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    Drying PDF

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    Towfiq Ahmed
    Drying is commonly the last stage of manufacturing and involves removing water from materials through applying heat. It uses dryers to transfer energy to water through direct or indirect heat transfer, causing the water to change phase from liquid to vapor and be transferred away from the solid material. Drying is important for preservation, reducing transportation costs, and avoiding issues like corrosion from moisture. The type of dryer used depends on factors like the material, desired product form, heat sensitivity, production rate, and quality requirements.

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    Drying PDF

    Uploaded by

    Towfiq Ahmed
    61 views4 pages
    Drying is commonly the last stage of manufacturing and involves removing water from materials through applying heat. It uses dryers to transfer energy to water through direct or indirect heat transfer, causing the water to change phase from liquid to vapor and be transferred away from the solid material. Drying is important for preservation, reducing transportation costs, and avoiding issues like corrosion from moisture. The type of dryer used depends on factors like the material, desired product form, heat sensitivity, production rate, and quality requirements.

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    Drying is commonly the last stage of manufacturing and involves removing water from materials through applying heat. It uses dryers to transfer energy to water through direct or indirect heat transfer, causing the water to change phase from liquid to vapor and be transferred away from the solid material. Drying is important for preservation, reducing transportation costs, and avoiding issues like corrosion from moisture. The type of dryer used depends on factors like the material, desired product form, heat sensitivity, production rate, and quality requirements.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views4 pages

    Drying PDF

    Uploaded by

    Towfiq Ahmed
    Drying is commonly the last stage of manufacturing and involves removing water from materials through applying heat. It uses dryers to transfer energy to water through direct or indirect heat transfer, causing the water to change phase from liquid to vapor and be transferred away from the solid material. Drying is important for preservation, reducing transportation costs, and avoiding issues like corrosion from moisture. The type of dryer used depends on factors like the material, desired product form, heat sensitivity, production rate, and quality requirements.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process.

    Drying is the final removal of water from material.

    Definition: Removal of a water or organic liquid from a solid/semisolid to produce solid product by
    thermal energy input causing phase change (Sometimes converts solid moisture into vapor by
    sublimation eg. Freeze drying with application of heat.)

    Drying is defined as the removal of small amounts of water or other liquid from a material by the
    applicationof heat.

     The equipment used for drying is called dryer.

    Drying Fundamentals
     Needed for the purposes of preservation and storage, reduction in cost of transportation, etc.
     Most common and diverse operation with over 100 types of dryers in industrial use.
     Competes with distillation as the most energy intensive operation.

    Drying can be described by three processes operating simultaneously:

    01. Energy transfer from an external source to the water or organic solvent.
     Direct or Indirect Heat Transfer.
    02. Phase transformation of water/solvent from a liquid-like state to a vapour state.
     Mass Transfer (solid characteristics)
    03. Transfer vapour generated away from the solid and out of the drying equipment.

    Drying process can also be categorized according to the physical conditions used to add heat and
    remove water vapor:

    (01) In the first category, heat is added by direct contact with heated air at atmospheric pressure,
    and the water vapor formed is removed by the air.
    (02) In vacuum drying, the evaporation of water proceeds more rapidly at low pressures, and the
    heat is added indirectly by contact with a metal wall or by radiation(low temperature can also
    be used under vacuum for certain materials that may discolor or decompose at higher
    temperatures)
    (03) In freezing drying, water is sublimed from the frozen material.
    Page |2

    Importance of drying:
    01. To avoid or eliminate moisture which may lead to corrosion and decrease the product or
    drug stability.
    02. To improve or keep the good properties of a material, e.g. Flowability, Compressibility.
    03. To reduce the cost of transportation of large volume materials.
    04. To make the material easy or more suitable for handling.
    05. Preservative.
    06. The final step in evaporation, Filtration, Crystallization.

    Applications of drying
    • Used in manufacturing of granules.
    • Used to reduce the bulk & weight of material.
    • It helps in the preservation of crude drugs or plant from mould growth.
    • It helps in the size reduction process.

    Difference between drying and evaporation

    Drying Evaporation
    In drying process, the main operation usually In evaporation processes, the main operation
    carried out o solid materials, e.g. powders or usually carried out on liquid materials, e.g. solution
    products. or products.
    Drying in most of the cases means the removal of Evaporation includes the removal of large amounts
    relatively small amounts of water from solids. of water from solutions.
    In most cases, drying involves the removal of water Whereas evaporation means the removal of water
    at temperatures below its boiling point. by boiling asolution.

    In drying, water is usually removed by circulating While in evaporation, water is removed from the
    air over the material in order to carry away the material as pure water vapour mixed with other
    water vapour. gases.

    Criterion for selection of dryers:


    Dryers have numerous criteria with different weights. Many dryers can typically meet specs; hence
    several dryers can do a given job in general. Choice depends on
    • mode of operation,
    • physical form of feed and dried product desired;
    • heat sensitivity;
    • Energy, environment, safety and cost are important considerations in selection.
    • quality requirements;
    • production rate;
    • Whether non‐aqueous solvents are present in feed. Special care needed when handling non-
    aqueous solvents in wet material.
    • Whether material is toxic/inflammable or friable etc.

    Key criterion‐ dryer must be able to handle the product‐ move it from feed to exit.

    • For pharma products quality is NO 1 criterion!


    Page |3

    Classification of dryers

    Criterion Types
    - Batch
    Mode of operation
    - Continuous.
    - Convection, Conduction, radiation,
    Electromagnetic fields, Combination of
    Heat input-type heat transfer modes.
    - Intermittent or Continuous.
    - Adiabatic or Non-adiabatic.
    - Vacuum.
    Operating Pressure
    - Atmospheric.
    - Air
    Drying Medium(Convection) - Superheated steam
    - Flue gas.
    - Below boiling temperature.
    Drying temperature - Above boiling temperature.
    - Below freezing point.
    - Co-current.
    Relative motion between drying medium and
    - Counter-current.
    drying solids.
    - Mixed flow.
    - Single.
    Number of stages
    - Multi-stage.

    Equipment:
    - Tray dryer.
    - Tunnel dryer.
    - Rotary dryer.
    - Fluidised-bed dryer.
    - Vacuum dryer.
    - Freeze dryer
    Page |4

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