Lab0 120114

VAASA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
Electronics and Information technology degree programme

Digital Electronics Exercises I
Laboratory 1
Bread-boarding & digital Integrated Circuits (IC)
Objectives:
 To describe the function and operation of typical digital breadboarding and testing system
 To construct simple digital circuits to determine the functional operation of the circuits.
 To identify common logic functions produced by various circuit configurations by common
sense logic thinking
 To connect various gates together to create simple logic functions.
Suggested Parts:
74LS04
1. Breadboard Basics
The breadboard (BB) is used to create temporary circuits for learning and testing purposes. The
breadboard has many columns of holes or sockets that you insert the leads of components or wires
needed to build a circuit. Here is a top view of a typical breadboard:
Figure 1
If you could see inside the breadboard you would see that the columns of five sockets are
connected. This means that each column of five sockets is the same point on a schematic diagram.
Figure 2
When inserting components into the breadboard, be sure to grasp the component near the end of the
lead. If you hold the component itself when inserting it, you will probably bend and may even break
the lead making it useless.
Note the gap separating the vertical strips. The dual in-line package (DIP) IC is normally placed
across this gap. One row of pins is one side of the gap, and the other row of pins is on the opposite
side.
When constructing logic circuits, care should be taken to ensure that the parts are not damaged
while breadboarding the circuit. Carefully insert the IC into the sockets so that the IC is straddling
the centre groove on the socket. Make sure that the both rows of pins are correctly lined up with the
holes in the BB, but be careful to avoid bending the pins more than necessary.
The IC can be safely removed by prying up each end with a screwdriver or an IC puller. Do not
insert or remove IC with the power applied to the circuit.
2. IC pin Identification
A notch or a dot at one end of the IC package is used to locate pin 1 of the chip, and the pin number
then increase in a counterclockwise direction around the device as (see figure). Inserting ICs with
the same orientation for pin 1 will facilitate circuit wiring and troubleshooting. Pins information is
determined by consulting data book or data sheet for each chip.
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 3
Systematically and carefully wire the circuit with power off. Wiring errors are the most common
source of circuit failure in BB. Double checks the wiring against the schematic diagram and asks
the teacher to check the wiring before powering on the circuit.
Circuit Testing and troubleshooting

Verify that the power supply is correctly connected to the circuit before turning it on. Also make
sure that the PS is the proper value (5 volts DC).
Troubleshooting check list:

1. Do the parts used in the circuit match the schematic?
2. Have the pin numbers been identified correctly in the schematic?
3. Are the parts inserted correctly in the BB?
4. Is the correct voltage supply being used to power the circuit?
5. Is the power properly connected to each chip?
6. Are there any wires shorted to one another?
7. Is the circuit wired correctly?
8. Has the circuit been analysed correctly?
9. Has the circuit been designed correctly?
If the circuit dos not function properly or if an IC gets very hot or starts smoking, turn off
power and all signals to the circuit immediately. Use the suggestions given in the troubleshooting
check- list to troubleshoot the malfunctioning circuit.
3. Measuring Voltage with a Digital Volt Meter (DVM)
You must be extremely careful when making voltage measurements since the measurement is made
on a ‘’live’’ (powered) circuit. The voltmeter test leads (probes) are placed across (in parallel with)
the device or power source whose voltage is to be measured. The procedure to measure DC voltages
using DVM is:
1. Connect the test leads to the DVM

2. Set the function switch to measure DC voltages
3. Set the range switch for the maximum voltage anticipated
4. Connect (or touch) the black test lead to the reference point circuit (or component)
5. Connect (or touch) the red lead to the point in the circuit where you wish to measure the
voltage
6. Read the voltage on the digital display
7. Readjust the range setting if necessary for proper reading.
Ask your teacher if you have any questions concerning the use of the DVM.
4. Laboratory Work
1) Measure and record the TTL power supply (PS) output voltage (with respect to ground)
using a DVM.
2) Locate the logic switches and determine the number of individual input switches available.
Connect the logic switches to PS. Then measure and record the voltage (with respect to
ground) from a logic switch when it is placed in each of its two positions (up and down).
Switches to simulate the ON/OFF operations
3) Locate the LED and record your observations of the operation of the LED by connecting a
jumper wire from one of the logic switches to a LED and then moving the switch between
the two logic levels (H/L) or similarly (ON/OFF). How does the LED respond to switch
positions?
4) Investigate the internal connections of the breadboard. Wire the connections to the PS and to
a logic switch. Sketch the breadboard and explain its internal electrical conductor pattern.
+5V
GND Logic Switch
Figure 4
5) Construct the logic circuit shown in the drawing of Figure 5 on the BB.
Figure 5
6) Draw the equivalent logic circuit using the standard logic symbols.
7) Fill the table using first the circuit on the BB.
STATE of the SWITCH STATE of

(X) LED (Y)
OFF
ON
8) Assume that OFF can be represented by a logic “0” and ON by a logic “1”. The input to the
pin 1 is called X and the output of PIN 2 is Y. Then fill the table with these new names:
X Y
0
1
9) Take the Voltmeter then measure the voltage level of X and Y for different state of the
switch
STATE of the SWITCH Logic level Measure input Measure Logic level
(X) of X X in Volts output Y in of Y
Volts
OFF
ON
10) Take the Voltmeter then measure the current input level of X and the current output level of
Y for different state of the switch
STATE of the SWITCH Logic level Current in of Current out of Logic level
(X) of X X Y of Y
in mA in mA
OFF
ON
11) Use 2 resistors, 2 LEDs, and 2 Switches and repeat Q6 to 10.

12) Use 3 resistors, 3 LEDs, and 3 Switches and repeat Q6 to 10.

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VAASA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

Electronics and Information technology degree programme

Bread-boarding & digital Integrated Circuits (IC)

Circuit Testing and troubleshooting

Troubleshooting check list:

3. Measuring Voltage with a Digital Volt Meter (DVM)

1. Connect the test leads to the DVM

Switches to simulate the ON/OFF operations

GND Logic Switch

7) Fill the table using first the circuit on the BB.

STATE of the SWITCH STATE of

11) Use 2 resistors, 2 LEDs, and 2 Switches and repeat Q6 to 10.

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