being an it requires constant effort.
interventionist because making
reports are very complicated since FM105.
you will repeat it upon putting
names.)

P10:SS9

(Our problem, no occupation, our Continuous help after graduation

target is the problem no occupation through job opportunities.
after graduation. In moving up there
are trainings, right? Job trainings that FM106.
our graduate will find an income
because it's not that easy.)

P10:SS10

(We will refer them, actually there will Continuous inspection of

still drug tests to check if they rehabilitation graduates.
continuously stopping in using
drugs.) FM107.

P10:SS11

Change the perception that drug

evidence is destroyed not recycled.
 154

(What can I suggest is that once

there is an arrested/confiscated FM108.
drugs they will dispose it
immediately. To avoid anomalies
once there are drug arrested in small
or in large quantity, they should
dispose it immediately because of
course we need evidence as needed
in case but sometimes we can also
ask why drugs are not exhausted?
For how many times did arresting
happened but why it is not
exhausted?)

P10:SS12

Face to face interaction with

(Okay, so the positive side, it is nice different surrenderers to know why
to undergo, I mean to handle this they entered such life.
rehabilitation program for we can see
our drug surrenderers every Sunday FM109.
since we must see each other every
Sunday, we can feel them why they
enter those things, the starting, their
reason, then we can also feel them
the way how to help them, to guide
them away from their vice l, possibly
to end their use of illegal drugs. The
positive side, it is really nice to feel
when you can help them, to help
themselves also to change to forget
their vice.)

P11:SS1

(So, the negative experiences of us Ignoring the call of the barangay and
so far, usually, we have problems on the activities and not giving value of
those hardheaded surrenderers, the efforts of the interventionist.
those always absent, those who don't
answer the calling of the barangay no FM110.
matter what we do in doing
"Tokhang", visiting them in their
house and any kind of ways but still
not going
 155

here. There are also others going

here but they are not in focus.)

P11:SS2

(Okay, so first three, this is the very Life status lifted and freedom to find
obvious that when you graduate in decent jobs are granted.
the rehabilitation program you can
work a decent job, so, you can apply FM111.
anywhere since you can get your
requirements faster, you can now get
a barangay clearance and police
clearance.)

P11:SS3

(Their physical, quite fat, became Physical appearance improves and

healthy, will glow, their facial looks develops.
will change, or they will look blooming
than the times when they are still FM112.
addicts to their vice. So, we can see
it in their physical aspect of the
person and at the same time there is
also affect in their psychological and
emotional behavior.)

P11:SS4

(Our surrenderers, we have Teaching surrenderers how to

testimonies about their changes to handle their emotions.
their past, so there are a lot who can't
control their anger during the FM113.
addiction period but at the end of our
rehabilitation program they were able
to control, and they learn.)

P11:SS5
 156

(Those what we call my laps Strong advocacy not to return being

justification wherein they already an addict and better decision making.
know how to avoid getting back to
their vice, so they will strive with FM114.
effort not to be tempted so easily
getting back to their vice and those
things have changes on their outlook
or view of their lives to be more
positive, having more opportunities
and being family oriented in their
homes. Okay.)

P11:SS6

(Through our intervention we help After graduation, numbers of better

them, we let them pass our opportunities are in their hands.
rehabilitation program, we encourage
them to finish for usually some are FM115.
years, some are months until
graduation, so we did really help
them after graduation for they see
new opportunities, opportunities were
open for them, they are accepted
wherever they want to work, in that
way they were given clear income for
their families.)

P11:SS7

(There's a big difference to me in a Patience is the general value of

way that it teaches us how to handling surrenderers.
understand the person, how to
understand the person, how to FM116.
control patience to the person since
we, being interventionist, we handle
different people.)

P11:SS8

Change can only be acquired if

(Participants itself because we oneself is willing to do so.
cannot force them, some will say they
will come, they will attend but at the FM117.
start
 157

you will not see them through how

many times to ask them, but they
don't, I pity them but that’s it.)

P11:SS9

(So, in our views, to solve it is in Rehabilitation program must be a

themselves, to solve in them that give and take process between
they don't attend but in our part we surrenderers and interventionist.
are in the disadvantage because we
pity them if they don't attend, they are FM118.
still humans, we are very strict in
implementing the laws, we are strict
in implementing the programs,
activities given by the national, city or
local. Those what we do here in our
barangay that it gives us problem.)

P11:SS10
(The government's program was Governments program was
positive some of them obey and stop effective.
using drugs.)
FM119.
P12:SS1
(Some of them are still playing and An act of disobeying.
didn’t cooperate.)
FM120.
P12:SS2
(Her husband before was a tricycle Financial support for family.
driver but he didn't give money but
now he is supporting his family.) FM121.

P12:SS3
(One said that her husband became Devoutly religious and faithful
devoutly religious.)
FM122.
P12:SS4
(I'm a little busy) Difficult managing time.

P12:SS5 FM123.
(They escaped because they were Evade due to fear.
afraid.)
 158

FM124.
P12:SS6
 159

APPENDIX F2
Development of Cluster Theme
FORMULATED MEANINGS CLUSTER THEMES
Cooperation with barangay officials is Interconnective Relationship
necessary.

FM1.
Sharing of all the things that could
help drug users.

FM6.
Supporting others through sharing
time, talent, and treasure.

FM1.
Adaptability and flexibility in handling
drug surrenderers.

FM25.
Good relationship with drug
dependent surrenderers.

FM36.
Good interpersonal communication.

FM53.
Good communication between the
interventionist and the drug
surrenderers

FM61.
The surrenderer opens up when
asked.

FM80.
Surrenders believe the
interventionists more.

FM81.
The interventionists and surrenders
both shared their experiences with
each other.
 160

FM94.
Face to face interaction with different
surrenderers to know why they
entered such life.

FM109.
Knowing drug surrenderers behavior
for harmonious relationship.

FM58.
Motherly care for the drug
surrenderers.

FM104.
There was a gap that led to Provokable Obstruction
surrenderers feeling embarrassed.

FM96.
Drug use causes disorientation in the
family and defective physical outlook.

FM100.
Drug usage triggers bad personality
and unpeaceful state of mind.

FM101.
Negativity due to not being supported. Pessimistic Outcomes

FM2.
Financial problem that could inhibit
the process doing the intervention.

FM7.
Not attending during the test really
needs to be solved.

FM14.
Invalid reason that could make them
get back to the bad habit.

FM15.
 161

An exhaustion due to poor time

management.

FM19.
Lack of determination to participate.

FM21.
Unwillingness to be involved in the
programs.

FM29.
Long period of time of the programs
affects the performance of
surrenderers.

FM33.
Difficulties in dealing with their
emotions and lack of commitment
while undergoing MIOP.

FM38.
Some are hard-headed and not
participating.

FM47.
Less commitment in participating.

FM50.
Ignoring people and refusing help to
stop from vices.

FM51.
Negative Behaviors of the
Surrenderers

FM63.
Negative Mentality of the
Surrenderers

FM64.
There were only a few who
participated.
 162

FM74.
Interventionists feel bad if they won’t
change and go back to their old
habits.

FM89.
It is difficult to make a report because
there are numerous technicalities.

FM99.
Ignoring the call of the barangay and
the activities and not giving value of
the efforts of the interventionist.

FM110.
An act of disobeying.

FM120.
Difficult managing time

FM123.
Evade due to fear.

FM124.
Lack of motivation to attend and Factors Contributing Illegal Drug Use
participate.

FM11.
Friends are one of the factors that
influence youth from using drugs.

FM39.
Fall into vices due to friends and
family pressure and curiosity.

FM45.
Strong pleasures to use drugs affects
the intellectual capacity of a person.

FM102.
Lives went well and job opportunities Importance of MIOP
have arisen due to MIOP.

FM43.
 163

Lives have improved than before

who are always sleeping and leaving
home.

FM54.
Thankful of MIOP.

FM65.
MIOP is a bridge to surrenderers
awareness

FM66.
Surrenderers able to adopt the
positive behaviors during MIOP class

FM67.
Interventionists followed the DOH,
DILG and PNP’s guidelines in the
implementation of the MIOP. It varies
from one person to another.

FM77.
Three barangays joined forces and
merged for the implementation of
MIOP.

FM95.
Change can only be acquired if Transformative Perspective
oneself is willing to do so.

FM117.

Life of an interventionist is not easy; it

requires constant effort.

FM105.
Change the perception that drug
evidence is destroyed not recycled.

FM108.
Positive response to the intervention Optimistic Aftermath
done.

FM3.
 164

Good feedback from the attendees.

FM5.
Develop positive outlook in life.

FM24.
Happiness was achieved for following
the programs.

FM28.
Good behavior is attained.

FM32.
Lives are in progress, bond with their
families grew stronger and self-
development changes.

FM41.
Perspective on people shifted.

FM44.

Positive Contributions of the

Interventionist

FM60.
Positive Contribution of an
Interventionist

FM69.
The sense of community has been
imparted to the drug surrenderers.

FM93.
Transforming someone from
uncooperative to someone
cooperative in barangay activities.

FM103.
Improvement in the physical aspect. Outer Impression

FM13.
Improvement of physical appearance.
 165

FM23.
Positive transformation of physical
appearance.

FM31.
Physical appearance changed.

FM52.
Physical appearance improves and
develops.

FM112.
Participation is really needed. Significance of Participation

FM10.
Fostering good relationship within the Family Ties
family and others.

FM12.
Improvement of family well-being.

FM30.
Family is a great factor in preventing
vices.

FM55.
Giving of assistance to those in need. Livelihood Subsistence

FM22.
Presence of financial support and
aftercare programs.

FM26.
Life has changed and work chances
developed.

FM40.
Surrenderers should be given their
own small businesses.

FM84.
Surrenderers should be given their
own small businesses.
 166

FM84.
Continuous help after graduation
through job opportunities.

FM106.
Life status lifted and freedom to find
decent jobs are granted.

FM111.
After graduation, numbers of better
opportunities are in their hands.

FM115.
Financial support for family.

FM121.
Enlightenment is the main goal of the Divine Providence
interventionist

FM68.
The biggest impact is their faith has
been strengthened.

FM79.
Devoutly religious and faithful

FM122.
Keeping on track with the programs. Conformity of Rules

FM27.
The surrenderers are the pivot of the
programs.

FM34.
Surrenderers able to obey
instructions.

FM71.
The guidelines are standard from the
city.

FM87.
Strict but in legal and lawful way of
abiding the rehabilitation process.
 167

FM97.
Governments program was effective.

FM119.
Consistent checking of drug Verification of Improvement
surrenderers.

FM4.
Assisting drug surrenderers to a
better life.

FM46.
Constant visits were conducted.

FM76.
Interventionists sends a message
and goes to the house of the
surrenderers to check.

FM88.
Continuous inspection of
rehabilitation graduates.

FM107.
Educate youth against illicit drugs at Power of Education
school and at home.

FM48.
Strong educational foundation will
help to keep youth away from vices.

FM49.
Applying the things that the
interventionist learned for the
benefits of the society.

FM70.
Chances were given to make sure
the program would educate the drug
surrenderers.
 168

FM78.
Every weekend, interventionists
conduct seminars.

FM85.
Interventionists are given a guide
and discuss it with the drug
surrenderers.

FM86.
Teaching surrenderers how to handle
their emotions.

FM113.

Motivate more the concern Affirmative Invigoration

individuals.

FM8.
Motivating the surrenderers

FM62.
Encouragement of interventionists
help the drug surrenderers to control
their vices and attend.

FM73.
Interventionists had to motivate them
to attend sessions.

FM75.
Teaching surrenderers how to handle Well-being Prosperity
their emotions.

FM113.
Patience is the general value of
handling surrenderers.

FM116.
Requires a lot of sacrifices and
patience.

FM20.
 169

Create activities where they can Propound Solutions

enjoy.

FM9.
Convincing them to continue
improving themselves.

FM16.
Dedicate to help the surrenderers
voluntarily.

FM17.
Reduce the length of time of the
programs.

FM35.
Being careful to avoid harm.

FM57.
The advocacy of the government
must be strengthened in order for the
youth to refrain in using drugs.

FM72.
Strong advocacy not to return being
an addict and better decision making.

FM114.
Rehabilitation program must be a
give and take process between
surrenderers and interventionist.

FM118.
The government lacks livelihood Administration Oversight
opportunities.

FM82.
The government did not focus on
creating sustainable solutions.

FM83.
 170

High government officials became

drug surrenderers’ protectors,
causing them to revert to drug use.

FM59.
The pandemic decreased the Depletion of Cases
number of drug users.

FM90.
Drug surrenderers already stopped
even before they surrendered.

FM92.
A desire to clean up their names as List Eradication
drug surrenderers in the barangay.

FM37.
Perfect attendance to delete their
names in the list as drug
surrenderers as they desire.

FM98.
 171

APPENDIX G
Diagram of Common Themes
Interconnective Relationship Inter alia, inter alios (Among

Family Ties other things or between other

Divine Providence persons.)

Livelihood Subsistence Docendo discimus (By teaching,

Power of Education we learn.)

Propound Solutions

Conformity of Rules

Provokable Obstruction In absentia lucis, Tenebrae vincunt (In

Pessimistic Outcomes the absence of light, darkness

Factors Contributing Illegal Drug Use prevails.)

Administration Oversight Respice finem (Consider the end.)

Depletion Of Cases

List Eradication

Importance of MIOP Sapere aude (Dare to know.)

Significance of Participation

Optimistic Aftermath

Outer Impression Acta non verba (Deeds, not words.)

Transformative Perspective

Verification of Improvement
 172

Affirmative Invigoration Ad Meliora (Towards better things.)

Well-being Prosperity
 173

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background
Name : Jackilou E. Campeceño
Age : 20
Place of Birth : Danicop, Sierra Bullones,
Bohol
Date of Birth : March 20, 2000
Residence : Danicop, Sierra Bullones,
Bohol
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Parents : Antonio R. Campeceño
(+) Loyola E. Campeceño

Siblings : Niña Annalou E.

Campeceño Mar Lou E.
Campeceño Mary Joy E.
Campeceño

Cell Phone No : 09153809898

Email Address : [email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary : University of Bohol

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Ma. Clara Street, Tagbilaran City
2018- present

Secondary : Dusita National High School

Dusita, Sierra Bullones, Bohol
2012-2018

Primary : Danicop Elementary School

Danicop Sierra Bullones Bohol
2006-2012

Seminars and Trainings : Reserve Officer Training Corps

Basic Orientation Seminar
 174

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background
Name : Merlita D. Gamba
Age : 21 years old
Place of Birth : Abachanan, Sierra Bullones,
Bohol
Date of Birth : March 07,1999
Residence : Abachanan, Sierra Bullones,
Bohol
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Parents : Moises Gamba Sr.
Remedios Gamba

Siblings : Liza Gamba

Moises Gamba Jr.
Analyn Gamba
Ariel Gamba
Joel Gamba
Jason Gamba
Jessa Gamba
Jover Gamba
Emerson Gamba

Cell Phone No. : 09569983934

Email Address : [email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary : University of Bohol

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Ma. Clara Street, Tagbilaran City
2018-2022

Secondary : Dusita National High School

Dusita, Sierra Bullones, Bohol
2012-2018

Primary : Abachanan Elementary School

Abachanan, Sierra Bullones, Bohol
2006-2012

Seminars and Trainings : Basic Orientation Semin

 175

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background
Name : Adrian A. Josol
Age : 21 yrs. old
Place of Birth : Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines
Date of Birth : October 22, 1999
Residence : Purok10, Tabalong, Dauis, Bohol
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Parents : Joel B. Josol
renea A. Josol
Siblings : Stella Mae A. Josol
Stephen A. Josol

Cell Phone No. : 09352156163

Email Address : [email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary : University of Bohol

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Dr. Cecilio Putong Street, Tagbilaran City
2018-Present

Secondary : University of Bohol (Senior High)

Dr. Cecilio Putong Street, Tagbilaran City
2016-2018

Tabalong National High School (Junior High)

Tabalong, Dauis, Bohol
2012-2016
Primary : City East Elementary School
Miguel Parras Extension Street, Tagbilaran City
2006-2012

Seminars and Trainings : UB LEADS 2020

University of Bohol Leaders Congress 2021
 176

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background
Name : Donna May Olaer
Age : 20
Place of Birth : Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Date of Birth : May 7, 2000
Residence : 0066 S Matig-a Street, Brgy.

Poblacion III, Tagbilaran City,

Bohol
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Parents : Aeprilyn Marie G. Olaer
Siblings : Sheena Marie Olaer
Cell Phone No. : 09208871070
Email Address : [email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary : University of Bohol

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Ma. Clara Street, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
(2018-Present)

Secondary : University of Bohol

Senior High School
Ma. Clara Street, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
(2016-2018)

Primary : Holy Name University

J.A. Clarin Street, Tagbilaran City Bohol
(2011-2012)

Seminars and Trainings :

November 20, 21 & 28, 2020 : 12th Interactive Youth Forum

Zoom

November 17-18, 2019 : 2nd FACCI National Convention

Criminological Research for Sustainable
Development
Grand Men Seng Hotel, Davao City
 177

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background
Name : Marianie Alulino Pagaran
Age : 22
Place of Birth : Abachanan, Sierra Bullones,
Bohol
Date of Birth : March 03, 1999
Residence : Abachanan, Sierra Bullomes,
Bohol
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Parents : Joventino M. Pagaran Sr.
Gerorgina A. Pagaran
Siblings : Marjorie A. Pagaran
Benjie A. Pagaran
Bernadette A. Pagaran
Joventino A. Pagaran Jr.
Cell Phone No. : 0995-152-4536

Email Address : [email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary : University of Bohol

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Ma. Clara Street, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
2018 - Present

Secondary : Dusita National High School

Dusita, Sierra Bullones, Bohol
2012 – 2018

Primary : Abachanan Elementary School

Abachanan, Sierra Bullones, Bohol
2006 – 2012

Seminars and Trainings : 80 Hours of Work Immersion at LGU Sierra

Bullones Pob. Sierra Bullones, Bohol
 178

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background
Name : Rogelio S. Renoblas Jr.
Age : 21
Place of Birth : Poblacion Antequera, Bohol
Date of Birth : April 6, 2000
Residence : Rizal St. Purok 2 Poblacion
Antequera, Bohol
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Parents : Rogelio T. Renoblas Sr.
Erlinda S. Renoblas
Siblings : Roselle S. Renoblas
Rosemarie S. Renoblas

Cell Phone No. : 09166212695

Email Address : [email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary : University of Bohol

Bachelor of Science Major in Criminilogy
Ma. Clara St. Tagbilaran City
2018-2022

Secondary : Christ the King Academy

Humanities and Social Sciences
Poblacion Antequera, Bohol
2012-2018

Primary : Antequera Central Elementary School

Poblacion Antequera, Bohol
2006-2012

Seminars and Trainings : Parish Youth Ministry Coordinators Training

 179

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Background
Name : Ana Mae Olaer Seroje
Age : 20
Place of Birth : Guindulman, Bohol
Date of Birth : July 23, 2000
Residence : Guio-ang, Guindulman, Bohol
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Parents : Arlene O. Seroje
Alejandro T. Seroje

Siblings : Keane O. Seroje

Cell Phone No. : 09669438777

Email Address : [email protected]

Educational Background

Tertiary : UNIVERSITY OF BOHOL

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Maria Clara Street, Tagbilaran City,
2018-2022

Secondary : CANDIJAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Technical-Vocational-Livelihood
Information and Communication Technology
Tugas, Candijay, Bohol
2012-2018

Primary : GUIO-ANG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Guio-ang, Guindulman, Bohol
2006-2012

Seminars and Trainings : ROTC (2018-2019)

Mass Knot Tying (2019)
OLC-PYM Basic Orientation Seminar (2021)

Work Experience : ICT WORK IMMERSION (2018)

San Miguel Cable Inc.
Jagna, Bohol