ADOKU EMMANUEL (052142060037)

KUMASI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
BMLT II - ANATOMY I
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY 2

SKELETAL AND ARTICULAR SYSTEM

Submission Date: Tuesday, 14/02/2023 10:00 am

Instructions: Please read through these QUESTIONS carefully. Work using your text
books, atlases etc.
NOTE: Write your names and sign individually when you submit your assignment to your
classrep

Neatness work = + 10 Marks

Late Submission = -5
1. Name the two tissue types that form the skeleton.
Compact tissue and cancellous tissue
2. List the functions of the skeletal system.
a. It aids movement
b. It protects internal organs e.g. cranium protects the brain
c. Certain bones produce blood cells in the bone marrow
d. It stores minerals and fat
e. It provides a place of attachment for muscles
3. Name the four major anatomical classifications of bones based on shape.
a. Flat bone
b. Irregular bone
c. Long bone
d. Short bone
4. Give 3 examples of each type as indicated in question 3 above
a. Flat bones: cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapula
b. Irregular bones: Vertebra, pubis, ilium and ischium
c. Long bones: Humerus, Femur, Radius, Ulna
d. Short bones: Carpals, Tarsals, Patella, Calcaneus
5. Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?
Long bone

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6. List the three parts of the axial skeleton.
a. The skull
b. The thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)
c. The vertebral column
7. List the three parts of the appendicular skeleton
a. Pectoral girdle
b. Pelvic girdle
c. Limbs (upper and lower)
1. Name and describe the 5 different types of vertebrae.
a. Cervical vertebrae – the first 7 vertebrae.
b. Thoracic vertebrae – the next 12 vertebrae
c. Lumbar vertebrae – the next 5 vertebrae
d. Sacral vertebrae – the next 5 fused vertebrae
e. Coccyx vertebrae - next four fused vertebrae fused
2. Explain the importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures.
They act as shock absorber and provides flexibility to the spine, allowing it to flex and
extend. They also help protect the nerves that run down the spine and between the
vertebrae.
The spinal curvature is responsible for accurate posture while standing and sitting
3. List three abnormal spinal curvatures and give an example each.
a. Kyphosis
b. Lordosis
c. Scoliosis
8. List the components of the thoracic cage.
The ribs and sternum
9. Define fontanelle and discuss the function and fate of fontanelles in the fetus.
A fontanelle is soft spot or membranous area of unfused cranial bones
It allows the head to mold to fit through the birth canal during birth.
10. Discuss important differences between the fetal and adult skulls.
a. The fetal skull has no sutures, it has fontanelles, whereas the adult skull has sutures.
b. The fetal skull is round in shape, whereas the adult skull is oval.
c. The fetus skull is about 1/2 - 1/4 the height of the skeleton at birth whereas the adult
skull is about 1/8th the height of the skeleton.
d. Fetal facial bones form 1/8th of the fetal skull whereas the adult facial bones form 1/3rd
of the skull.

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 Print pages 2 – 6 below and write the answers on the sheets
11. Using choices from the numbered KEY below, identify all bones, sutures, and bone markings
provided with various leader lines in the two diagrams below. Some responses from the key will
be used more than once.

(KEY –
a. carotid canal p. mandible bb. parietal bone
b. coronal suture
q. mandibular fossa cc. sagittal suture
c. ethmoid bone
r. mandibular symphysis dd. sphenoid bone
d. external occipital
protuberance s. mastoid process ee. styloid process
e. foramen lacerum
t. maxilla ff. stylomastoid foramen
f. foramen magnum
g. foramen ovale u. mental foramen gg. superior orbital fissure
h. frontal bone v. middle nasal concha hh. supraorbital foramen
i. glabella of ethmoid
ii. temporal bone
j. incisive fossa
w. nasal bone
k. inferior nasal concha jj. vomer
l. inferior orbital concha x. occipital bone
kk. zygomatic bone
m. infraorbital foramen y. occipital condyle
ll. zygomatic process of
n. jagular foramen
z. palatine bone temporal bone
o. lacrimal bone
aa. palatine process of
maxilla

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 cc
b
i
w
h hh

bb gg

dd

ii
c l
o
v
kk
k
m
jj
t
u
r
p

j
t
aa
z m

kk

ll dd
jj g
q
ee e
s
a
ff
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bb
x
f
d

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12. On this illustration of an articulated vertebral column, identify each curvature indicated and
label it as a primary or a secondary curvature. Also identify the structures provided with leader
lines, using the letters of the terms listed in the key below.

a
b

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

d
Sacral

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13. Using the terms in the key, identify the regions and landmarks of the thoracic cage below.

c
f
b
h
g

j a
i

l
k

14. Briefly describe a joint

It is a point where two bones make contact.
15. Name and describe the three functional categories of joints.
a. Synarthroses – totally immovable joints
b. Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joint
c. Diarthroses – Freely moveable joints

16. Name and describe the three structural categories of joints, and discuss how their structure is
related to mobility.

a. Fibrous joints – Bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue. There are no cavity
between the bones and hence do not move.
b. Cartilaginous joints – Bones are connected by cartilage. It allows for very little movement
c. Synovial joints – There is a space between adjoining bones (synovial cavity) and is filled
with synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricated the joint, reducing friction between the bones
and allowing for greater movement.
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17. Identify the types of synovial joints; indicate whether they are nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, or
multiaxial, and describe the movements made by each.

a. Hinge – Uniaxial movement – angular movement in one plane

b. Saddle – Biaxial movement – circulation movement, but not rotation
c. Planar – Nonaxial movement – short gliding movements
d. Pivot – Uniaxial movement – rotation movement only
e. Ball and socket – Multiaxial movement – a wide range of motion
f. Condyloid – Biaxial movement – angular motion in two planes

18. Identify all indicated bones (or groups of bones) in the diagram of the articulated skeleton below

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Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Temporal bone
Maxillae
Occipital bone
Mandibl
e
Sternum Clavicle

Scapula
Ribs
Humerus
Radius
Vertebrae

Ulna Ilium

Carpals Sacrum

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Pubis tubercle
Femur

Pubis

Patella Talus

Tibia Calcaneus
Fibula
Metatarsals

Tarsals
Phalanges