L4 Notebookwork 1

DATE: 19th August.
2021
CHAPTER 4: STRUCTURE OF ATOM
QUESTION ANSWERS
1. Write a detail account on Thomson’s model?
J.J. Thomson proposed his model of atom in 1903. According to Thomson’s
model of the atom:
 An atom consists of a sphere of positive charge with negative charged
electrons embedded in it.
 The positive and negative charges in an atom are equal in magnitude,
due to which atom is electrically neutral. These equal and opposite
charges balance each other.
2. Who discovered the fundamental particles neutron, electron and

proton?
(i) Neutron - Chadwick
(ii) Electrons - Thomson
(iii) Proton – Goldstein
3. Give a detail account of Rutherford’s scattering experiment.

Rutherford made the following observations:
 Most of the α -particles (99.9%) passed straight through the gold foil
without undergoing any deflection.
 Some α -particles were deflected by small angles and a few were
deflected through large angles.
 Very few were deflected back, i.e. through an angle greater than 90°.
From these observations, Rutherford drew the following conclusions:

 Most of the α-particles passed through the foil without any deflection,
thus there must be sufficient empty space within the atom.
 Since some α-particles were deflected through small angle or large
angle and α-partic
some positively charged body present within the atom. The α -particles
deflected through large angles were those which passed very close to
the positive body.
 Since some α -particles are deflected back and α -particles are heavy
particles, these could be deflected back only when they hit heavier
body inside the atom.
 Since very few α -particles deflected back, this shows that the heavy
body present in the atom must be occupying a very small volume.
4. a) What is Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of atom?

The main points of this model are as follows:
 The center of the atom i.e. nucleus is positively charged and the space
around the nucleus in which the electrons are distributed is called the
extra nuclear part.
 The whole mass of the atom is located in the nucleus. Since the
electrons have negligible mass, the mass of the atom is mainly due to
protons.
 The electrons revolve around the nucleus in well-defined orbits.
 An atom is electrically neutral because number of protons and
electrons is equal.
 Most of the atom is empty space.
b) What are the major drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of atom?
A major drawback of Rutherford’s model of the atom is that it does not explain
the stability of the atom. According to electromagnetic theory of physics, if
charged particle undergoes accelerated motion, then it must radiate energy or
lose energy continuously. It means the electrons revolving around the nucleus
with accelerated motion, will also lose their energy and their speed will also go
on decreasing and finally the electrons should fall into the nucleus and atom
should collapse. But this does not happen and an atom is quite stable.
5. What was the reason behind the selection of gold foil by Rutherford in α
-particle scattering?
Gold is a highly malleable metal which can be hammered and converted into
very thin sheets or foil. Thus, it is easier for the α -particle to pass through the
gold foil rarely deviated by nucleus. As the thickness of the foil decrease, the
possibility of correctness of experiment increases. The gold foil used in the
experiment was 1000 atoms thick.
6. What is Bohr’s model of an atom?
The Bohr’s model of atom can be described as follows: -

1) The center of the atom, nucleus is positively charged. Due to
the presence of equal number of negative electrons and
positive protons, the atom on the whole is electrically neutral.
2) The electrons revolve in shells or orbits or shells .Orbits are
represented either by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4.....or by the letters
K, L, M, N......
3) The maximum number of electrons accommodated in any shell
is fixed. For e.g., the first orbit or K shell can hold a maximum
of 2 electrons; second orbit or L shell can hold a maximum of 8
electrons; third orbit or M shell can hold a maximum of 18
electrons and fourth orbit or N shell can hold a maximum of 32
electrons.
4) Each orbit or shell is associated with a fixed amount of energy,
the shell nearest to the nucleus having minimum energy and
the shell farthest from the nucleus having the maximum
energy.
5) There is no change in the energy of electrons when it revolves
in the same orbit and atom remains stable. The change in the
energy of an electron occurs when it jumps to a higher orbit or
when it comes down to a lower energy level. When an electron
gains energy, it jumps from a lower shell to a higher shell, and
when an electron comes down from a higher shell to a lower
shell, it loses energy.
7. Tabulate the characteristics of electron, proton and neutron.
8. What is Bohr’s – Bury Scheme for distribution of electrons in different

shell?
The main points of Bohr-Bury Scheme are as follows:
(i) The maximum number of electrons that can be present in the nth
shell is equal to 2n2.
Shell Maximum number of electrons
present
1st shell or K-shell (n = 1) 2 × 12 = 2
2nd shell or L-shell (n = 2) 2 × 22 = 8
3rd shell or M-shell (n = 3) 2 × 32 = 18
4th shell or N-shell (n = 4) 2 × 42 = 32
(ii) The outermost shell cannot have more than 8 electrons.

(iii) Electrons do not enter into a new shell unless the inner shells are
completely filled. In other words, the shells are filled in a step-wise
manner.
(iv)The penultimate shell (i.e. second last shell) cannot accommodate
more than 18 electrons.

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DATE: 19th August.

2. Who discovered the fundamental particles neutron, electron and

3. Give a detail account of Rutherford’s scattering experiment.

From these observations, Rutherford drew the following conclusions:

4. a) What is Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of atom?

6. What is Bohr’s model of an atom?

The Bohr’s model of atom can be described as follows: -

7. Tabulate the characteristics of electron, proton and neutron.

8. What is Bohr’s – Bury Scheme for distribution of electrons in different

(ii) The outermost shell cannot have more than 8 electrons.

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