Basic Electronic

Components
 This presentation will…
Define a resistor Demonstrate how to read a
Introduce common
components used and present various resistor’s nominal value and
how to measure its actual
in electronics. resistor types and value with an Analog Multi-
package styles Meter (AMM

Define a capacitor Demonstrate how

and present various to read a
capacitor types and capacitor’s nominal
package styles. value

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 Common Electronic
Components

LSU 08/11/2004 Electronics 2 3

 Common Electronic
Components

Passive Components

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 Passive Components
An electronic component which
can only receive energy, which it
can either dissipate, absorb, or
store in an electric field or a
magnetic field.

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 Passive Components
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Inductors
• Diodes
• Interface components
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 This presentation will…
Define a resistor
Introduce common
components used and present various
in electronics. resistor types and
package styles

7
Resistors
➢ A resistor is an electronic component
that resists the flow of electrical current.

➢ A resistor is typically used to control

the amount of current that is flowing in
a circuit.
➢Resistance is measured in units of ohms ()
and named after George Ohm, whose law
(Ohm’s Law) defines the fundamental
relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance. 8
Resistors: Types and Package Styles
Carbon Film Resistors Variable Resistors
(potentiometer)

4 Bands

Carbon Film Resistors Surface Mount Resistors

5 Bands

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Resistors: Size Comparison

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Determining A Resistor’s Value
Color Code Measured Value
Resistors are labeled with A digital or analog multi-
color bands that specify meter can be used to measure
the resistor’s nominal the resistor’s actual resistance
value. value.
The nominal value is the
resistor’s face value.

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 Determining A Resistor’s Value
 Resistor colorcodes

1st band = 1st number

2nd band = 2nd number
3rd band = # of zeros / multiplier
4th band = tolerance

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 Determining A Resistor’s Value
Color code
 Tolerance: Gold = within 5%
Black: 0
Brown: 1
Red: 2
Orange: 3
Yellow: 4
Green: 5
Blue: 6
Violet: 7
Gray: 8
White: 9
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 Determining A Resistor’s Value
Units
 Knowing your units is important!
 Kilo and Mega are common in resistors
 Milli, micro, nano and pico can be used in other
components

K (kilo) = 1,000
M (mega) = 1,000,000
m (milli) = 1/1,000
µ (micro) = 1/1,000,000
n (nano) = 1/1,000,000,000 (one trillionth)
p (pico) = 1 / 1,000,000,000,000 (one quadrillionth)
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Resistor Value: Example #1
Example:
Determine the nominal value for the
resistor shown.

1
Resistor Value: Example #2
Example:
Determine the nominal value for the
resistor shown.

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Resistor Value: Example #3
Example: ? ? ? ?
Determine the color bands for a 1.5 K 
5% resistor.

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 Measured Value
✓ Using a Digital Multi-Meter ✓ Using a Analog Multi-
(DMM) to measure Meter (AMM) to
resistance. measure resistance.

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How a variable resistor works
 As the dial/wiper turns, electricity must go through
more or less of the resistive strip.

In series, the change in resistance means a change in voltage.

 So as you turn the

dial/wiper, you get
a change in voltage.

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How a variable resistor works
 As the dial/wiper turns, electricity must go through
more or less of the resistive strip.

In series, the change in resistance means a change in voltage.

 So as you turn the

dial/wiper, you get a
change in voltage.

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0
 This presentation will…
Define a resistor Demonstrate how to read a
Introduce common
components used and present various resistor’s nominal value and
how to measure its actual
in electronics. resistor types and value with an Analog Multi-
package styles Meter (AMM

Define a capacitor
and present various
capacitor types and
package styles.

21
CAPACITORS
✓ A capacitor stores electrical energy.
 This pool of electrons is available for electronic
components to use.
 Capacitance is measured in Farads. The small
capacitors usually used in electronics are often
measured in microfarads and nanofarads.
❖ Some capacitors are
polarized. Note the
different length
terminals on one of the
capacitors. 22
Polarity of capacitors
The shorter terminal goes
on the negative side.
 The stripe is on the
negative terminal
side of the capacitor.
 The board is marked
for positive or
negative.
Applications of capacitors
 Capacitors supply a pool of electrons for immediate use.

 If a component needs an immediate supply of

electrons, the capacitor can supply those electrons.

 Capacitors can smooth out a signal

– eliminate the ripples or spikes in
DCvoltage.
 The capacitor can absorb the peaks
and fill in the valleys of a rippled
signal.

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Capacitor types

Ceramic disk Monolithic ceramic Dipped siver-mica Mylar Mylar

Ceramic disk
Monolithic ceramic
Dipped silvered-mica
Mylar or polyester
Aluminum electrolytic (+/-)
Tantalum (+/-)

Solid tantalum, polarized Radial aluminum electrolytic Axial aluminum electrolytic

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 This presentation will…
Define a resistor Demonstrate how to read a
Introduce common
components used and present various resistor’s nominal value and
how to measure its actual
in electronics. resistor types and value with an Analog Multi-
package styles Meter (AMM

Define a capacitor Demonstrate how

and present various to read a
capacitor types and capacitor’s nominal
package styles. value

26
How to read the nominal value of a
capacitor
How to read the nominal value of a
capacitor
How to read the nominal value of a
capacitor
Inductors
Values specified in henries (H), millihenries (mH) and
microhenries (μH)

A coil of wire that may be wound on a core of air or other

non-magnetic material, or on a magnetic core such as iron
powder or ferrite.

Two coils magnetically coupled form a transformer.

Electronics 2 31
 Inductor types

Molded inductor & air-wound inductor Adjustable air-wound inductor

Ferrite core toroidal transformer Air wound inductor Iron powder toroidal inductor

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 Inductor ratings
Wire gauge and physical size of the coil
determine the current handling capacity.

Core material will have a temperature

dependence. Air is best, followed by iron
powder, then ferrites.

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 Inductor handling and installation
Inductors are not polarized and may be installed in either
direction.
Inductors are not generally susceptible to ESD damage,
so special precautions are not required.
Mechanical stress due to lead bending should be
minimized.
Inductors in timing or frequency determining circuits
should be installed in a mechanically rigid fashion.

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Diode
 A diode is a one way valve (or gate) for electricity. It is a
component with an asymmetrical transfer characteristic. A
diode has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and
high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other direction.

 Diodes will protect yourelectronics.

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Diode circuit protection
 In a DPDT switch, if polarity is wrong, the motor will run
backwards.
 In an electronic circuit, if the polarity is wrong, you can fry
your components.
A diode in your system will help to prevent problems.

Diodes have a bar

on the cathode
(negative) side.

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Diodes
Most modern diodes are semiconductor devices,
but are considered passive since they do not
contribute any amplification or gain to a circuit.

Cathode Anode

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 Diode types
May be classified by semiconductor material
silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, etc.
Or classified by circuit function

Small signal detector or switching diode Rectifier diode

Light-emitting diode (LED)

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Diode Ratings
Peak inverse voltage (PIV)

Maximum forward current (IF)

Maximum forward voltage drop (VF)

Reverse leakage current (IR)

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 Diode handling and installation
Diodes are polarized and must be installed in with
correct orientation.

Many diodes are modestly susceptible to ESD

damage, so normal ESD precautions should be taken.

Mechanical stress due to lead bending should be

minimized.

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Light emitting diode (LED)
 A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.
When electricity is passing through the diode, it emits light.

 Jeremy is going to talk a lot more about LEDs.

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 Interface components

Switches
Plugs
Sockets
Panel controls

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Two common plug styles

Sleeve Ring Tip

1/8” stereo phone plug

1/8” mono phone plug

Shield Tip
RCA plug

Sleeve Tip

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 Active Components
Transistors
Bipolar
Field effect
Integrated circuits
Analog
Digital
Microcontroller

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 Transistors

Three terminal devices

manufactured in a variety of
package styles.
Can you find the three
terminals of this, the very first
transistor?

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 Terminal Designations and packaging styles
Collector

Base
Emitter

2N2222 in a TO- 2N2222A in a TO-

Drain 92 package 18 package

Gate 2SC2078 in a TO-

Source 220 package

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 Transistor handling and installation
Transistors are polarized and must be installed in
with correct orientation.
Most BJT transistors are modestly susceptible to ESD
damage, so normal ESD precautions should be taken.
MOSFET (IGFET) transistors are very susceptible to
ESD damage, so rigorous precautions should be
taken.
Mechanical stress due to lead bending should be
minimized.

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Transistors
 A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify
and switch electronic signals and electrical power.

 This is our electronicswitch!

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8
How a transistor works
 A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor’s terminals changes the current through
another pair of terminals.
 A transistor is composed of semiconductor material
with at least threeterminals
for connection to an external
circuit.
Transistors have 3 pins.
For these transistors:
Collector
Emitter
Base
4
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Terminology
 BJT versus FET
 Bipolar junction transistor. Useful asamplifiers.
Collector, Emitter, Base
 Field-effect transistor. Useful as motordrivers.
Source, Drain, Gate
MOSFET: Metal-oxide-semiconductor FET

 NPN (N-channel FET) versus PNP (P-channel FET)

 NPN versus PNP is how the semiconductors are
layered. NPN: Not pointing in
PNP: Pointing in permanently
5
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Schematic symbols

BJT PNP BJT NPN

P-channel FET N-channel FET

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 Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits (ICs) are multi-terminal
devices that provide an array of functions and
applications far to numerous to list here.

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 Pin identification and numbering convention
Pins are numbered sequentially
in a counterclockwise
Pin 8
direction. Pin 14

Pin 1 is often identified with a Notch

dot or a dimple.
Dimple

The pin 1 end of the chip is Pin 1

Pin 7
often identified with a notch.

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 IC handling and installation
ICs are polarized and must be installed with
correct orientation. Observe pin 1 location on
sockets or circuits.
Treat all ICs as if they are very susceptible to
ESD damage (very many actually are), so
rigorous precautions should be taken.
Leads generally should not be bent.

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Integrated circuit
 An integrated circuit (IC) is a set of transistors that is
the controller or ‘brain’ of an electronic circuit.
 An input is received, an output is sent out.

Modern microprocessor ICs can have billions of

transistors per squareinch!
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What an IC can do for us?
 Billions of electronically controlled on/off switches
(transistors) is how the microprocessor in a digital
computer ‘thinks’ and functions.
 A computer has a wide range of tasks to perform.

But other ICs can complete simpler, discrete jobs.

For example, an IC can take a voltage input and output
commands to a motor.

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IC Terminology: Op-amp
 An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a set of
transistors inside the integrated circuit. They oftenare
the components doing the mathematicaloperations.

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H-bridge
 An electronic circuit that enables voltage to be applied
across a load in eitherdirection.

 A DPDT switch also does this, but not electronically.

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H-bridge
 Need four electronicswitches.
 Either have 1 and 4 closed. Or 2 and 3 closed.

 What happens if both 1 and 2 areclosed?

 The H-bridge allows electricity to flow both ways across themotor,

which gives us forward andreverse.
 We can use pulse width modulation to control how often the
switches are on versus off, which gives us speed control.
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Varying voltage
 A potentiometer/variable resistor allows you to
change the voltage input that goes into the integrated
circuit.

 Integrated circuit can now output variety of pulse widths

to the transistors on theH-bridge.
 This combination of potentiometer, integrated circuitand
PWM to the H-bridge is the key to speed control.

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Why not skip the IC?
 There are a couple reasons we don’t use just a
potentiometer to control the speed of our motors.
 Potentiometers are rarely used to control significant power (more
than a watt).

 You would still need a way to switch the direction of the motor. Just
using a potentiometer can control speed, but not direction.
 DPDT switch and potentiometer combinations can lead to
problems if you quickly switch from full forward to full reverse.
Problems can occur if the polarity of a spinning DC motor gets
suddenly switched from forward toreverse.
 Current surge
 Mechanical stress

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 Printed Circuit Board
 Components are attached to a printed
circuit board.
 The ‘front’ side of the board will have
printed component information, such
as resistor # and resistance, diode type
and polarity, etc.
 Holes go all the way through the board
from one side tothe other. Through-
hole soldering is needed to connect
components to the board.

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 Back of Circuit Board
 The ‘back’ sideof the board will have lines indicating
connections between components. The lines on the
back are similar towires.
 Thicker lines denote more current (electrons)moving
through.
 Components connect the lines.

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