Class IX Notes According to New Syllabus 1

Chapter 05
Physical States Of Matter

MATTER:
Anything in this universe which occupies space and has a mass is called Matter.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER:
1. Volume:
The matter must occupy space. This space occupied by matter is called volume.

2. Mass:
It represents the quantity of matter, which can be found by physical balance.

3. Weight:
It represents the pull of gravity on matter. It can be found by spring balance.

4. Perception by physical senses:

It is perceived by our physical senses, i.e., sense of touch, sense of hearing, sense of sight,
sense of smell and sense of taste.

STATES OF MATTER:
On the basis of arrangement of molecules and motion of molecules, there are three common states of
matter.

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

In addition to above three states, there are two more states of matter named as plasma and Bose
Einstein condensate.

GASEOUS STATE:
A gas is a state of matter, which has definite mass, but neither definite shape nor definite volume.

Postulates of kinetic molecular theory of gases:

The kinetic molecular theory may be summarized into following postulates.
1. Every gas consists of large number of extremely small particles, called molecules.
2. The molecules are widely separated from one another at ordinary temperature and pressure.
3. The gas molecules are in constant random motion, travelling in straight path between
collisions.

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4. The molecules collide with one another and with walls of container, but these collisions are
perfectly elastic.
5. The pressure exerted by the gas is defined as the number of collisions of molecules with the
wall of container in one second.
6. As the molecules move continuously therefore, they possess kinetic energy given by:
K.E = ½ mv2.
7. There are attractive and repulsive forces between the molecules of gases.
8. The average distance covered by molecules in order to collide with the other molecules is
called mean free path.

Properties of Gases:
The kinetic molecular theory explains the behavior of gases such as diffusion, effusion, pressure,
compressibility, mobility and density which are defined:

DIFFUSION:
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of low concentration is called
diffusion.
Example:
Smoke diffuses into the air.

Factors on which diffusion depends:

The rate of diffusion depends upon:

• Molecular mass of the gas

• Temperature
• Viscosity of the medium
• Size of the particles

EFFUSION:
The effusion is escaping of gas molecules through a tiny hole into space with lesser pressure. Effusion
depends upon molecular masses of gases.

Condition:
For process of effusion the diameter of hole must be smaller than the molecule’s mean free path.
Examples:

• Leakage of air through tyre’s pin hole.

• Leakage of helium through gas balloons.

PRESSURE:
Force exerted by gaseous particles per unit area is called pressure.

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Explanation:
According to kinetic molecular theory gas atoms are in constant random motion and they collide with
one another and with the walls of container. Collision of molecules with the walls of container.
Collision of molecules with the walls of container results in gas pressure. Greater the number of
collision greater will be the pressure.

Formula:
Pressure = Force / Area OR P = F/A

Unit:
Nm-2 OR N/m2

Normal values of atmospheric pressure:

Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level at 273 K ( 0o C ) is expressed in the following ways.

• 14.7 psi
• 760 mm of mercury
• 760 torr
• 1 atmosphere (atm)
• 101325 N/m2
• 101330 Pa (Pascal)
• 1.03115 bar

COMPRESSILBILTY:
The capacity of something to be flattened or reduced in size by pressure is called compressibility.
OR
The effect of change of pressure on the volume of gas or decrease in volume by increasing pressure is
called compressibility.
Example:
By applying pressure we can introduce more air or gas in cycle tube as well as in cylinder.

Explanation:
In term of kinetic molecular theory, gases are easily compressed due to large space. By applying
pressure the molecules come closer and the molecules spared i.e. gas expand, by reducing pressure.

MOBILITY:
The ability to move freely is known as mobility.

Explanation:
As the gas molecules are in continuous motion. They can move fast due to high kinetic energy hence
the molecules move freely in the empty space. This mobility is responsible to produce a homogenous
mixture of gases.

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DENSITY OF GASES:
Mass per unit volume of any substance is called density.
OR
The degree of compactness or closeness of molecules is called density.

Characteristics:
• Gas density is expressed in grams per dm3 (g/dm3).
• Gases are less dense than liquid.
• The density of gases can be increased by cooling.

GAS LAWS:
The relationship between physical properties of gases like temperature, pressure, and volume of gases
governed by laws known as Gas laws.

BOYLE’S LAW:
A relationship of volume with external pressure was given by Robert Boyle in the form of law. This
law is known as Boyle’s law.

Statement:
For a given mass of a gas the volume of the gas is inversely proportional to its pressure provided the
temperature is kept constant.

Mathematical representation
It can be written as : V α 1/POR

V = K/P
PV = K

Second statement:
The product of the pressure and volume of a given mass of a gas is always constant temperature.

Explanation:
Consider for a given mass of a gas having volume V1 at pressure P1.
So according to Boyle’s law:
P1V1 = K1

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If the pressure of the above system is change to P1 to P2 then the volume of the gas will also change
from V1 to V2. For this new condition of the gas:
P2V2 = K2
For the same of the gas;
P1V1 = P2V2
This equation is known as Boyle’s Equation.

CHARLES’S LAW:
Change of volume of a gas with the change of temperature at constant pressure was studied by
Charles and was given in the form of a law known as Charles’s.

Statement:
For a given mass of a gas the volume of the gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature
provided the pressure is kept constant.

Mathematical expression:
Mathematically written as:
V α T
V = KT
V/T = K

Second Statement:
On the basis of above relation Charles’s law can be stated as,
The ration of volume of a given mass of a gas its absolute temperature is always constant provided the
pressure is kept constant.

Explanation:
If you double the temperature from 30K to 60K at constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of
the gas will become double.
T1 = initial temperature V1 = initial volume
T2 = final temperature and V2 = final volume
According to Charles’s law
V1 / T1 = K ------------------------------- (1)
V2 / T2 = K ------------------------------- (2)
Comparing equation 1 and 2 we get:

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V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
This is equation is known as Charles’s equation.

ABSOLUTE ZERO:
The temperature at which the volume of an ideal gas becomes equal to zero is called absolute zero
temperature.
Explanation:
Practically it is not possible because all the gases condense to liquid at a temperature above this point.

Absolute Temperature Scale OR Kelvin Scale Of Temperature:

Lord Kelvin introduced absolute temperature scale or Kelvin Scale. It starts from zero Kelvin which is
equal to -237 oC. It is the temperature at which ideal gas would have zero volume and known as
absolute zero.
(T) K = (T) oC + 273
(T) oC = (T) K - 273

LIQUID STATE:
A liquid is a state of matter which has definite mass and definite volume but no definite shape. OR
The liquid state is the intermediate state between gaseous and solid states.

Characteristics Of Liquid State:

According to kinetic molecular theory liquid state shows the following characteristics.

• The molecules of a liquid are randomly arranged like gases.

• The molecules of liquids have less kinetic energy than gases.
• The molecules of liquids are fairly free to move.
• Boiling point of liquids depends on the external atmospheric pressure.
• In a liquid, the molecules are so close together that there is very little empty space.
• Liquids are much more difficult to compress than gases.
• Liquids are much denser than gases under normal conditions.

Evaporation:
The process in which a liquid changes to a gas phase is called evaporation. OR
The escaping of molecules from the surface of a liquid is called evaporation.
Example:
Clothes dry under the sun due to evaporation in this process water is converted from liquid state into
vapours.

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Factor Affecting Evaporation:

Rate of evaporation depends on the following factors:

1. Temperature:
Evaporation occurs at all temperatures. It is directly proportional to temperature and increase
in temperature increases the rate of evaporation.
Example:
clothes dry quickly in a sunny day than a cloudy day.

2. Surface area:
Greater the surface area, greater would be the rate of evaporation. Increase in surface area
provides more chances to the molecules of high kinetic energy to escape.
Example:
A saucer is used to cool the tea quickly than tea cup.

3. Intermolecular force:
Weaker the intermolecular forces, greater would be the rate of evaporation.
Example:
Rate of evaporation of ethyl alcohol is greater than water because the intermolecular
attraction of water is greater than ethyl alcohol.

Evaporation is a cooling process:

Evaporation is a cooling process because when liquids turns to gas, it needs more energy and so it has
to take that energy from it surrounding. The energy is in the form of heat and when the energy (heat)
leaves with the evaporating liquid; surrounding get cooler.

VAPOUR PRESSURE:
The pressure exerted by the vapours of a liquid in its equilibrium state with the pure liquid at a given
temperature is called vapour pressure.

Equilibrium State:
The equilibrium is a state when rate of evaporation is equal to rate of condensation but in opposite
direction.

Unit Of Vapour Pressure:

The units for vapour pressure are

• Millimeter of Hg
• Atmosphere
• Torr
• Newton / m2

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Factors Affecting Vapour Pressure:

1. Nature of liquid
Vapour pressure depends upon nature of liquid. Polar liquids have low vapour pressure
whereas non-polar liquids have high Vapour pressure.
Example:
Water (polar liquid) has less vapour pressure than alcohol (non-polar liquid).
2. Temperature:
Vapour pressure depends upon temperature. The vapour pressure of the liquid increases with
the increase of temperature.
Example:
Vapour pressure of water R 0OC is 4.58mm Hg while at 100OC it decreases up to 760mm Hg.
3. Size of molecules:
The Vapour pressure is more in small sized molecules.
Example:
Hexane (C6H14) has a small sized molecules as compared to decane (C10H22), due to this
hexane evaporates rapidly and exerts more pressure.

BOILING POINT:
The temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to atmospheric pressure is called
boiling point of the liquid.

Normal Boiling Point:

When the outside pressure is the atmospheric pressure (760torr), the boiling point is referred as the
normal boiling point.

Factors Affecting Boiling Point:

1. Effect of nature of the liquid:
Boiling point of different liquids is found different at the same atmospheric pressure. Polar
liquids have high boiling point than non-polar liquids.
Example:
B.P. of non-polar bromine is 58.8OC whereas boiling point of water which is polar in nature
is 100OC.

2. Effect of intermolecular forces:

Stronger the intermolecular forces greater would be the boiling point and vice versa.
Example:
Water having strong intermolecular force its boiling point is 100OC whereas diethyl ether
having weak intermolecular force its boiling point is 34.61OC

3. Effect of pressure:
Greater the pressure on the liquid, greater would be the boiling point and vice versa.
Example:
At ‘1’ atmospheric pressure water boils at 100OC. At high altitude such as at Murree where
atmospheric pressure is 0.921 atm. Or 700mm Hg water boils at 98OC.

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FREEZING POINT:
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid state becomes equal to the vapour pressure
of its solid state is known as Freezing point of a liquid.
At this temperature liquid and solid co-exist in dynamic equilibrium.

Factors Affecting Freezing Point:

1. Effect of pressure:
When there is an increase in pressure then there will be an increase in freezing point.

2. Effect of intermolecular forces:

If the intermolecular force between the molecules is strong, then the freezing point will be
relatively high. If the force between the molecules is weak, then the freezing point will be
relatively low.

DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS:
The distribution or spreading of liquid molecules due to their kinetic motion is known as the diffusion.
The liquids diffuse less rapidly than gases.
Examples:

• A drop of a dye or any coloured solution diffuses throughout water.

• A drop of ink diffuses throughout water.

Factors Affecting Diffusion:

following are the factors that affect rate of diffusion.

1. The size of molecules:

The smaller the molecule such as gas, the faster the rate of diffusion while the larger the size
of molecules (liquid) the slower the rate of diffusion.

2. Concentration Gradient:
The greater the concentration difference, the faster the rate of diffusion.

3. Temperature:
The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion.

4. State of matter:
Diffusion in gas molecules is faster than the diffusion in liquids.

5. Intermolecular forces:
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the slower the rate of diffusion while the weaker the
intermolecular forces, the faster the rate of diffusion.

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MOBILITY:
The mobility is ability to move freely.

Factor Affecting Mobility:

1. Temperature:
Mobility increase by increasing the temperature. When temperature increases in a liquid,
movement of molecules increases accordingly due to increase in kinetic energy.

2. Intermolecular forces:
Mobility increases by decrease in intermolecular forces. The liquids which have strong
intermolecular forces show less mobility of molecules.

DENSITY:
The degree of compactness or closeness of molecules is called density.

Formula:
Mathematically it can be expressed as:
Density = mass / volume
D= m/v

Unit:
Liquid density is expressed in grams per dm3 (g/dm3)

Factors Affecting Density:

1. Temperature:
Liquids are less affected by the temperature as by increasing temperature liquids increase
their volume which decrease density.

2. Pressure:
There is negligible effect of pressure on density of liquids are compressible to negligible
extent.

SOLID STATE:
State of matter which has definite shape and volume is called solid state.

CHARACTERISTICS:
According to kinetic molecular theory:
1. The particles in a solid are very closely packed due to strong attractive forces between the
molecules.
2. These molecules are present at a fixed position and are unable to move.
3. They have definite shape because the particles are arranged in a fixed pattern.
4. Pure solids have sharp melting points.
5. They possess only vibrational/rotational energy.

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PROPERTIES OF SOLID:
Melting point:
The temperature at which a solid starts melting and coexist in equilibrium with liquid state is called
melting point. When solids are heated, they are changed into liquids and the property is called melting
point of the solids.

Diffusibility:
Diffusion also occurs in solids but its rate is very slow. If a polished piece of zinc is clamped with a
piece of copper for a long time. After few years we will see that some particles of zinc penetrated into
copper and some particles of copper are penetrated into zinc. It shows that the diffusion in solids is
possible but it occurs with a slow rate.

Rigidity:
Rigidity is defined as the tendency of matter which has the capability to resist a change in shape and it
is shown by solids.

Density:
The degree of compactness or closeness of molecules is called density. OR
Mass per unit volume of any substance is called density.

Types of solids:
Solids are classified into two main classes on the basis of molecular arrangement.

1. Crystalline Solids:
solids in which atoms are attached with each other in a definite arrangement and possess a
definite geometrical shape are called crystalline solids. The melting points of crystalline
solids are sharp.
Examples:
Diamond, Sodium chloride, etc.

2. Amorphous Solids:
Solids which do not have a definite shape are called amorphous (without) solids. They do not
have sharp melting points.
Examples:
Glass, Rubber, and Plastic etc.

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ALLOTROPY:
The existence of an element in more than one physical forms is known as allotropy. These forms of
the element are called allotropic forms.

CAUSES TO FORM ALLOPTROPES:

This happen when the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different way. Different bonding
arrangements between atoms result in different structures with different structures with different
chemical and physical properties. Only some elements like sulphur, phosphorus, carbon and tin are
elements which show allotropy.

Allotropic forms of carbon:

Diamond:
It is the hardest naturally occurring substance. Among the diamonds, the black diamond is the hardest.
In diamond, each atom of carbon in crystal unit is surrounded by four other carbon atoms, which are
joined by covalent bonds, such that they form the four corners of a regular tetrahedron. The diamond
crystal is a compact structure, in which atoms of a single unit lie in different planes.

Graphite:
It is dark grey solid, having a metallic luster. In graphite, atoms of a single crystal are arranged in a
hexagonal ring, in a single plane. Each carbon atom in graphite is linked covalently with to three other
carbon atoms in the same layer to give basic hexagonal ring. The strong covalent bond within the
layers accounts for the high melting point of graphite.

Graphene:
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two dimensional
honeycomb lattice.

Fullerene:
A fullerene is a pure carbon molecule composed of at least 60 atoms of carbon. Because a fullerene
takes a shape similar to a soccer ball or a geodesic dome, it is sometimes referred as a Buckyball after
the inventor of the geodesic dome, Buckminster Fuller, for whom the fullerene is more formally
named.

PLASMA STATE:
Plasma is often called ‘the fourth state of matter’, along with solid, liquid and gas. Just as a liquid will
boil, changing into a gas when energy is added, heating a gas will form a plasma – a soup of
positively charged particles (ions) and negatively charged particles (electrons).
Examples:

• The use of plasma display of television or compound screens.

• The plasma lamps and globes are popular in children’s toys and room decoration.
• The artificial uses of plasma include fluorescent light bulbs, neon signs.

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BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (BEC):

Introduction:
Two scientists Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein discovered another state of matter in 1920 but they
did not have the equipment and facilities to make it happen at that time.
“As plasma are super –hot and super excited atoms. The atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate
(BEC) are totally opposite. They are super unexcited and super cold atoms.”

Condensation:
Condensation is a process of change of state from gas to liquid due to loss of energy.
Gases are really excited or energetic atoms. When they lose energy, they slow down and begin to
gather like one drop.
For example, When you boil water, water vapours in the form of steam condensate on the lid of pot.
Vapours cool and become a liquid again.

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