English language-Communication Skills Summary

First semester 2023/2024

Done by Hamza Al-Kayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Unit 4 Summary
Vocabulary
Expressions with luck
• beginner’s luck. • pushing luck.
• out of luck. • the luck of the draw.
• bad luck. • no such luck.
• best of luck.
That sounds fishy
• Believable  ‫ﻗﺎﺑل ﻟﻠﺗﺻدﯾﻖ‬ • Credible ‫ﻣوﺛوق‬
• Convincing  ‫ﻣﻘﻧﻊ‬ • Far-fetched  ‫ﺻﻌب اﻟﻣﻧﺎل‬
• [Dubious, fishy]  ‫ﻣﺛﯾر ﻟﻠﺷك‬ • Iffy  ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣؤﻛد‬
• Misleading  ‫ﻣﺿﻠل‬ • Phony  ‫ﻣزﯾف‬
• Plausible  ‫ﻣﻌﻘول‬ • Well-founded  ‫ﻣؤﻛد‬
• Conceivable  ‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺧﯾﻠﮫ‬

Reporting clauses (active and passive)

Active reporting clauses
[S. + reporting {verb/noun} + (that) + …]

• Used to report what someone says, thinks, believes, etc.

• “That” word is usually optional.
• Verbs usually used in reporting clauses:
o More formal: argue, assert, claim, report.
 Ex: in turkey, many people agree (that) when someone goes on a journey, you
should pour water on the ground behind him or her to bring the person back
safely
o More conversational: admit, agree, assume, believe, doubt, explain, feel, say.
 Ex: In Venezuela, some people say (that) if someone passes a broom over your
feet, you will never get married.
• Nouns that are usually used for reporting clauses:
o Accusation, assertion, comment, explanation, response, argument, claim, decision,
remark, suggestion.
• That is needed in two cases:
o The verb is followed be a preposition and an indirect object.
[S. + reporting verb+ prep. + obj. + that + …]
 Ex: Several people agreed with me that logic, not superstition, is the best was
to make decisions.
o When we change the reporting verb into a noun.
[S. + reporting noun + that + …]
 Ex: Bill made the assertion that he’d have no luck at all if it weren’t for bad luck.

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Reporting clauses in the passive

[It+ verb to be + reporting verb(V3) + (that) + …]

• Reporting clauses in the passive are used ion written and formal English and are not
common in conversation.
• Verbs can be used in reporting clauses in passive:
Announce Deny Maintain Reveal Suggest
Confirm Estimate Observe Rumor Understand

• Reporting clauses in the passive are commonly used with a variety of structures:
o Simple present:
 Rule: [It+ {is/am/are} + V3 + that…]
 EX: It is said that the video ran for over nine months.
o Simple past:
 Rule: [It+ {was/were} + V3 + that…]
 Ex: It was explained that the device emits a sound that irritates young
people.
o Present perfect:
 Rule: [It+ {has/have} + been + V3 + that…]
 Ex: It has been estimated that the construction of Stonehenge took
over 20 million hours.
o Past perfect:
 Rule: [It+ had + been + V3 + that…]
 Ex: It had been rumored that a monster was living in the lake.
o With modals:
 Rule: [It+ modal + be + V3 + that…]
 Ex: It couldn’t be denied that many mysteries elude scientific
understanding.
o With past modals:
 Rule: [It+ modal + have + been + V3 + that…]
 Ex: It should have been confirmed that the flight would be delayed.

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Unit 5 Summary
Vocabulary
Reacting to movies:
• [touching, moving, inspiring]  movies affect your emotions or bring tears to your
eyes.
• [predictable, mediocre, formulaic, cliched]  the movie isn’t very good, and probably,
not worth watching.
• [engrossing, riveting]  the movie completely captures your attention.
• [predictable]  the plot of the movie is obvious and you can guess the ending.

Types of TV programs
• Game show • sitcom
• Documentary • sports program
• sketch comedy show • reality TV show
• soap opera • cartoon
• drama series • talk show
• cooking show • news program

Sentence Adverbs
• Modify a whole sentence not just a part of it.
• Express the speaker’s attitude, opinion, or reason for speaking.
• Most often located at the beginning of the sentence and set off by a comma.
• May be located in the middle of the sentence before the main verb or between the auxiliary
verb and the main verb.
• Can be used in place of longer clauses that modify a sentence:
[amazed that  amazingly],
[not surprised that  not surprisingly],
[apparent that  apparently], and more.

Certainty
• clearly, definitely, obviously, unquestionably.
o Ex: Unquestionably, studios are interested in producing a lot more movies
about superheroes.

Less certainty
• apparently, seemingly, supposedly.
o Ex: Seemingly, there have been more women cast in leading roles in successful
movies.

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Possibility and probability:

• possibly, potentially, probably.
o Ex: Box office profits will possibly continue to fall in the United States.

Talking honestly and directly:

• frankly, honestly, seriously.
o Ex: Honestly, I hope that having more courageous heroines will be a trend that
lasts and not just a passing fad.

Summarizing:
• basically, essentially, fundamentally, mainly, overall.
o Ex: Overall, the animated movies I take my children to see these days are
visually spectacular.

Other attitudes:
• amazingly, surprisingly, not surprisingly, predictably, fortunately, unfortunately.
o Ex: Not surprisingly, the other adults I see at the theater also enjoy these
movies as such as the kinds do.

Conjunctive adverbs:
• accordingly, consequently, hence, indeed, meanwhile, otherwise, thus.
• This group usually come in the middle of the sentence conjunction two clauses
together, or between two sentences also for conjunction.
o Ex: The coming attraction ended and the movie began; accordingly, the
audience fell silent.

[Such / so] … that

• Commonly used to express extremes in exclamatory sentences.
• Are most often followed by a that clause.
• In conversations so and such are used to alone to express emphatic stress.
• Such is followed by a noun (usually modified by an adjective)
[such … + adj. + noun … that]
o Ex: It is such a great show that I bought all eight seasons.
• So is followed by an adjective or and adverb
[so + {adj./adv.} … that]
o Ex: House is so foul-tempered that I hated him when I first started watching the
show.
• So many and so few are followed by countable nouns.
[so +{many/few} + countable noun … that]
o Ex: The dialogue is packed with so many jokes that it’s nonstop laughs from
beginning to end.
• So much and so little are followed by uncountable nouns.
[so +{much/little} + uncountable noun … that]

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

o Ex: My busy schedule leaves me so little Tv time that I don’t want to waste it
watching mediocre sitcoms.
So Majority Minority
Countable Many Few
Uncountable Much Little

• In conversation much and little can be used as adverbs following.

o Ex: Why do you watch TV so much? [much means frequently].
• Much, little, many and few can be used to serve as pronouns of nouns.
o Ex: He has so little (free time) he can’t keep up the latest TV shows.

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Unit 6 Summary
Vocabulary
Describing music
• Soothing: relaxing, calming, and comforting.  ‫ﻣرﯾﺢ ﻟﻸﻋﺻﺎب‬
• Monotonous: following the same pattern; unchanging. ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔس اﻹﯾﻘﺎع‬
• Exhilarating: making you feel very excited and happy.  ‫ﻣﺑﮭﺞ‬
• Evocative: bringing to mind strong emotion or image.  ‫ﺣزﯾﻧﺔ‬
• Frenetic: fast and energetic, and rather uncontrolled.  ‫ﻣﻠﯾﺋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
• Haunting: sadly beautiful and difficult to forget. ‫ﯾﻌﺻب ﻧﺳﯾﺎﻧﮫ‬
• Mellow: cool, laid-back, and smooth.  ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻠﺔ‬
• Catchy: pleasing and easy to remember. ‫ﺗﻠف اﻻﻧﺗﺑﺎه‬

Breaking into the business

Just starting out Currently successful No longer successful
Be discovered Be a big hit Be a has-been
Pay your dues Make it big Be washed up
Break into the business Make a comeback Be a one-hit wonder
Make a name for yourself Pay your dues
Get your big break

Double Comparatives

• You can use two comparatives, each preceded by the, in order to show how one quality or
amount is linked to another, the first expresses a condition for the second comparative.
• Revision for comparative and superlative:

Comparative (two sides) Superlative (one to all)

Adj. {more} +Adj.+ {-er/-ier} + than The + {most} + adj. + {-est/-iest}
Clean Cleaner than The cleanest
Comfortable More comfortable than The most comfortable
Tidy Tidier than The tidiest
Sad [CVC] Sadder than The saddest
Expectations
Good Better than The best
Bad Worse than The worst
Many/much
More than The most
[countable/uncountable]
little [uncountable] Less than The least

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

• Double comparative structure and rules:

o Sentence structure:
The {more} + adj.{-er/-ier} + {[adj.]/ [clause]/ [noun+ clause]}, The {more} +
adj.{-er/-ier} + {[adj.]/ [adj.+ noun]/ [noun+ clause]}.
o We add “more” for adjs. With two or more syllables.
 Ex: The more exciting the soundtrack, the better the movie seems.
o We add -er for adjectives with one syllable:
 Ex: The louder the movie gets, the sooner I feel like leaving.
o We add {-ier} for adjectives with one syllable and the adjective ends with “y”.
o We sometimes suffice with the comparative, and delete everything else (when we have
a clear context):
 Ex: the less 80s pop music I hear, the better I feel.
o More can be followed either by:
 Adjective
Ex: The more exciting the soundtrack, the better the movie seems.

 Clause:
Ex: The more I hear a pop song on the radio, the less I feel like buying it.
 Noun+ clause:
Ex: The more types of music you try to listen to, the more likely you are
to enjoy a wide variety of genres.

Will and would for habits and general truths

• You can use would to express habitual actions in the past
• “would” is more formal that “used to” and is frequently used in past narratives.
• Would needs to be clearly associated with a time in the past.
• Would cannot be used with stative verbs such as [be, have, Like, live, love, mean, and own.
o Correct: when I was young, I used to have clarinet.
o Incorrect: when I was young, I would have a clarinet
o Ex: In high school, Madonna used to love to dance would always get excellent grades
• You can use “will” to express personal habits or characteristic behavior in the present, or to
express facts that are generally true.

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Unit 7 Summary
Vocabulary
Antonyms with prefixes
• [il-, im-, in-, ir-, un-, dis-, de-, anti-, counter-, a-, mis-, non-] Negative prefixes (gives the
opposite of the word), examples:
o Inconsiderate  ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣراﻋﻲ‬
o Inconsistent  ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺟﺎﻧس‬
o Indecisive  ‫ﻏﯾر ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺧﺎذ ﻗرار‬
o Illogical  ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﻧطﻘﻲ‬
o Immature  ‫ﻏﯾر ﻧﺎﺿﺞ‬
o Improper  ‫ﻏﯾر ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‬
o Irresponsible  ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳؤول‬
o Intolerant  ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺳﺎﻣﺢ‬

Collocations with change

• Anticipate a change  expect change  ‫ﯾﺗوﻗﻊ اﻟﺗﻐﯾر‬
• Avoid a change  escape or stay away from a change  ‫ﯾﺣﺎول ﺗﺟﻧب اﻟﺗﻐﯾر‬
• Bring about a change  cause a change  ‫ﯾﺣدث اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر‬
• Cope with a change  successfully deal with a change  ‫ﯾﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﺑﻧﺟﺎح ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﻐﯾر‬
• Go through a change  experience a change  ‫ﯾﻣر ﺑﺗﻐﯾر‬
• Resist a change  fight against a change  ‫ﯾﻘﺎوم اﻟﺗﻐﯾر‬
• Welcome a change  invite and be happy about change  ‫ﯾرﺣب ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻐﯾر‬

Optional and required relative pronouns

• In defining relative clauses, when the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause or it shows
possession, the relative pronoun is required. When it is the object, it is usually optional.
• Subject of clause (relative pronouns that, which, or who required)
Subject followed by Verb (relative pronoun cannot be deleted)
o Ex: People who/that are concerned with the effect of pesticides on the environment are
buying organic produce.
o Ex: Social exercise programs that/which offer fun group workout are on the rise.
• Showing possession (relative pronoun whose required)
Whose is always followed by indefinite noun (cannot be deleted)
o More professionals whose managers allow it are opting to telecommute, or work from
home.
• Object of clause (relative pronoun that, which, who, or whom are required)
Object followed by {subject + verb} (relative pronoun can be deleted)
o Hybrid cars are option that/which more people are choosing.
o Dome elementary schools now offer classes for children who/whom/that they once
considered too young.

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

• When the relative pronoun is the complement (or object) of a preposition, whom is required
not who
o No one can live with that land now expect indigenous people to whom special permits
have been given.
• When the relative pronoun is the complement (or object) of a preposition, which is required
not that.
o My parents’ generation stood for certain principles against which my generation has
rebelled.
• The relative pronoun whose is not only used for people. It can also represent animals or things.
o There are some new fitness classes whose purpose is to provide safe exercise for the
elderly.
Subject Object Possession place time way reason
Animate Who /that Who/whom/that/Ø Where/in When/in
whose how why
Inanimate Which/that Which/that/Ø which which

As if, as though, as, the way, and like

• [as if and as though] often introduce clauses that describe impressions about feelings or
behavior after verbs such as act, behave, feel, look, seem, and talk.
o Ex: Still, I feel as if / as though something is missing.
• [As and the way] introduce clauses that express a comparison.
o Ex: My father is trying to exercise more as/ the way his doctor advised.
• In informal English the word [like] can be used instead of [as if/ as though] and [as/ the way]
o Ex1: Still, I feel like something missing.
o Ex2: My father is trying to exercise more like his doctor advised.
• When [as] introduces a clause expressing a comparison, subject-verb inversion can occur in
affirmative sentences
o With do [if there is no auxiliary]:
 Ex: Marissa has a lot of trouble accepting change, as does Trina.
o With auxiliary verbs [have/has/had]:
 Ex: Mitt has coped well with changes at work, as have his co-workers.
o With modals [will-would/shall-should/can-could/may-might/must-ought to]:
 Ex: Grandma would tell us stories of the old days, as would grandpa.
o With be [am/is/are/was/were]:
 Ex: Marcel is wary of technology, as is his whole family.
• When both clauses have the same subject, [as if and as though] clauses with adjectives or past
participles are frequently shortened by removing the subject and be.
o Ex: bill is talking about quitting his job, as though (he were) single and carefree.
• Notice that we use past form of the verb after [as if and as though] when these phrases are
followed by a hypothetical or unreal situation.
o Bill is talking about quitting his job, as though he were carefree. (he has responsibilities
to do)

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Unit 8 Summary
Vocabulary
Shopping experiences
• Go over your credit limit  charge more to your credit card then the allowed amount.
• Be a bargain hunter  be a person who looks for low-priced products.
• Be a compulsive shopper  be unable to control your need to buy things
• Have buyer’s remorse  have regrets after making an unwise purchase
• Make an impulse buy  buy something suddenly without having planned to
• Bid on an item  offer money to buy an item at an auction
• Go on a shopping spree  spend lots of money shopping for pleasure
• Go window-shopping  look at goods in stores without buying any

Marketing strategies
• A free sample lets people try a product they weren’t planning to buy ‫ﻋﯾﻧﮫ ﻣﺟﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
• Coupon codes can be obtained at many websites and entitle customers to discounts
 ‫ﻗﺳﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺻم‬
• Product placement gets attention for the products when they are shown in the
movies or on tv shows  ‫ﻣﻛﺎن وﺿﻊ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‬
• Comparative marketing  points out the superiority of a product over its competitors
 ‫اﻟﺗﺳوﯾﻖ ﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
• Search-engine marketing promotes a product or service related to your search on the
results page ‫اﻟﺗﺳوﯾﻖ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﻣﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟﺑﺣث‬
• A celebrity endorsement link the name and image of a famous person to a product
 ‫اﻟﺗﺳوﯾﻖ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﻣﺷﺎھﯾر‬
• A loyalty program rewards customers for repeatedly purchasing productos from one
retailer ‫ﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟوﻻء‬
• Word-of-mouth marketing  occurs when satisfied customers tell others about their
positive experience ‫اﻟﺗﺳوﯾﻖ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﻛﻼم‬

Stealth advertising
• Covert  undercover
• Amplified  strengthened
• Tucked away  hidden
• Peddle  sell
• Hyperconnected always online
• Pervasive  widespread and invasive

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Placement of direct and indirect objects

• For most verbs, including [get, give, lend, offer, sell, send, show, teach, and tell], then the direct
and indirect objects follow these patterns:

Pattern A:

o Direct object + {to/for} + indirect object

o Example:
 You can send information to other shoppers.
 You can send information to them.
 You can send it to other shoppers.
 You can send it to them.

Pattern B:

o Indirect object + direct object

o Example:
 You can send other shoppers information
 You can send them information
• Verbs such as [announce, describe, explain, mention, provide, recommend, return, and say], we
just follow {Pattern A}
• Verbs such as [allow, ask, cause, and cost], we just follow {Pattern B}
• When the direct object is a pronoun, it goes before the indirect object
• When the indirect object is a pronoun, it can go before or after the direct object
• When both objects are pronouns, only one {Pattern A} is possible.

Verbs in the subjunctive

• Verb group such as [demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest, advise, beg,
require, stipulate, ask, prefer, specify, and vote] are followed by the subjunctive.
• The subjunctive uses the base form of the verb, and used in formal English to express a wish or
a necessity.
Verb from the group above +(that)+ subjunctive.
o I think consumers need to insist (that) advertisements be truthful in every respect.
o Some ads seem to demand (that) the customer buy the product.
o He advised that his students be on time.
• This adjective group is frequently followed by the subjunctive [it is + {crucial, imperative,
important, essential, vital, critical}].
Adjective from the group above + (that) + subjunctive.
o I believe it is essential (that) an ad be clever and witty in order to be effective.
• The negative subjunctive is formed with not and the base form of the verb.
o The advertising executive’s contract required that he not receive a bonus that year.
• The passive form of the subjunctive is formed by be+ past participle.
• The sponsors asked that their product be featured prominently in the movie.
• The manufacturers preferred that their shaving cream not be endorsed by misbehaving
stars.

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Unit 9 summary
Vocab
Physical features of animals
• Beaks ‫ﻣﻧﻘﺎر‬ • Claws ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻟب‬
• Fangs ‫أﻧﯾﺎب‬ • feathers ‫رﯾش‬
• Fins ‫زﻋﺎﻧف‬ • Fur‫ﻓرو‬
• Gills ‫ﺧﯾﺎﺷﯾﯾم‬ • Hooves‫ﺣواﻓر‬
• Horns ‫ﻗرون‬ • paws‫ﻛف‬
• Scales ‫ﺣراﺷف‬ • tails ‫ذﯾل‬
• Tusks‫أﻧﯾﺎب اﻟﻌﺎج‬ • Wings ‫اﺟﻧﺣﺔ‬

Nature-related idioms
• A breath of fresh airnew, different, exciting.
• A drop in the oceanless, fewer than needed.
• As clear as mudconfusing, unclear.
• A walk in the parkeasy.
• Set in stoneunchangeable.
• The tip of the iceberga small perceptible part of a much bigger problem.
• Under the weathernot feeling well.
• Up in the airundecided, uncertain.

Whenever and wherever contrasted with when and where

• Whenever and wherever mean “at any time” and “in any place” they used to introduce
adverbial clauses. Notis their position in the sentences
• Whenever experts talk about language use by animals, Alex’s name is usually
mentioned.
• Alex’s name is usually mentioned whenever experts talk about language use by
animals.
• When and where can replace whenever and wherever when the sense of “at any time” or “in
any place”
• Whenever/when actors worked with Bart the Bear, they were always impressed.
• Whenever and wherever cannot be used if the sentence refers to a specific time or location. In
these cases, when and where are used
o When Brad Pitt worked with Bart in legends of the Fall, he was very impressed. (Specific
time)
o There are a lot of people where the elephants were painting today. (Specific place)
• If whenever, wherever, when, and where are followed by [subject + be + {adjective/past
participle}], the subject + be are often deleted. This occurs mainly in formal speech and writing.
o Pets need to be given attention every day, not just when giving them attention is
convenient.
• Whenever and wherever can have the meaning “no matter when / where”.

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

o A: My dog doesn’t like it when I give her a bath at night.

o B: Mine doesn’t like it whenever I give him a bath.
• Whenever and wherever can have the meaning “although I don’t know when / where”
o We’ll have to get together on his birthday, whenever that is!
o Their dog was found in a park outside of Hicksville, wherever that is!
• Whenever and wherever are rarely used following the focus adverbs [even, just, right, and
only], when and where are often used instead.
o My cats show me affection even when I am in a bad mood.
o Elephants will survive in the wild only where they are protected from illegal hunting.

Noun clauses with whoever and whatever

• Whoever and whatever can begin noun clauses and function as either the subject or object of
the clause.
• Whoever means [the person who, anyone who, everyone who]
o Whoever applies should have at least five years of experience.
o Extra consideration will be given to whoever can start immediately.
• Whatever means [anything that, everything that]
o Be ready to do whatever is required to return injured animals to the wild.
o You will find whatever you need to start a career in the nature right here!
• In formal speech and writing, whoever is used for the subject and whomever is used for the
object clause. Whomever is rare in conversations.
o Whoever wants a unique experience should try scuba diving in a coral reef.
o I’ll take whomever the instructor chooses for my rock-climbing partner.
• When referring to a known and limited group of items, whichever can be used to mean
“whatever one” or “whatever ones”
o For your birthday, I’ll pay for kayaking or skydiving lessons. You can choose whichever
you want.
o I’ve packed three kinds of sandwiches for the picnic. Your friends can have whichever
they want.

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Unit 10 summary
Vocabulary
A way with words
• Have a sharp tongue talk in a bitter, critical way.
• Have a way with words  have a talent for speaking.
• Stick to the point continue talking about a main idea.
• Talk around a point talking about something without addressing it directly.
• Talk behind someone’s back  talk about a person without them knowing.
• Talk someone into something convince someone into something.
• Talk someone’s ear off talk until the other person is tired of listening.
• Love to hear oneself talk enjoy talking even if nobody is paying attention.

Discourse markers
Usage Words
To open a presentation To begin, first of all,
To sequence information Next, to begin, first of all, (first/second/third)
to add information In addition, furthermore
To introduce similarities Similarly, likewise,
To introduce contrasts Nevertheless, yet,
To close a presentation In conclusion, to sum up,

Overview of passives
• Passive sentences focus on the receiver of the action making it the subject of the sentence. The
agent that performs the action can be omitted or follow by after the verb.
General form: Subject + form of verb to be/get + past participle + {by + agent}
• Simple present: (subject + is/am/are/get {not} + V3) + {by + agent}
o Steve jobs is remembered for his contributions to communications technologies.
• Present continuous: (subject + is/am/are {not} + being/getting + V3) + {by + agent}
o Many of his design innovations are still being imitated by competitors.
• Present perfect: (subject + have/has {not} + been/gotten + V3) + {by + agent}
o Business presentations have been ever transformed by his simple but engaging style.
• Simple past: (subject + was/were/got {not} + V3) + {by + agent}
o Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize at 1993.
• Past continuous: (subject + was/were {not} + being/getting + V3) + {by + agent}
o Mandela’s fight was being kept alive by activists around the world.
• Past perfect: (subject + had {not} + been/gotten + V3) + {by + agent}
o The report had been completed by the team before the deadline.
• Future with going to: (subject + is/am/are {not} + going to {be/get} + V3) + {by + agent}
o Mandela is always going to be remembered for his great speeches.

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English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

• Modals: (subject + modal + be/get + V3) + {by + agent}

o Jobs will also be remembered as an inspiring public speaker.
• Past modals: (subject + past modal + have {been/gotten} + V3) + {by + agent}
o No one should have been surprised.
• The passive voice with modals can be used in short answers
A: Why wasn’t that author awarded the Noble Prize for Literature?
B: I don’t know, but he should have been. (He should have been awarded the…)
• The verb get can also serve as an auxiliary to form passive voice
• Using get is less formal than using verb to be, and it is primarily used in spoken English
• Using get always indicate a change (the meaning of it is close to become)
• Using verb to be indicate an unchanging stat or a dynamic one.
• The verb get is also commonly used in expressions such as (get+ {acquainted/arrested/dressed/
excited/married/scared})
o Larry and Natalie got married in 2006. (Their wedding occurred in 2006)
o Larry and Natalie were married in 2006. (Their wedding may have occurred before
2006)

Subject-verb agreement with quantifiers

•[Everyone, someone, anyone, no one, {each/every} + noun] are followed by singular verb
o Every variety is correct.
o No one expects email to be correct.
• All (of), a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some (of), most (of), and fractions take singular verb if the
noun they modify is uncountable or singular. They take a plural verb if the noun they modify is
plural.
o A lot of advanced grammar is complicated.
o Most people don’t need to write well.
o Three-quarters of email messages contain grammar errors.
• Each of, every one of, none of, and collective nouns such as majority (of) and minority (of),
typically take singular verb, but usually take plural verb after a plural noun in informal speech.
o None of us has/have the right to correct other people’s grammar.
o The minority of my friends care/cares about speaking correctly.
• [A [large/small/great] + number of + noun(plural)] takes a plural verb
o A (large) number of students in my English class were absent on Friday.
• When using majority or minority as a whole unit or single group they take a singular verb.
o All students can express their opinions, but the majority rules.
• Majority and minority are followed by the plural form of verb to be when the complement is a
plural noun.
o If you ask my father about the young people today, he’ll tell you that the majority are
slackers.

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

Unit 11 summary
Vocabulary
Compound adjectives related to the body
• Empty-headed silly and brainless.
• Hot-blooded quick to anger.
• Hard-hearted/cold-blooded/cold-hearted uncaring or unkind.
• Warm-hearted/soft-hearted/openhearted  sweet and loving.
• HardheadedStubborn and unyielding.
• Open-minded tolerant and unbiased.
• Narrow-minded intolerant and disapproving.
• Absent-minded forgetful.
• Coolheaded calm and unexcitable.
• Soft-hearted/warm-hearted friendly and kind.

Phrasal verbs
• Look to  rely on(‫)ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ‬
• Get through overcome (‫)ﯾﺗﺧطﻰ‬
• Check on  go see if someone is all right (‫)ﯾﺗطﻣن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺧص‬
• Look after  take care of (‫)ﯾﻌﺗﻧﻲ‬
• Face up to  confront (‫)ﯾواﺟﮫ‬
• Side with  defend or support (‫ ﯾدﻋم‬،‫)ﯾداﻓﻊ‬
• Live up to  achieve what is expected (‫)اﻧﺟﺎز اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻊ‬
• Take after  resemble (an older relative) in looks or character (‫)ﯾﺷﺑﮫ‬

Compound adjectives
• Compound adjectives are modifying phrases made up of two or more words
• They can be joined by a hyphen, appear as a single word, or appear as two separate words
• There common patterns using compound adjectives in English are:
o Adjective + noun + -ed (absent-minded, high-spirited, long-winded, soft-hearted)
 When preceding a noun, these compounds are usually written with a hyphen
unless they are one word.
o Adverb + past participle (much-loved, well-dressed, highly acclaimed, widely respected)
 Compounds with adverbs ending in -ly are never hyphenated.
 Other adverbs are usually hyphenated before but not after the noun.
o Adjective, adverb, or noun + present participle (easygoing, forward-thinking, thought-
provoking)
 When preceding a noun, these compounds are usually written with a hyphen
unless they are one word.
• The following compound adjectives follow the pattern (noun + past particle):

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Hamza Alkayyali
English language-Communication Skills First semester 2023/2024

o Awestruck, frostbitten, handwritten, homemade, store-bought, waterlogged,

bloodstained, handmade, heartbroken, moth-eaten, sunburned, windswept.
• The following compound adjectives are found written as one word in many dictionaries.
o Airborne, barefooted, downhearted, lightweight, painstaking, airsick, daylong,
hardheaded, newfound, seaworthy.
• In the comparative form of compound adjectives, more and less are not followed by hyphens.
o A more forward-looking plan, a less easygoing person, a more highly trained applicant.

Superlative compound adjectives

• They follow the same hyphenation rules as compound adjectives.
• The superlative form of compound adjectives is most often formed by adding the most and the
least, there is never hyphen after most or least.
o I’m not the most easily impressed person.
o He’s the least narrow-minded man I know.
• When the first word is and adj./adv. Of one or two syllables, the superlative can be formed by
adding the using the superlative form of the first word.
(adj./adv (1 or 2 syllables))  (the + adj./adv (1 or 2 syllables)-est)
o He is the hardest-working man I know.
• They also occur after the verb without a noun.
o Of all men I know, he is the hardest-working.
• As with other superlative adjectives, “the” is no used when the noun is preceded by a possessive
o Venezuela’s best-known poet will be reading one of his works at the public library this
week.

• These following adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms, they
are frequently used in comparative and superlative compound adjectives.
Adjective /adverbs Comparative Superlative
Good Better Best
Bad/ badly Worse Worst
Far(adj/adv) Farther/further Farthest/furthest
Well better Best
Little Less (lesser) Least
Much More most

Done!!

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Hamza Alkayyali