PreCalculus 2.6-2.7 - 20241025

College Algebra and Trigonometry
Prof. Liang ZHENG
Fall 2024
1
2.6 Transformations of Graphs
① Recognize Basic Functions

Table 2-2 Basic Functions and Their Graphs
1. Linear Functions: f(x) = mx + b
Constant Functions: f(x) = b
Identity Function: f(x) = x
4. Absolute Value Function: f(x) = |x|
2. Quadratic Function: f(x) = x2
Square Root Function: f(x) = 𝒙
𝟏
5. Reciprocal Function: f(x) =
𝒙
3. Cubic Function: f(x) = x3

𝟑
Cubic Root Function: f(x) = 𝒙
2
Table 2-2 Basic Functions and Their Graphs
3
② Apply Vertical and Horizontal Translations (Shifts)

Vertical Translations of Graphs:
Consider a function defined by y = f(x). Let k be a positive real number.
⚫ The graph of y = f(x) + k is the graph of y = f(x) shifted k units upward.
⚫ The graph of y = f(x) − k is the graph of y = f(x) shifted k units downward.
e.g. f(x) = x2 g(x) = x2 + 2 h(x) = x2 − 2
Example 1:
Use translations to graph the following functions.
a) g(x) = |x| − 3
b) h(x) = x3 + 2 4
Horizontal Translations of Graphs:

Consider a function defined by y = f(x). Let k be a positive real number.
⚫ The graph of y = f(x − h) is the graph of y = f(x) shifted h units to the right.
⚫ The graph of y = f(x + h) is the graph of y = f(x) shifted h units to the left.
Example 2:
Translating a graph horizontally:
g(x) = (x + 3)2
Example 3:
Translating a graph horizontally and vertically:
p(x) = 𝒙 − 𝟑 − 𝟐 5
③ Apply Vertical and Horizontal Shrinking and Stretching

Vertical Shrinking and Stretching of Graphs:
Consider a function defined by y = f(x). Let a be a positive real number.
⚫ If a > 1, then the graph of y = af(x) is the graph of y = f(x) stretched vertically
by a factor of a.
⚫ If 0 < a < 1, then the graph of y = af(x) is the graph of y = f(x) shrunk vertically
by a factor of a.
Horizontal Shrinking and Stretching of Graphs:
Consider a function defined by y = f(x). Let a be a positive real number.
⚫ If a > 1, then the graph of y = f(ax) is the graph of y = f(x) shrunk horizontally
by a factor of 1/a.
⚫ If 0 < a < 1, then the graph of y = af(x) is the graph of y = f(x) stretched
horizontally by a factor of 1/a. 6
Example 4:
Stretch or shrink a graph of function vertically:
a) f(x) = |x| b) g(x) = 2|x| c) f(x) = |x|/2
Example 5:
Stretch or shrink a graph of function horizontally.
The graph of y = f(x) is shown. Graph:
a) y = f(2x) b) y = f(x/2)
7
④ Apply Reflections across the x- and y- axes.

Reflections across the x- and y- axes:
Consider a function defined by y = f(x).
⚫ The graph of y = -f(x) is the graph of y = f(x) reflected across the x-axis.
⚫ The graph of y = f(-x) is the graph of y = f(x) reflected across the y-axis.
Example 6:
The graph of y = f(x) is shown. Graph:
a) y = -f(x) b) y = f(-x)
8
⑤ Summarize
Transformations of Graphs.
9
Example 7:
Use Multiple Transformations to graph the function:
𝟏 𝟐
𝒎 𝒙 =− 𝒙−𝟐 +𝟑
𝟐
Example 8:
Use Multiple Transformations to graph the function:
𝒏 𝒙 = − −𝒙 + 𝟐
10
2.7 Analyzing Graphs of Functions and Piecewise-Defined Functions
① Test for Symmetry
Test for Symmetry:

Consider an equation in the variables x and y.
⚫ The graph of the equation is symmetric with respect to y-axis if substituting -x
for x in the equation results in an equivalent equation.
⚫ The graph of the equation is symmetric with respect to x-axis if substituting -y
for y in the equation results in an equivalent equation.
⚫ The graph of the equation is symmetric with respect to the origin if substituting
-x for x and -y for y in the equation results in an equivalent equation.
11
Example 1:
Determine whether the graph is symmetric with respect to x-axis, y-axis, or the origin:
a) y = |x| b) x = y2 − 4
Example 2:
Determine whether the graph is symmetric with respect to x-axis, y-axis, or the origin:
x2 + y2 = 9
12
② Identify Even and Odd Functions.
Even and Odd Functions:

Consider an equation in the variables x and y.
⚫ A function is an even function if f(-x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of f. The
graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to y-axis.
⚫ A function is an odd function if f(-x) = -f(x) for all x in the domain of f. The
graph of an odd function is symmetric with respect to the origin.
13
Example 3:
Determine whether the function is even, odd, or neither.
Example 4:
Determine whether the function is even, odd, or neither.
a) f(x) = −2x4 + 5|x| b) g(x) = 4x3 − x c) h(x) = 2x2 + x
14
③ Graph Piecewise-Defined Functions.
Example 5: Interpreting a piecewise-defined function.

Evaluate the function for the given values of x.
−𝒙 − 𝟏 for 𝒙 < −𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = ቐ−𝟑 for −𝟏≤𝒙<𝟐
𝒙−𝟐 for 𝒙≥𝟐
a) f(-3) b) f(-1) c) f(2) d) f(6)
15
Example 6:
Graph the function defined by:
−𝟑𝒙 for 𝒙<𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 =ቊ
−𝟑 for 𝒙≥𝟏
Example 7:
Graph the function defined by:
𝒙+𝟑 for 𝒙 < −𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 =ቊ 𝟐
𝒙 for −𝟏≤𝒙<𝟐
16
Step Functions: a special category of piecewise-defined functions.

The graph of a step function is a series of discontinuous “steps”.
One important step function is called the greatest integer function
or floor function, defined by: f(x) = [x]
where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
The operation [x] may also be denoted as int(x) or floor(x).
Example 8:
Graph the function defined by: f(x) = [x]
17
④ Investigate Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Behavior of a Function.
18
Example 10:
Use interval notation to write the intervals over which f is:
a) Increasing
b) Decreasing
c) Constant
19
⑤ Determine Relative Minima and Maxima of a Function.

Relative/Local Minimum and Maximum Values:
⚫ f(a) is a relative/local maximum of f if there exists an open interval containing a
such that f(a)  f(x) for all x in the interval.
⚫ f(b) is a relative/local minimum of f if there exists an open interval containing b
such that f(b)  f(x) for all x in the interval.
Note: An open interval is an interval in which the endpoints are not included.
20
Example 11: Find the Relative/Local Maxima and Minima
21

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PreCalculus 2.6-2.7 - 20241025

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College Algebra and Trigonometry

Prof. Liang ZHENG

① Recognize Basic Functions

3. Cubic Function: f(x) = x3

Table 2-2 Basic Functions and Their Graphs

② Apply Vertical and Horizontal Translations (Shifts)

e.g. f(x) = x2 g(x) = x2 + 2 h(x) = x2 − 2

Horizontal Translations of Graphs:

③ Apply Vertical and Horizontal Shrinking and Stretching

④ Apply Reflections across the x- and y- axes.

① Test for Symmetry

Test for Symmetry:

② Identify Even and Odd Functions.

Even and Odd Functions:

③ Graph Piecewise-Defined Functions.

Example 5: Interpreting a piecewise-defined function.

Step Functions: a special category of piecewise-defined functions.

④ Investigate Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Behavior of a Function.

⑤ Determine Relative Minima and Maxima of a Function.

Example 11: Find the Relative/Local Maxima and Minima

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