process is responsible for the creation of these metamorphic

the term "weathering" refers to the process by which rocks are rocks is metamorphism
broken down into smaller particles due to physical, chemical,
or biological factors. weathering considered essential in the key distinction between the processes that formed these
preparing materials for other exogenic processes such as mountain ranges is one involves the movement of materials
erosion and deposition because weathering reduces the size from the earth's interior, while the other relies on surface-level
of rocks, enabling them to be more easily transported by forces.
agents like water, wind, and glaciers.
best describes the primary difference between plutonism and
rice terraces in banaue are an example of how human activity volcanism is plutonism is associated with intrusive igneous
interacts with exogenic processes. erosion affect these processes, while volcanism is linked to extrusive igneous
terraces if they are not properly maintained because processes.
soil is carried away by water runoff, making the terraces less
fertile and less stable. a group of geologists in the philippines is studying the rocks
near taal volcano. they found signs of contact metamorphism,
sequence of exogenic processes is most likely to occur in the where the surrounding rocks had been altered due to the heat
transformation of these volcanic islands from magma. the main driving force behind this process is the
weathering → erosion → deposition→ mass wasting interaction between molten lava and the surrounding rock

the interplay between weathering, erosion, and mass wasting the likely impact of these movements on the earth’s tectonic
contribute to the vulnerability of communities living near plates is the rising and sinking of material generates a steady
riverbanks is weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces, force that moves the tectonic plates across the earth’s surface.
erosion transports them, and mass wasting involves the
downhill movement of materials due to gravity. consider two regions one is actively experiencing tectonic
uplift, and the other is subject to constant erosion from wind
and water. the combined influence of these processes differ in
biological weathering living things ang may gawa terms of landscape evolution in the two regions is
chemical weathering nabago ang kulay at amoy in the tectonically active region, endogenic forces will create
mechanical weathering nasira lang pero hindi nag bago… new landforms, while in the eroded region, exogenic forces will
gradually wear down the surface.
chemical weathering contribute to the creation of soil by
breaking down rocks and minerals, releasing essential endogenic processes create the mountains, and exogenic
nutrients like potassium and calcium into the soil. processes slowly wear them down through weathering,
erosion, and biological activity.
the famous cliffs of dover in the united kingdom are composed
of chalk, a type of limestone. over time, acidic rainwater has the basalt with visible crystals cooled slowly below the surface,
caused the chalk to dissolve. the type of chemical weathering while the finer-grained basalt cooled rapidly at the surface.
is responsible for the dissolution of this rock is carbonation
christian, a geologist finds an igneous rock that cools and
biological weathering will likely dominate over time, leading to solidifies slowly within the earth’s crust typically exhibits a
faster rock breakdown due to increased root growth in the coarse-grained texture due to the large crystals that form over
region. time. conversely, an igneous rock that cools quickly at the
earth's surface has a different texture. the cooling rates of
in the deserts of the philippines, temperature fluctuations these rocks affect their crystal sizes and overall appearance is
cause rocks to expand and contract, leading to their physical slow cooling results in larger crystals, giving a coarse-grained
breakdown. the type of weathering is occurring in this scenario, texture, while rapid cooling results in smaller crystals, creating
and how does this process affect the overall stability of the a fine-grained or glassy texture.
landscape over time is mechanical weathering, this process
weakens rocks, causing them to break down into smaller you are conducting a geological survey of a volcanic region
particles, which are then carried away by wind, leading to soil and encounter two different igneous rock samples. sample a
erosion and changes in the landscape. has large visible crystals, while sample b has a fine-grained
texture, with crystals too small to see with the naked eye.
considering their cooling rates, the conclusion would be most
oxidation is a significant process in the chemical weathering of accurate for these samples is sample a cooled slowly, allowing
rocks, especially in environments with high iron content. for larger crystals, while sample b cooled quickly, preventing
oxidation contribute to the formation of soil and affect the long- large crystal formation.
term stability of a landscape because oxidation weakens the
minerals in rocks, leading to their easier transport by the rock exhibits distinct layering and alignment of minerals,
geomorphic agents, contributing to soil formation. known as foliation. you interpret the conditions under which
this rock formed, and what does this suggest about the
in regions with significant temperature fluctuations, such as the geologic history of the region is the rock likely formed under
deserts of north africa, rocks undergo physical weathering high pressure and temperature, with the foliation indicating that
through a process known as thermal expansion. the following the region underwent tectonic activity, such as continental
best describes thermal expansion as a form of physical collision or mountain building.
weathering is
rocks expand during the day due to heat and contract at night the philippines is part of the pacific ring of fire. this make the
when temperatures drop, causing them to crack and break country prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions because
apart. it sits on the boundaries of several tectonic plates.

in the zambales region, large deposits of ophiolite (rocks

formed from oceanic crust) are found in areas where tectonic terms refers to the zone where one tectonic plate is forced
plates have collided. the heat and pressure from this tectonic under another, often leading to volcanic and earthquake
collision lead to the formation of new rock types. endogenic activity is subduction zone
 shale, layer 3 contains volcanic ash, layer 4 shows faulting
during a major earthquake in mindanao, it was found that the caused by an earthquake, and layer 5 is sandstone. according
fault caused a lateral displacement with the opposite side to the principle of cross-cutting relationships, the correct order
shifting to the right. this fault caused by dextral fault of these layers from youngest to oldest is layer 4, layer 3, layer
2, layer 5, layer 1

in an anticline, the oldest rock layers are in the center, while in relative dating determines the fossil's sequence, while absolute
a syncline, the oldest layers are on the outer edges. dating provides a numerical timeline.

a geologist observes a mountain range where the rock layers the principle of cross-cutting relationships shows that the
are bent into an arch-like shape. however, at certain points, the basalt dike is younger than the sandstone but older than the
layers appear broken and displaced. the combination of conglomerate, as the conglomerate contains pebbles of the
processes likely formed this structure, and you can explain dike. the fault is the youngest feature because it cuts through
their interaction by folding created the arch-like shape, while all layers.
faulting caused the breaks and displacement.
a sedimentary sequence contains fossils of trilobites in the
japan is an island nation that sits on a subduction zone where lower layer, ammonites in the middle layer, and early flowering
one oceanic plate is being pushed beneath another. the plates plants in the upper layer. two granite intrusions, intrusion a and
are involved in this process, and the type of boundary is intrusion b, cut through this sequence. intrusion a cuts through
responsible for the volcanic activity that forms the islands is the lower and middle layers, while intrusion b cuts through all
philippine sea plate subducting beneath the pacific plate three layers. radiometric dating indicates intrusion a is 250
(oceanic-oceanic convergence) million years old, and intrusion b is 100 million years old. using
the law of cross-cutting relationships, you can be inferred
the collision between the indian plate and the eurasian plate about the ages of the layers and intrusions is the lower layer is
created the himalayan mountain range. a similar process is older than 250 million years, the middle layer is between 250
happening in the philippines due to tectonic movements and 100 million years, and the upper layer is younger than 100
between the philippine sea plate and the eurasian plate. this million years.
type of boundary lead to the uplift of mountain ranges, and
which areas in the philippines might be affected. as the plates fossils of trilobites, which went extinct around 250 million years
push toward each other, the land folds and buckles, forming ago, are found in sedimentary layers. based on their known
mountain ranges like the cordilleras in luzon. extinction time, part of the geologic time scale do these fossils
belong to paleozoic
residents of davao city are informed about the presence of the
central davao fault system. it is important for communities near the following eons represents the majority of earth’s history,
fault lines to know their location to plan urban development spanning from the formation of earth to about 541 million years
and reduce risks during earthquakes. ago is proterozoic eon

strike-slip fault – horizontal displacement, requiring early following represents the correct order of the major divisions of
warning systems and flexible infrastructure to absorb lateral geologic time, from largest to smallest is
shifts without catastrophic damage. eon → era → period → epoch

the sierra madre mountain range in luzon is an example of a the mesozoic era's dinosaurs were dominant, and the cenozoic
mountain range formed by the convergence of tectonic plates. era witnessed the rise of mammals that diversified into many
if you were explaining the formation of the sierra madre to a modern species.
group of students in nueva ecija, the process would you
describe as responsible for its creation is one tectonic plate the pleistocene epoch marks the beginning of significant
subducts beneath another, causing uplift and mountain human history, with early human species appearing and
formation. evolving during this time. the holocene epoch, which follows, is
the most recent epoch and is characterized by the
the geological feature is formed by the new crust is divergent development of modern civilizations and climate stabilization.
boundary; mid-ocean ridge
mas malalim ang layer ng bato mas matanda the quaternary period, following it, is famous for the first
example appearance of flowering plants (angiosperms) and the mass
layer 1 extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs at the end of the
layer 2 period. which statement accurately describes these periods
layer 3
layer 4
layer 4 pinaka matanda layer 1 pinaka bata…

during a road construction project in the visayas, layers of

limestone and sandstone were uncovered. the limestone layer
was found below the sandstone. based on the principle of
superposition, the layer is older is the limestone layer

a volcanic ash layer is found above a sedimentary rock layer

containing ammonite fossils. using radiometric dating,
scientists determine that the ash layer is 120 million years old.
you can infer about the age of the ammonite fossils is they are
older than 120 million years.

at a geological site in cebu, five layers of rock are uncovered.

layer 1 consists of ocean bed sediments, layer 2 is made of