How does the Earth’s Surface

looks like these?

 EARTH
MATERIALS AND
PROCESSES
Our planet is dynamic. It has been active since it
formed with the solar system. Geologic process
continuously shaped its surface which has been
operating in the earliest stage of the evolution of
the planet. The depth of our earth unlocks bigger
mysteries on how the planet shifts and moves
underneath. True enough, the beauty of geologic
process is not skin deep.
Two Major Geologic Processes

Exogenic Process

Endogenic Process
Exogenic Process
Exogenic processes include geological
phenomena and processes that originate
externally to the Earth's surface. They are
genetically related to the atmosphere,
hydrosphere and biosphere
DIFFERENT EXOGENIC PROCESSES

WEATHERING
EROSION ANDDEPOSITION
MASS WASTING
 WEATHERING
It is the process by which rocks on or near Earth’s
surface breaks down and change.

Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soils, and

minerals as well as wood and artificial materials
through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, water, and
biological organisms.
Two Types of Weathering

Mechanical and Chemical weathering are the

two processes that can wear down rocks and
minerals. Both types of weathering occur at the
same time on Earth’s landforms.
 TYPE DESCRIPTION

 
The process by which rocks and minerals break down into smaller pieces.
MECHANICAL It is also called physical weathering. It does not involve any change in a
WEATHERING rocks composition; it only changes the size and sometimes the shape of the
rock. Temperature and pressure are some factors that are involved in
mechanical weathering. The repeated thawing and freezing of water in the
cracks of rocks is called frost wedging.

 
It is the process by which rocks and minerals undergo changes in their
CHEMICAL composition as the result of chemical reaction. Significant agents of
WEATHERING chemical weathering include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and acids.
EROSION AND DEPOSITION
 Erosion is the process that transports Earth materials from one place to
another. A number of different agents transport weathered materials on
Earth.

 Running water in streams and rivers, glacier, wind and ocean currents
and waves all pick up and carry materials.

 Humans, plants and animals also play a role in the erosional process.

 Erosion can result from the loss of plant cover. The land becomes
barren as increasing amounts of soil are lost to wind and water
erosion.
 Gravity is associated with many erosional gents, because the force of
gravity tends to pull all materials down slop. Without gravity, glaciers
EROSION BY
would not move down slope and streams would not flow. Gravity is also
GRAVITY
an agent of mass movements such as landslide, mudflows and
avalanches.

Water erosion is the detachment and removal of soil material by water. The
process may be natural or accelerated by human activity. The rate of
erosion may be very slow to very rapid, depending on the soil, the local
landscape, and weather conditions. Water erosion wears away the earth’s
EROSION BY
surface. Sheet erosion is the more-or-less uniform removal of soil from the
RUNNING
surface. Rill and gully erosion occurs when concentrated runoff cuts
WATER
conspicuous channels into the soil. Deposition of the sediment removed by
erosion is likely in any area where the velocity of running water is reduced
—behind plants, litter, and rocks; in places where slope is reduced; or in
streams, lakes, and reservoirs.
 As glaciers spread out over the surface of the land, (grow), they can change the shape
GLACIEL of the land. They scrape away at the surface of the land, erode rock and sediment,
EROSION carry it from one place to another, and leave it somewhere else. Thus, glaciers cause
both erosional and depositional landforms.

Wind erosion is a natural process that moves soil from one location to another
by wind power. Wind erosion can be caused by a light wind that rolls soil particles along
WIND EROSION
the surface through to a strong wind that lifts a large volume of soil particles into the air to
create dust storms.

EROSION BY As plants and animals carry on their life processes, they move Earth’s surface materials
PLANTS, ANIMALS from one place to another. Burrowing, planting a garden, developing a field, building
AND HUMANS infrastructures, are some of the examples of human activities that affects erosion.
MASS WASTING
 Mass wasting, also known as slope movement or mass
movement, is the geomorphic process by which soil,
sand, regolith, and rock move downslope typically as a
solid, continuous or discontinuous mass, largely under
the force of gravity, frequently with characteristics of a
flow as in debris flows and mudflows.
Concepts of Mass Wasting
 The force of gravity acts to move the layer of loose materials
covering slope of rock into downward slope. That force is resisted by
the cohesion of the slope materials. When the gravitational force on
the slope exceeds strength of cohesion, mass wasting occurs.

 Certain factors influence a slope’s cohesion like composition of slope

materials, amount of water in slope materials and steepness of slopes.
Types of Mass Wasting
 Rapid Mass Movement

 Slow Mass Movement

 Rapid Mass Movement

 Rockfall. Bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to
freeze-thaw weathering.
 
 Mudflow. Saturated soil (soil filled with water) flows down a
slope.
 
 Landslide, avalanches and flows. Large blocks of rock slide
downhill.
 Slow Mass Movement
 Slump is a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated
materials or a rock layer moves a short distance down a slope.
 
 Earth Flow form in deposits of plastic clay or silt and progress gradually by brief
episodic movements or periods of sustained, relatively steady movement. Most slow earth
flows move primarily by sliding on a distinct basal shear surface, accompanied by internal
deformation of the earth-flow material.

 Creep is a very slow mass movement that goes on for years or even centuries. You can't
see creep happening but leaning fences and poles and broken retaining walls show where it
has taken place. Creep takes a long time because each particle might only move a millimetre
to a few centimetres at a time.

 Dangerous mudflows
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
 Endogenic processes are driven by the internal
heat of the Earth, which in turn results from the
radioactive decay of elements deep beneath the
surface. These heat bubbles upward providing a
huge driving force that bends, cracks, lifts, and
moves Earth’s rigid outer layer. Occasionally,
we see this rising energy empty directly onto the
surface in the form of molten lava.
 The internal heat has kept certain parts of the planet hotter
than others. This difference in temperatures made of mantle
materials from one place to another. Because of this movement,
crustal materials overlying the mantle are dragged along and
are made to collide, separate and slide past each other. Within
the boundaries of the collision, rifting and sliding, unique
tectonic boundaries are formed where geologic activities are
most active.
Volcanism, the expulsion of lava and associated materials
into the surface of the Earth, has been one of the most
prominent endogenic processes observable in the present.
 VOLCANISM
Volcanoes happen when magma rises to the
surface of the Earth, which causes bubbles of gas
to appear in it. Magma rises because it is less
dense compared with the surrounding rocks.
This gas can cause pressure to build up in the
mountain, and it eventually explodes. When the
magma bursts out of the Earth, it is called lava.
PARTS OF A
VOLCANO
    
Parts Description
  it is a large underground pool of molten rock sitting underneath the
Magma chamber Earth’s crust. Since magma is less dense than the surrounding mantle
and so it seeps up to the surface through cracks and flaws in the crust.
When it reaches the surface, volcanic eruption occurs.

   
Lava When magma reaches the surface and comes out of volcano, it becomes
a lava.

   
Main Vent This is the outer chamber in the Earth’s crust that allows hot magma to
reach the surface.

  A volcanic crater is a circular depression in the ground caused by

Crater volcanic activity. This is where the lava, ash and rock erupt out of a
volcano. In most situations, the volcanic crater is located on the top of
the volcano.
   These are fast moving currents of hot gas and rock that travel downhill from a
Pyroclastic Flow volcano, reaching speeds of 700 km per hour. The gas can reach temperatures of
more than 1,000ºC and is one of the greatest dangers from volcanic eruptions.

  Volcanic ash consists of small pieces of pulverized rock and glass created during
Ash Cloud volcanic eruptions. These fragments are so small, and heated to a temperature
that they can be carried in the air fot many kilometers.
 

  Volcanic bombs are chunks of lava blasted into the air which solidify before they
Volcanic Bombs reach the ground. Some bombs can be extremely large, measuring five to six
meters in diameter and landing more thn 500 meters from the volcanic vent.
 

  Also called as side vents, it allows some of the magma and gases to escape not in
Secondary Vent the main vent where the eruption takes place.

   
Secondary Cone Build up around secondary vents on larger volcanoes.
 ERUPTION STYLES
Volcanoes are able to generate varying volumes
of lava, pyroclastic materials and gases.
Eruption styles may vary depending on the type
and volume of materials ejected. Remember that
no eruption is completely identical with another
even if they are from the same volcano.
Eruption styles wil vary from time to time and is
a case-to-case basis for every volcano.
 Characterized by effusive, quiet emission of lava with very low volatile content. Typical
Hawaiian for the volcanoes of Hawaii, this type of eruption style can be exhibited by volcanoes
anywhere associated with basaltic lavas.

 
Related to Hawaiian eruptions but involving more viscous lava. Explosions can be observed
Strombolian
which are usually short-lived. Some pasty lava may be hurled a few meters into the air.
 

Similar to a strombolian eruption but the explosions are more sustained and could occur in
series of blasts on a certain time interval. This explosions are due to the fact that the
“throat” or the pipe that leads to the vent is partially clogged by earlier solidified lava or
Vulcanian
pyroclasts. Once the volcano “clear its throat”, the eruption could change to a more quiet
style. Because of the multiple explosions and release of pyroclastic materials an eruption
column is formed.

Characterized by the generation of a sustained eruption column, Plinian eruptions are

Plinian responsible for widespread dispersal of materials from the volcano as ash and pumice are
carried at farther places by the wind.

A special style characterized by the contact of magma with a body of water, ice or
Surtseyan/
groundwater. Because of this interaction (magma + water), the steam produced becomes
Phreatomagmatic
an additional fragmenting agent forming large volumes of fine materials like ash.
 TYPES OF
VOLCANOES
Volcanoes erupt with different styles depending
on the type of material and volume. Volcanoes
eject materials from within the Earth. The type
of material is dictated by the magma that is
generated underneath. Remember that the
different types of volcanoes are products of
numerous accumulations of deposits from
different volcanic events.
   Probably the most spectacular image of a volcano would
Shield Volcanoes be the one ejecting voluminous lava on the surface.
Shield volcanoes are made from multiple sequence of
low viscosity lava piled up on top of each other.

  Made up of pyroclastic fragments this sustains steep slopes

Cinder Cones and does not spread out as much as lava. Because of this,
cinder cones don’t grow as extensive as shield volcanoes
and are limited in height lateral extent.

  It is a mixture of lava and pyroclastic materials. Because

Stratovolcano of this mix, stratovolcanoes appear as not-too-wide shields
but not-too-steep cinder cones. Stratovolcanoes look
exactly like the volcanoes you draw in your preschool art
days because majority of volcanoes here in the Philippines
are of this type.