Lec1 - Vector Algebra

Engineering Electromagnetics
(ECE102)
Reference Book:
“Elements of Electromagnetics” by Sadiku
1-Aug-23 Progress Through Quality Education 1

Syllabus
UNIT – I
Electrostatics and Magnetostatics
Electrostatics: Point charges - Coulomb's law - Electrostatic field intensity - Electrostatic
flux - Gauss's law and its applications in a spherical volume element - Maxwell's first
equation - Electrostatic potential - Energy density in electrostatic fields - Electrostatic
boundary conditions.
Magnetostatics: Biot- Savart's law -Ampere's circuit law - Magnetic flux - Maxwell's
second equation - Energy density in magnetostatic fields - Magnetostatic boundary
conditions.
UNIT – II
Time Varying fields and Wave Propagation
Time varying fields: Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction – Transformer and
Motional EMF – Maxwell's third equation - Equation of Continuity – Inconsistency of
Ampere’s Law – Displacement Current – Maxwell’s fourth equations –Time Harmonic
Fields – Maxwell’s Equations in phasor form – Power and Poynting’s Theorem.
Electromagnetic wave propagation: general Wave Equations – Wave Propagation in
Lossy Dielectrics and in Lossless Dielectrics – Free Space Wave Propagation – Plane
Wave in Good Conductors – Reflection of Plane Wave at Normal and Oblique Incidence

Syllabus (contd…)
UNIT – III
Transmission Lines
Introduction – Transmission Line Parameters – Transmission Line Equations – Lossless
and Distortion Less Lines – Input Impedance, Standing Wave Ratio and Power –
Shorted, Open and Matched Lines – Smith Chart – Quarter-Wave Transformer – Single
stub tunner
UNIT – IV
Waveguides
Introduction – Rectangular Waveguides – Transverse Magnetic (TM) Modes –
Transverse Electric (TE) Modes – Impossibility of TEM Wave in Wave Guides – Wave
Propagation in the Guide – Power Transmission and Attenuation – Losses in a Wave
Guide.

Vector Algebra
 Basic Vector Concepts & Notation
 Vector Operations
 Dot Product
 Cross Product
 Orthogonal Coordinate systems
 Cartesian
 Cylindrical
 Spherical
1-Aug-23 4
Vector Notations
 Definition: A vector is a geometric entity that has
both a magnitude and a direction.
 For our purposes:
 Magnitudes (scalars) are identified with real numbers (+, −, or 0).
 Magnitudes are typically quantified in terms of physical units
 e.g. Newtons of force, Volts/meter of electric field strength
 Directions are in three-dimensional space.
 A vector can be represented by a list of numbers.
 Assumes a particular coordinate system.
 A notational convention:
 In typed documents, we write vectors in bold: A, B, C
 When handwriting, put an arrow over symbol
1-Aug-23 5
Some Vector-Valued Quantities in
Electromagnetic Field Theory
 Electric field vectors:
 E – Electric field strength (or intensity), dimensioned in
voltage/distance = force/charge.
 D – Electric flux density, dimensioned in charge/area.
 Magnetic field vectors:
 B – Magnetic flux density, dimensioned in “magnetic charge”/area.
 H – Magnetic field intensity, dimensioned in force/“magnetic charge”
 Others:
 A – The vector potential
 From which electric and magnetic fields can be derived
 F – Force on a particle
 J – Current density
 R – Position or displacement vector
 And more: velocity, acceleration, angular velocity, torque, etc.
1-Aug-23 6
Vector Magnitude
 The magnitude of a vector A is a scalar quantity A.
 The operation of taking the magnitude of a vector is
denoted by enclosing the vector in vertical bars “|”.
A A
 The magnitude can be thought of as the length of the
vector (if it is pictured as an arrow).
 Note: This differs from the “length” |A|
of a “vector” in computer programming: A
 That means, number of elements in a list.
1-Aug-23 7
Basic Vector Operations
 Vectors can be added together: B
C
 Example: A = B + C A
 Vectors can be multiplied by scalars: B B
 E.g.: A = B + B = 2B A
  They can also be divided by scalars (≠0).

 Any vector, when multiplied by the scalar 0,
becomes the unique null vector 0.
 For any A, 0A = 0.
1-Aug-23 8
Unit Vectors
 A unit vector has magnitude 1.
 Convention used in Sadiku book:
 Unit vector is written in bold lowercase: a.
 Another common convention:
 Unit vector has an angled “hat” over it: â
 The unit vector aA in the direction of a given
(nonzero) vector A can be found by dividing
A by its magnitude: a  A so A = |A|aA.
A
A
1-Aug-23 9
Component Form
 Any vector A can be written as a sum of 3
component vectors, i.e., as a linear combination of
unit vectors along any 3 linearly independent axes.
 This is called a component representation of the vector.
 E.g., use unit vectors ax, ay, az in the direction of the
x, y, z axes in a Cartesian coordinate system.
 Another common notation: i, j, k or ˆi , ˆj, kˆ
 More about coordinate systems later.
 That is, for any vector A, we can write: Einstein
 A = Ax ax + Ay ay + Az az = ∑i{x,y,z} Aiai = Aiai summation
notation
 I’ll say the component Axax (a vector)
has the numerical coefficient Ax (a scalar).
1-Aug-23 10
Magnitudes in Terms of Components
 To find the magnitude of a vector in terms of
the magnitudes of its components, we can use
a 3D extension of the Pythagorean Theorem.
A A  A  A  A
2
x
2
y
2
z
 Note: This formula assumes we are using an

orthogonal coordinate system, i.e. using unit
vectors that are at right angles to each other.
1-Aug-23 11
Vector Magnitude – Practice Problem
 What is the distance
from the origin to the
point (3, 4, 0)?
 Use Pythagorean
Theorem
 What is |rP|, the
magnitude of the
vector r(3,4,5) = (3,4,0)
3ax + 4ay + 5az?
1-Aug-23 12
Addition in Terms of Components
 To add or subtract two vectors, just add or subtract
their corresponding components
 Assuming both component representations are using the
same unit vectors (coordinate system)
 If not, you have to first convert one of the vector representations
into the coordinate system of the other!
A + B = (Axax + Ayay + Azaz) + (Bxax + Byay + Bzaz)

= (Ax + Bx)ax + (Ay + By)ay + (Az + Bz)az
1-Aug-23 13
Basic Algebraic Laws
 Vector addition and vector multiplication by scalars
obey commutative/associative/distributive laws:
 Commutative laws:
 Vector addition is commutative: A+B=B+A
 Scalar multiplication is commutative: sA = As.
 Associative laws:
 Vector addition is associative: A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
 Scalar multiplication is associative: s(tA) = (st)A.
 Scalar multiplication is distributive, in two ways:
 s(A + B) = sA + sB (across vector addition)
 (s + t)A = sA + tA (across scalar addition)
1-Aug-23 14
The “Dot Product” Operator
 Takes two vectors and produces a scalar:
A•B = s = AB cos θ
 Where A=|A| etc. and θ is the angle between A and B.
 Definition in terms of orthogonal coefficients:
 A•B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
 Some algebraic properties of dot product:
 Distributes over vector addition: A•(B+C)=A•B+A•C
 Commutes with scalar multiplication: s(A•B) = A•(sB)
 Sometimes, the dot product is referred to as an
“inner product” operator.
 As opposed to cross product  “outer product.”
1-Aug-23 15
Cross Product
 The cross product of vectors A,B is the vector
AB = (AB sin θ)an
 Where AB are magnitudes, θ is the
interior angle, and an is the normal
(perpendicular) unit vector to
A and B, by the “right-hand rule”
 Magnitude is area of
A
parallelogram formed Area |AB|
by A and B. B
1-Aug-23 16
Some Properties of Cross Product
 The cross product is anticommutative:
A  B = −(B  A)
 It can be written in terms of components as a
matrix determinant:
A  B  a x ( Ay Bz  Az By )  a y ( Az Bx  Ax Bz )  a z ( Ax By  Ay Bx )
ax ay az ax ay az Remember this rule:
 Ax Ay Az Ax Ay Az Forwards order (xyz): positive.
Bx By Bz Bx By Bz Backwards order (zyx): negative.
 a[i Aj Bk ] Modern notation. i,j,k{x,y,z}; [ ] = Anti-

symmetrized sum over permutations of x,y,z
1-Aug-23 17
Some Other Concepts
 The Scalar Triple Product A•(BC)
 The Vector Triple Product A(BC)
1-Aug-23 18
References
• “Elements of Electromagnetics” by Sadiku
• www.powershow.com
1-Aug-23 19

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Engineering Electromagnetics

1-Aug-23 Progress Through Quality Education 1

1-Aug-23 Progress Through Quality Education 2

1-Aug-23 Progress Through Quality Education 3

  They can also be divided by scalars (≠0).

 Note: This formula assumes we are using an

A + B = (Axax + Ayay + Azaz) + (Bxax + Byay + Bzaz)

 a[i Aj Bk ] Modern notation. i,j,k{x,y,z}; [ ] = Anti-

 The Scalar Triple Product A•(BC)

 The Vector Triple Product A(BC)

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