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SEC – Skill Enhancement Course:

Unit 1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, DTU

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Electrical Switch Board

 An electrical switchboard, also known as an

electrical distribution board or panel, is a
crucial component in an electrical system that
plays a central role in safely distributing
electricity throughout commercial and
industrial facilities.
 It serves as a hub for controlling and
protecting electrical circuits and devices.

Electrical Switchboard
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Electrical SwitchBoard…

 Key features and functions of an electrical switchboard include:

 Distribution Point: The switchboard is the central point where electricity from the main power
source enters the building and is distributed to various circuits, outlets, and devices.
 Protection:The switchboard typically houses circuit breakers or miniature circuit breakers
(MCBs) that act as switches to control the flow of electricity to different circuits. They can be
manually operated or automatically trip in case of overcurrent or short circuit conditions to
prevent damage and hazards.
 Distribution Panels: The switchboard contains distribution panels that separate circuits for
specific areas or purposes. For example, there may be separate panels for lighting, power outlets,
HVAC systems, and more.
 Metering: In some cases, energy meters are integrated into the switchboard to monitor and
measure the electricity consumed by different circuits or sections of the building.
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Electrical Symbols
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Electrical Symbols…
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Tools

Side Cutting Plier Combination Plier Line Tester Ball Peen Hammer

Nose Plier Crimbing Tool Hack Saw Wire Stripper

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Types of Electrical Loads:
A. Resistive Load

 Resistive Load:
 These loads have a consistent resistance and dissipate electrical energy as heat.
 Examples: Incandescent light bulbs, electric heaters, toasters, etc
 Resistors:
 oppose the flow of current (electrons).
 a small device- cylindrical in shape.
 Resistance is measured in ‘Ohm’.
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Types of Electrical Loads:
A. Resistive Load

 Types of Resistors:  Reading value of fixed resistors:

 Resistors are colour coded as they are too small
for the value to be written on them.
 There are 4 or 5 bands of colour. Value of a
Resistor is decoded for these band of colours.
 Resistance is measured in ‘Ohm’.
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Types of Electrical Loads:
A. Resistive Load

 Reading value of fixed resistors: (Step 1)  Reading value of fixed resistors: (Step 2)
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Types of Electrical Loads:
A. Resistive Load
 Reading value of fixed resistors: (Step 3)  Reading value of fixed resistors: (Step 4)
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Types of Electrical Loads:
A. Resistive Load

 Reading value of fixed resistors: (Step 5)

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Types of Electrical Loads:
A. Resistive Load
 Tolerance:
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Types of Electrical Loads:
A. Resistive Load
 Mnemonic to remember:
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Types of Electrical Loads:
A. Resistive Load
 Carbon Film Resistors:  Metal Film Resistors:
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Types of Electrical Loads:
A. Resistive Load
 Wire wound Resistors:
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Types of Electrical Loads:
B. Capacitive Load
 Capacitive Load:
 capacitive loads have the ability to store and release electrical energy as a
result of their capacitance.
 Examples: Capacitor banks, some types of electronic equipment.
 Capacitors:
 one of the passive components like resistor. It is also known as condenser.
 generally used to store the charge in the form of “electrical field”.
 Construction: Two parallel conducting metal plates are separated by an
insulating material (the dielectric). In many practical applications, the plates
may be aluminum foil while the dielectric may be air, ceramic, paper, or mica.
 Capacitance is measured in "farads" (F), named after scientist Michael Faraday.
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Types of Electrical Loads:
B. Capacitive Load
 Classification of Capacitors :
Polarized Capacitors Non-Polarized Capacitors
1. Construction: Polarized capacitors have a distinct 1. Construction: Non-polarized capacitors are
orientation due to their internal structure. They consist of constructed symmetrically, without a distinct positive or
two conductive plates separated by a dielectric, just like negative terminal. They can be connected in any direction
other capacitors, but they also include a polarity-sensitive without concerns about polarity.
electrolyte.

2. Dielectric: The dielectric in polarized capacitors is 2. Dielectric: The dielectric used in non-polarized
often an electrolyte, which allows the flow of ions. This capacitors can be various materials, including ceramic,
makes the capacitor sensitive to polarity. plastic films, or even air.
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Types of Electrical Loads:
B. Capacitive Load
 Classification of Capacitors :
Polarized Capacitors Non-Polarized Capacitors
3. Voltage Polarity: These capacitors have a specific 3. Voltage Polarity: Non-polarized capacitors do not
positive (+) and negative (-) terminal. Applying voltage have a polarity sensitivity. Voltage can be applied in
with incorrect polarity can damage or even rupture the either direction without causing damage.
capacitor.
4. Applications: Commonly used in applications where 4. Applications: Used in applications where small
capacitance values are relatively high, and where capacitance values are needed, including signal coupling,
compact size is important. timing circuits, noise filtering, and tuning.
Examples: Electrolytic capacitors (aluminum or Examples: Ceramic capacitors, film capacitors, Mica and
tantalum) are used in power supply filtering, audio Polyster Film.
circuits, and electronic devices.
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Types of Electrical Loads:
B. Capacitive Load
 Classification of Capacitors :

Tantalum Capacitors
Ceramic Capacitors Electrolytic Capacitors
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Types of Electrical Loads:
C. Inductive Load

 Inductive Load:
 Inductive loads exhibit a property called inductance, which causes them to
resist changes in current.
 Examples: Motors, solenoids, transformers.
 Inductors:
 An electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field when an
electric current flows through it.
 Construction: It consists of a wire wound as a coil around a core. The core
may consist of a air filled hollow tube or solid material.
 Inductors don't like sudden changes in current. They resist quick changes by
creating a magnetic "pushback.“
 Inductance is measured in "henries" (H), named after scientist Joseph Henry.
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Types of Electrical Loads:
C. Inductive Load

 Inductors:
 The amount of inductance in Henries a coil has, is determined by the following factors –
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Types of Electrical Drawing and Diagrams

 We use different types of drawings or diagrams to represent a certain electrical

system or circuit.
 These electrical circuits are represented by lines to represent wires and symbols
or icons to represent electrical and electronic components.
 It helps in better understanding the connection between different components.
 Electricians rely on electrical floor plan (which is also an electrical diagram) for
doing any building wiring.
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Types of Electrical Drawing and Diagrams

 Block Diagram:  Schematics Circuit Diagram:

 A block diagram is a type of electrical drawing that  The schematic diagram of an electrical circuit shows
represents the principal components of a complex the complete electrical connections between
system in the form of blocks interconnected by lines, components using their symbols and lines.
that represent their relation.  Unlike wiring diagram, it does not specify the real
 It is the simplest form of electrical drawing as it only location of the components, the line between the
highlights the function of each component and components does not represent real distance between
provides the flow of process in the system. them.
 Example: This is a schematic diagram of a voltage
amplifier.
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Types of Electrical Drawing and Diagrams

 Single Line Diagram or One-line

Diagram:
 Single Line diagram (SLD) or one-line
diagram is the representation of an electrical
circuit using a single line.

 It is used to denote the multiple power lines such

as in 3 phase system.

 It does not show the electrical connections of the

component but it may show the size and ratings
of the components being used.
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Types of Electrical Drawing and Diagrams

 Wiring Diagram:
 The wiring diagram is used for the
representation of electrical components in their
approximate physical location using their
specific symbols and their interconnections
using lines.

 It helps in showing the interconnections in

different equipment such as electrical panel
and distribution boxes etc.

 They are mostly used for wiring installation in

home and industries.
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Types of Electrical Drawing and Diagrams

 Electrical Floor Plan:

 It is a vertical representation of various
appliances such as light, switch and fans etc.
in a building.

 It specifies their exact location with their size

and distance from each wall and ceiling.

 It shows scaled version of each room from

above.

 It usually contains legend that provides a

visual explanation of the symbols used in it.
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Electrical Wiring System

 What is Electrical Wiring?

 Electrical wiring refers to the systematic arrangement and installation of
conductive materials, typically copper or aluminum wires, within
structures to facilitate the transmission of electrical power and signals.
 Electrical wiring encompasses the selection of appropriate wire gauges,
insulation types, routing pathways, and protective devices, with the
Copper Wire
overarching goal of establishing a reliable network for power supply
while minimizing risks associated with electrical hazards and
malfunctions.
 Wiring Materials
 Electrical wire is made of materials like copper, aluminum and silver.
As silver is expensive, mostly copper and aluminum are used in wiring.

Aluminum Wire
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Electrical Wiring System…

 Types of Electrical Wiring Systems

 Cleat wiring

 Casing and Capping wiring

 Batten Wiring (CTS or TRS)

 Conduit Wiring
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Electrical Wiring System (Cleat Wiring)…
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Electrical Wiring System (Cleat Wiring)…

 Advantages
1. Cleat wiring
 It is the cheapest system.
 This system of wiring comprise of ordinary PVC (polyvinyl
chloride) insulated wires (occasionally, sheathed and weather  Installation and dismantling is easy.
proof cable) braided and compounded held on walls or  Less skilled persons are required.
ceilings by means of porcelain cleats, Plastic or wood.
 Inspection is easy.
 Cleat wiring system is a temporary wiring system therefore it
 Alterations and additions are easy.
is not suitable for domestic premises. The use of cleat wiring
system is over nowadays.  Disadvantages
 The main part is base, which is grooved to accommodate the  It is purely temporary wiring system.
cables, the other part is the cap which is put over the base.  Appearance is not good.
 Cleats are placed above the wall or roof at an interval of 30 to  Cables are exposed to atmosphere and there is a
60 cm. possibility of mechanical injury.
 This system should not be used in damp places other wise
insulation gets damaged.
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Electrical Wiring System (Casing and
Capping Wiring)…
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Electrical Wiring System (Casing and
Capping Wiring)…
 Advantages
2. Casing and Capping Wiring
 It is cheap wiring system as compared to sheathed and conduit
 This was a famous wiring system in the past but, it is
wiring systems.
considered obsolete these days because of Conduit and
sheathed wiring system.  It provides good insulation as conductors are
apart.
 The cables used in this kind of wiring were either VIR
 It provides good mechanical strength.
(Vulcanized Indian Rubber) or PVC (Poly Vinyl
Chloride) or any other approved insulated cables.  Easy to inspect by opening the capping.
 The cables were carried through the wooden casing  Disadvantages
enclosures. The casing is made up of a strip of wood  It is costly system now – a – days because it needs seasoned,
with parallel grooves cut length wise so as to knot free wood.
accommodate VIR cables.
 There is every risk of fire.
 suitable for low voltage installations.
 The labor cost is more because it requires skilled carpenters.
 This system can not be used in damp places.
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Electrical Wiring System ( Batten Wiring
(CTS or TRS))…
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Electrical Wiring System ( Batten Wiring)…

 Advantages
3. Batten Wiring
 Wiring installation is simple and easy.
 Single core or double core or three core
cables with a circular oval shape cables are  Repairing is easy.
used in this kind of wiring. Mostly, single  Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
core cables are preferred.
 less chance of leakage current in batten wiring system.
 TRS cables are chemical proof, water proof,
 Disadvantages
steam proof, but are slightly affected by
lubricating oil.  This system of wiring is not recommended in situations exposed to
 sun and rain, unless preventive steps are
The TRS cables are run on well seasoned and
taken.
straight teak wood batten with at least a
 It can not be used in damp places.
thickness of 10mm.
 Good work man ship is required to make a sound job.
 Only suitable below then 250V.
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Electrical Wiring System ( Conduit Wiring)
…
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Electrical Wiring System ( Conduit Wiring)
…
 Advantages
4. Conduit Wiring
 It provides protection against mechanical damage and the whole system is
 Conduit wiring system consists of either VIR
water proof.
or PVC cables taken through tubes or pipes
and terminated at the outlets or switches /  Metal conduits provides protection against fire due to short circuit etc.
sockets. The tube or pipe is known as  Replacement of defective wiring is easy and it has long life.
“conduit”.
 It is shock proof if earthing is done properly.
 Conduit wiring may run over the surface of
 PVC conduit wiring (particularly concealed) is cheap and requires less time.
the walls and ceiling or may be concealed
under masonry work.  Concealed conduit wiring appearance is very good.
 All steel conduits should be coated or finished  Disadvantages
with galvanized or enameled surface.  PVC conduit does not provide protection against fire.
 Conduit accessories must be of threaded type.  Metal conduit wiring is very costly and requires more time.
No steel conduit less than 12.7 mm. in
 Metal conduit wiring needs skilled labour.
diameter should be used.
 Very hard to find the defects in the wiring
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Electrical Wiring System (Comparison)

S. Particulars Cleat Wiring Casing Capping Batten Wiring Conduit

No Wiring Wiring
1 Life Short Fairly long Long Very long
2 Cost Low Medium Medium Highest
3 Mechanical Protection None Fair None Very good
4 Possibility of fire Nil Good Good Nil
5 Protection from dampness None Slight None Good
6 Type of labour required Semi-skilled Highly skilled Semi-skilled Highly skilled
7 Installation Very Easy Difficult Easy Difficult
8 Inspection Easy Easy Easy Difficult
9 Repair Easy Little Difficult Easy Difficult
10 Popularity Nil Fair Nil Very High