1

UNIT-I:
INTRODUCTION:
Electromagnetics is the study of the effects of electric charges at rest and in motion. Moving positive and
negative charges produces electric field which gives rise to magnetic field. A field is a spatial distribution of a
quantity.
There are several applications of electromagnetic theory listed as:
@ Atom smashers @ satellite communication @ television reception
@ CRO @ remote sensing @ radio astronomy
@ Radar @ microwave devices @ optical fibre communication
@ Transients in transmission lines @ Instrument landing system
@ Electromechanical energy conversion
Electromagnetic theory is used in cases where circuit theory cannot be applied.
Circuit Theory Electromagnetic Theory
Circuit theory deals with circuits consisting of Electromagnetic theory deals with parameter in
components characterized by lumped parameters space.
Voltage and current are the system variables The variables dealt in electromagnetic theory are
handled in circuit theory. They are time dependent both time and space dependent
Circuit theory uses ordinary differential equation for Electromagnetic theory uses partial differential
the analysis equations for the analysis

VECTOR ANALYSIS:
A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity. A quantity may be scalar or vector.
A scalar quantity has only the magnitude represented by a single number.
Eg: Temperature at any point in a bowl of soup, mass, pressure, density, volume
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction in space.
Eg: Force, velocity, acceleration. ax
A vector is represented as, A = A ax A
Where A is the vector, A is the magnitude, ax is the unit vector.
Magnitude of the vector = |A| unit vector, ax = A/|A|
VECTOR ALGEBRA:
Addition:
Vectors to be added follow either
 parallelogram rule
 Head – to – tail rule
 2

parallelogram rule Head – to – tail rule

B C=A+B B
C=A+B

A A
Vector addition obeys commutative and associative law.
 Commutative: A + B = B + A
 Associative : A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
Subtraction:
A – B = A + (-B) where (-B) is the reverse of B.
Magnitude of (-B) = B, but the direction of (-B) is opposite to that of B.

-B C=A-B

Multiplication:
The vector multiplication is of two types.
Case 1: Vector with scalar:
rA = r A ax
where r is a constant (scalar quantity), A is a vector = A ax
Case 2: Vector with vector:
 Scalar product(Dot product):
The scalar product of two vectors is given as
A · B = AB cos θ where A& B are the magnitude of vectors A & B and θ is the angle between A &
B. The scalar product obeys:
(i) Commutative law: A·B=B·A
(ii) Distributive law: A · (B + C) = (A · B) + (A · C) θ
Properties:
i. A · A = |A|2. ( since θ = 0º)
ii. ax · ax = ay · ay = a z · az = 1
iii. A · B = 0 implies A is perpendicular to B( θ = 90˚, cos 90˚ = 0)
iv. If A is parallel to B( θ = 0˚, cos 0˚ = 1), then A · B = AB
v. ax · ay = ay · az = az · ax = 0 (because ax, ay, az are perpendicular)
 3

Applications:
(i) Scalar component of projection of P on Q is = P · Q / |Q|
(ii) Vector projection = (P · aQ)aQ
 Vector Product(cross product):
The vector product of two vectors is given as
A X B = |AB sin θ| an where A& B are the magnitude of vectors A & B, θ is the angle between A
& B and an is the unit vector normal to both A and B.
ax ay az
AXB = Ax Ay Az AXB B
Bx By Bz θ

The vector product obeys: A

(i) Distributive law: A X (B + C) = (A X B) + (A X C)
The vector product does not obey:
(i) Commutative law: A X B = - (B X A)
(ii) Associative law
Properties:
(i) A X A = 0(since θ = 0º, sin 0º = 0)
(ii) ax · ax = ay · ay = az · az = 0(since θ = 0º, sin 0º = 0)
(iii) A X B = 0 implies A is parallel to B(since θ = 0˚, sin 0˚ = 0)
(iv) ax x ay = az; ay x az = ax; az x ax = ay (because ax, ay, az are perpendicular)
Applications:
(iii) Scalar triple product:
A · (B X C) = B · (C X A) = C · (A X B)
(iv) Vector triple product:
A X (B X C) = B(A · C) - C(A · B)

Division
Vector division is not possible.
ORTHOGONAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM:
Fields are analyzed based on their position in space considered as an intersection of three surfaces. These
three surfaces are mutually perpendicular to one another and called as orthogonal co-ordinate system. This system
provides three methods for analysis of vectors such as:
 Cartesian (or) rectangular co-ordinate system.
 Circular/cylindrical co-ordinate system
 Spherical co-ordinate system
 4

Cartesian (or) rectangular co-ordinate system:

The three mutually perpendicular axes of the system are x, y and z. The corresponding unit vectors are
represented as ax, ay and az.
Properties:
 Position Vector:
A point, P in the Cartesian system is represented using its amplitude w.r.to each axis as P(x, y, z).
The vector joining the origin and the point P(x, y, z) is called as position vector of P and is
represented as rp = x ax + y ay + z az.
z y
rp P x

x z y

The magnitude of r p = |rp| = √(x2 + y2 + z2)

The unit vector in the direction of rp is ap = rp / |rp| = rp / √(x2 + y2 + z2)
 Differential Volume:
Consider a rectangular parallelepiped whose length is towards x-axis, breadth towards y-axis and
depth toward z-axis. dxdy
Let dy be the differential breadth z dxdz
dx be the differential length dz dx
dydz
dz be the differential depth
x dy y
The areas of the surfaces of the parallelepiped are dxdy, dydz and dxdz
The volume of the parallelepiped is V = dxdydz
 Distance Vector:
A vector formed by connecting two points in space is called distance vector. Let P(x1, y1, z1) and
Q(x2, y2, z2) be two points in space. The position vector of point P is rP = x1 ax + y1 ay + z1 az. The position
vector of point Q is rQ = x2 ax + y2 ay + z2 az.
The vector joining the points P and Q can be obtained using the law of vector addition as
RPQ = rQ - rP
z
RPQ = (x2 – x1)ax + (y2 – y1)ay + (z2 – z1)az .
P(x1, y1, z1)
RPQ rP
Q(x2, y2, z2) rQ y
x
 5

Cylindrical co-ordinate system:

The cylindrical co-ordinate system is the three-dimensional versions of the polar co-ordinates of analytic
geometry. In the two-dimensional polar co-ordinates, a point was located in a plane by giving its distance ρ from the
origin and the angle  between the line from the point to the origin and an arbitrary radial line taken as  = 0.
The cylindrical system is obtained by also specifying the distance z of the point from an arbitrary z = 0
reference plane which is perpendicular to the line ρ = 0.
The point P in cylindrical co-ordinate system is located with respect to three mutually perpendicular surfaces
such as: z
 a circular cylinder(ρ = constant) ρ=0 z = constant plane
 a plane ( = constant) ρ = constant P
 a plane(z = constant)
z
the unit vectors a, a and az are defined
for the cylindrical co-ordinate system as: y
a at a point P(1, 1, z1) is directed   = constant
radially outward, normal to the  = 0 plane z = 0 plane
cylindrical surfaces =1. it lies in the x z az
planes  = 1 and z = z1
a
1
a is normal to  = 1 plane, directed
P(1, 1, z1)
towards increasing values of , lies in the z
a
plane z = z1 and is tangent to the cylindrical
surface  = 1.
az is normal to the plane z =z1 and is
same as in the Cartesian co-ordinate. y
The three unit vectors are mutually 1
perpendicular and thus by applying the right
x
hand thumb rule,
a x a = az
a x az = a
az x a = a 
the position vector is represented as,
A = Aa + Aa + Azaz
The volume of a rectangular parallelepiped is obtained using its differential elements as:
The length of the parallelepiped is d.
The breadth of the parallelepiped is
 6
z
the length of the sector whose angle is d and radius is  = d
The height is dz.
Therefore the surface areas of the parallelepiped dz
are ddz, ddz, dd and volume is dddz.

d d
y


+d


x +d

Relationship between Cartesian co-ordinates and cylindrical co-ordinates:

x
cos  
 y

x   cos  (1) 

y x y
sin  


y   sin  (2) x
zz
x
From (1),

x 2   2 cos 2 
from (2),
y 2   2 sin 2 
x 2  y 2   2 (cos 2   sin 2  )
  x2  y2

( 2)  (1),
y  sin 

x  cos 
y
 tan 
x
y
  tan 1 ( )
x
 7

y
 x2  y2   tan 1 ( )
x

Thus the variables of both the co-ordinate systems can be transformed to one another.
Transformation between Cartesian and cylindrical co-ordinate systems:
Given a Cartesian vector, A = Axax + Ayay + Azaz , a cylindrical vector can be obtained by finding its co-
ordinate values(components) using the unit vector a , a, az.
A component can be determined by finding the dot product of the vector and a unit vector in the desired
direction.
A  A  a 
 ( Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z )  a 
 Ax (a x  a  )  Ay (a y  a  )  Az (a z  a  )
 Ax | a x || a  | cos   Ay | a y || a  | cos(90   )  Az | a z || a  | cos 90
 Ax cos   Ay sin 
A  A  a
 ( Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z )  a
 Ax (a x  a )  Ay (a y  a )  Az (a z  a )
 Ax | a x || a | cos(90   )  Ay | a y || a | cos   Az | a z || a | cos 90
  Ax sin   Ay cos 
Az  A  a z
 ( Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z )  a z
 Az

A = Ax cos   Ay sin  A =  Ax sin   Ay cos 

The dot product of unit vectors of both co-ordinate systems can be summarized as:

a a az
ax cos   sin  0
ay sin  cos  0
az 0 0 1
 8

Spherical co-ordinate system:

A point is located in the spherical co-ordinate system formed by a sphere, a cone and a plane.
the point P is specified w.r.to z
 the distance from the origin which is the radius
of the sphere (r = constant)
θ
 the angle between z-axis and the line joining P
origin and point P. this is the cone (θ = constant) r y
 the angle  similar to cylindrical system ( = constant) 

x
Unit vectors:
 the ar is directed radially outwards from the sphere and normal to the sphere (r = constant)
 The aθ is tangent to sphere,normal to cone and lies in  = constant plane.
 The a is similar to cylindrical co-ordinate system.
z
As per the right hand thumb rule, z
ar
a r  a  a
a
P
a  a  a r rdθ
θ aθ
a  a r  a r
y
dr r

+d

 y
x
The position vector of P(r, θ, ) in represented as A = Ar ar + Aθ aθ + A a r
d
The differential elements of the parallelepiped are dr, rsinθd, rdθ
dr r sin
The differential volume, dv = r 2sinθ dr d dθ
x

Relationship between cartesian and spherical co-ordinate system:

z

P(r, , )
z
 r
z
y
y
x rsin x
 a
x y ar
a
 9

x  r sin  cos 
y  r sin  sin 
z  r cos 
x 2  r 2 sin 2  cos 2 
y 2  r 2 sin 2  sin 2 
x 2  y 2  r 2 sin 2  (cos 2   sin 2  )  r 2 sin 2 
z 2  r 2 cos 2 
x 2  y 2  z 2  r 2 (cos 2   sin 2  )  r 2
r  x2  y2  z2
x r sin  cos 

y r sin  sin 
y
tan  
x
y
  tan 1 ( )
x
z
  cos 1 ( )
x  y2  z2
2

Transformation of Vectors:
Ar  A  a r
 ( Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z )  a r
 Ax (a x  a r )  Ay (a y  a r )  Az (a z  a r )
 Ax | a x || a r | cos   Ay | a y || a r | cos(90   )  Az | a z || a r | cos 
 Ax sin  cos   Ay sin  sin   Az cos 
A  A  a
 ( Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z )  a
 Ax (a x  a )  Ay (a y  a )  Az (a z  a )
 Ax | a x || a | cos  cos   Ay | a y || a | cos  sin   Az sin 
 Ax cos  cos   Ay cos  sin   Az sin 
A  A  a
 ( Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z )  a
 Ax (a x  a )  Ay (a y  a )  Az (a z  a )
  Az sin   Ay cos   0
  Az sin   Ay cos 
 10

The dot product of unit vectors of spherical co-ordinate with Cartesian co-ordinates is

ar a a
ax sin  cos  cos  cos   sin 
ay sin  sin  cos  sin  cos 
az cos   sin  0
Line Integrals:
Line integral is defined as any integral which is to be evaluated along a curve . it can be defined as limits of
sum. Let ‘ab’ be a curve from point ‘a’ to point ‘b’.
Consider a vector Ar in space along the curve. The curve is analysed w.r.to the vector field. If the curve ‘ab’ is
subdivided into infinitesimally small vector elements dl1, dl2, ….dlr and scalar products. A1 dl1, A2 dl2, … Ar dlr are
taken where A1, A2,….Ar are the value of the vector field A at junction points of vector elements(dl 1, dl2, ….dlr), then
the sum of the dot products.
b b

a Ar  dlr   A  dl along the entire length of the curve is known as the line integral of A along the curve ‘ab’.
a
z Ar
where (Cartesian: dl = dx ax + dy ay + dz az) dl2 b
dlr
(Cylindrical: dl = d a + d a + dz az) dl1 a
(Spherical: dl = dr ar+ rd a + rsind a) y

x
Eg: if F is a force on a particle moving along the curve, the line integral of F over the path represents the
workdone by the force.
b b b
w   F  dl   QE  dl  Q  E  dl a
b
a a a

Note:

The line integral over a closed curve is represented as  A  dl . If the line integral over the closed path is
zero, then the vector field is said to be conservative.
Surface Integrals:

The surface integral is evaluated over a surface area and is represented as,  A  ds where dS = eds where e is the
S

unit normal to the surface and ds is the differential surface area.

Volume Integral:

Eg:  Adv where v is the volume of the closed surface.

V
 11

 (Del) operator:
In solving the differential equations, the vector operator(  ) is used to replace the differential terms

     
, and .  ax  a y  az
x y z x y z
Curl:
This gives the angular velocity at every point of the vector field. The curl is the cross product of the del
operator and any vector field. Curl is defined as the circulation of a vector per unit area. The circulation of a vector is
obtained by multiplying the component of the vector parallel to the specified closed path at each point along it by the
differential path length and summing the results.

curlA  lim
 A  dL where S is the planar area enclosed by the closed line integral.
S S
ax ay az
  
In terms of vector operator, curlA    A 
x y z
Ax Ay Az
The vector operator is defined by means of partial derivatives w.r.to the space co-ordinates. It is defined as
  
  e1  e2  e3 where e1, e2 and e3 are the unit vectors.
l1 l 2 l3
dl = hdu where u1, u2 and u3 are the space co-ordinates. h1, h2 and h3 are the scalar factors.
For Cartesian system:
e1 = ax u1 = x h1 = 1
  
e2 = ay u2 = y h2 = 1  ax  a y  az
x y z
e3 = az u3 = z h3 = 1
For Cylindrical system:
e1 = a u1 =  h1 = 1
 1  
e2 = a u2 =  h2 =   a  a  a z
   z
e3 = az u3 = z h3 = 1
For spherical co-ordinate system:
e1 = ar u1 = r h1 = 1
 1  1 
e2 = a u2 =  h2 = r  ar  a  a
r r  r sin  
e3 = a u3 =  h3 = rsin
 12

curl in cylindrical co-ordinate system:

a a az
1   
 A 
   z
A A Az
1 Az A A Az 1  ( A ) A
(  )a   (  )a  (  )a z
  z z    
Curl in spherical co-ordinate system:

ar a a
1   
 A  2
r sin  r  
Ar rA r sin A
1  ( A sin  ) A 1 1 Ar  (rA ) 1  (rA ) Ar
 (  )a r  (  )a  (  )a
r sin    r sin   r r r 
Divergence:
This gives the rate per unit volume at which the physical entity is issuing from that point.

 A 
 A  dS  1  (h h A )
[ 2 3 u1  .....]
V h1 h2 h3 u1
Cartesian:
  
 A [ ax  a y  a z ]  ( Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z )
x y z
A Ay Az
 x  
x y z
Cylindrical:

1 ( A ) 1 A Az

 A   
    z
Spherical:

1 (r 2 Ar ) 1 (sin A ) 1 A

 A  2  
r r r sin   r sin  
Gradient:
This is rate of change of a physical quantity w.r.to distance.
dA 1 A 1 A 1 A
  
dl h1 u1 h2 u 2 h3 u 3
 13

Cartesian:
A A A
A  ax  ay  az
x y z
Cylindrical:
A 1 A A
A  a  a  az
   z
Spherical:
A 1 A 1 A
A  ar  a  a
r r  r sin  
Gauss’s Divergence Theorem:
Statement:
This theorem states that “ the volume integral of the divergence of a vector field, A taken over any volume V
is equal to the surface integral of A taken over the closed surface surrounding the volume V”

 (  A)dV   A  dS   ( A  e)dS

V S S

Where e is the unit vector outward normal to S and dS is the element of area on surface S.
Proof:

Ax Ay Az

 A    and dV  dxdydz
x y z
Ax Ay Az
 (  A)dV   ( x
V V

y

z
)dxdydz

Ax Ay A
  dxdydz   dxdydz   z dxdydz
V
x V
y V
z

   Ax  dS x   Ay
x2
  y2
dS y    Az  dS z
z2

s x1 s y1 s z1

  Ax dS x  Ay dS y  Az dS z
s

  ( Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z )  (dS x a x  dS y a y  dS z a z )
s

  A dS   A eds where dS  eds )

s s

Stroke’s Theorem:
Statement:
This theorem states that “ the surface integral of the unit of a vector field A taken over any surface S is equal
to the line integral of A around the closed surface.
(or)
 14

The line integral of the tangential component of a vector A around a closed path is equal to the surface integral of the
normal component of (   A ) over the surface enclosed by the path.

 A  dl   (  A)  dS   ((  A)  eds
L S

Proof:

 A  dl   A  dl   A  dl ......
L ds1 ds2

 A  dl
lim L
 (  A)  e
s 0 s
 A  dl
lim L
 (  A)  e
ds0 ds
 A  dl  (  A)  eds  (  A)  dS
L

 A  dl   A  dl   A  dl ........
L ds1 ds2

 ds

 A  dl  A  dl
  ........
L ds1

ds ds1

 A  dl  (  A)  dS
L
1  (  A)  dS 2  ....

  (  A)  dS   (  A)  eds
S S

NULL IDENTITIES

Two identities involving repeated del operations are of considerable importance in the study of
electromagnetism, especially when potential functions are introduced.

Identity I:
The curl of the gradient of any scalar field is identically zero

(1)
 15

Identity II:
The divergence of the curl of any vector field is identically zero.
16
 17

HELMHOLTZ'S THEOREM
 18

UNIT-I: PROBLEMS
1. Given the two vectors, rA = - ax - 3 ay – 4 az and rB = 2 ax + 2 ay + 2 az and point C(1, 3, 4) find
(a) RAB (b) |rA| (c) aA (d) aAB (e) a unit vector directed from
C toward Ans:
(a) RAB = rB – rA
= (2 – (-1))ax + (2 – (-3))ay + (2– (-4))az
= 3 ax + 5 ay + 6 az

(b) |rA| = √(x2 + y2 + z2)

 19

= √((-1)2 + (-3)2 + (-4)2) = √26 = 5.10

(c) aA = rA/|rA|
= (- ax - 3 ay – 4 az)/ √26 = - 0.196ax – 0.588 ay – 0.784 az

(d) aAB = rAB/|rAB|

= (3 ax + 5 ay + 6 az)/ √((3)2 + (5)2 + (6)2)
= (3 ax + 5 ay + 6 az)/ √70
= 0.359 ax + 0.598 ay + 0.717 az

(e) a unit vector directed from C toward A.

aCA = rCA/|rCA|
rCA = rA – rC
= ((-1)- 1)ax + ((-3)- 3)ay + ((-4)-4)az
= -2 ax - 6 ay - 8 az
|rCA| = √((-2)2 + (-6)2 + (-8)2) = √104
aCA = -2 ax - 6 ay - 8 az / √104 = -0.1961 ax – 0.588 ay – 0.784 az

2. Given the vector field, F = 0.4(y – 2x) ax – [200/(x2 + y2 + z2)] az

(a) Evaluate |F| at P(-4, 3, 5)
(b) Find a unit vector specifying the direction of F at P.
Describe the locus of all points for which
(c) Fx = 1
(d) |Fx| = 2
Ans:
(a) |F| = √( [0.4(y – 2x)]2 + [200/(x2 + y2 + z2)]2)
= √( [0.4(3 + 8)]2 + [200/((-4)2 + 32 + 52)]2)
= √(19.36 + 16) = 5.946
(b) aF = F/|F| = {0.4(3 + 8) ax – [200/((-4)2 + 32 + 52)] az}/5.946
= [4.4 ax - 4 az ] /5.946
= 0.74 ax – 0.673 az
 20

(c) given Fx = 1
0.4(y – 2x) = 1
0.4y = 0.8x + 1
y = 2x + 2.5
(d) given |Fz| = 2
200/(x2 + y2 + z2) = 2
x2 + y2 + z2 = 100
3. Given points A(2, 5, -1), B(3, -2, 4) and C(-2, 3, 1), find
(a) RAB ∙ RAC
(b) the angle between RAB and RAC
(c) the length of the projection of RAB on RAC
(d) the vector projection of RAB on RAC
Ans:
(a) RAB = rB – rA
= (3 - 2)ax + (-2 – 5)ay + (4 + 1)az
= ax - 7 ay + 5 az
RAC = rC – rA
= (-2 - 2)ax + (3 – 5)ay + (1 – (-1))az
= -4ax - 2 ay + 2 az
RAB ∙ RAC = 1(-4) + (-7)(-2) + 5(2) = 20
(b) RAB ∙ RAC = |RAB| |RAC| cos θ
20 = √[12 + (-7)2 + 52] √[(-4)2 + (-2)2 + 22] cos θ
20 = √75√24 cos θ
cos θ = √2/3 . Thus θ = 61.9˚
(c) the length of the projection of RAB on RAC = RAB ∙ RAC/ | RAC| = 20/√24 = 4.08
(d) the vector projection of RAB on RAC = (RAB ∙ RAC) aAC = 4.08(RAC/| RAC|)
= 4.08(-4 ax - 2 ay + 2 az )/√24
= -3.332 ax – 1.666 ay + 1.666 az
4. A triangle is defined by the three points A(2, -5, 1), B(-3, 2, 4) and C(0, 3, 1). Find
(a) RBC x RBA
(b) the area of the triangle
 21

(c) a unit vector perpendicular to the plane in which the triangle is located.
Ans:
(a) RBC = rC - rB = (0 – (-3))ax + (3 – 2)ay + (1– 4)az = 3 ax + ay - 3 az
RBA = rA - rB = (2 – (-3))ax + (-5 – 2)ay + (1 - 4)az = 5ax - 7 ay - 3 az
RBC x RBA = ax ay az
3 1 -3
5 -7 -3
= [-3 – 21]ax + [-9 + 15]ay + [-21– 5]az
= -24ax - 6 ay – 26 az
(b) the area of the projected parallelogram = | RBC x RBA|
the area of the triangle = ½ of the area of the projected parallelogram
= ½ (√[(-24)2 + (-6)2 + (-26)2] = 17.94
(c) unit vector perpendicular to the plane = (RBC x RBA)/| RBC x RBA| = ± ( 0.669 ax + 0.167 ay +
0.724 az)
5. Given points A(x = 2, y = 3, z = -1) and B( = 4,  = -50, z = 2), find the distance from
(a) A to the origin (b) B to the origin (c) A to B.
The point B is cylindrical system can be transformed into its Cartesian equivalent.
Ans: x1 = cos = 4cos(-50) = 2.57
y1 = sin = 4sin(-50) = -3.064
z1 = 2
B(x1 = 2.57, y1 = 3.064, z1 = 2)

(a) |rA| = (2  0) 2  (3  0) 2  (1  0) 2  3.74

(b) |rB| = (2.57  0) 2  (3.064  0) 2  (2  0) 2  4.47

(c) rAB = rB - rA = (2.57 – 2)ax + (-3.064 – 3)ay + (2 - (-1))az = 0.57 ax – 6.064 ay + 3 az

| rAB| = (0.57) 2  (6.064) 2  (3) 2  6.79

6. Transform each of the following vectors to cylindrical co-ordinates at the point specified.
(a) 4ax – 2ay - 4az at A(x = 2, y = 3, z = 5)
Ans: A = Axax + Ayay + Azaz
Comparing the given vector equation with this equation,
Ax = 4 Ay = -2 Az = -4
 22

A = Ax cos   Ay sin  = 4 cos   2 sin 

y 3
  tan 1 ( ) = tan 1 ( ) = 56.31
x 2
A =4 cos 56.31  2 sin 56.31  2.219 1.664  0.555

A =  Ax sin   Ay cos  =

 4 sin 56.31  2 cos 56.31  3.328  1.109  4.44

The vector is cylindrical system can be written as 0.555a - 4.44a - 4az

7.Given the points A(x =2, y = 3, z = -1) and B(r =4,  = 25,  = 120) find
(a) the spherical co-ordinates of A
(b) the Cartesian co-ordinates of B
(c) the distance from A to B
Ans:
(a)
 23

x  r sin  cos 
2  r sin  cos 
y  r sin  sin 
3  r sin  sin 
dividing the two equations,
3
tan      56.31
2
z  r cos 
 1  r cos 
substituting   56.31 in
2  r sin  cos 56.31
2
r sin    3.604
0.555
r cos 
 tan   3.604
r sin 
  74.49 (or ) 105.51
substituting in ,
 1  r cos 
1
r  3.74
 0.267
A(r  3.74,   105.51,   56.31)
(b)
x  r sin  cos   4 sin 25 cos120  0.845
y  r sin  sin   4 sin 25 sin 120  1.464
z  r cos   4 cos 25  3.63

(c) |RAB| = |rB – rA| = (0.845  2) 2  (1.464  3) 2  (3.63  1) 2  5.647

8.transform each of the following vectors to spherical co-ordinates at the point specified
4ax – 2ay – 4az at P(x = -2, y = -3, z = 4)
Ans:
 24

Ax  4, Ay  2, Az  4
to find values of P(r , ,  ),
y 3
  tan 1 ( )  tan 1 ( )  56.31
x 2
z 4
  cos 1 ( )  cos 1 ( )  42.02
x y z
2 2 2
(2)  (3) 2  4 2
2

r  x 2  y 2  z 2  (2) 2  (3) 2  4 2  5.384

Ar  4 sin( 42.02) cos(56.31)  2 sin( 42.02) sin( 56.31)  4 cos( 42.02)  3.34
A  4 cos( 42.02) cos(56.31)  2 cos( 42.02) sin( 56.31)  4 sin( 42.02)  2.266
A  4 sin( 56.31)  2 cos(56.31)  4.44
the vector is (3.34a r  2.266a  4.44a )

9.

10.
 25

11.

12.

13.
 26

14.

15.
 27

16.
 28

17.

18.
 29

19.
 30

20.
 31

21.

22.
32
 33

23.
34
 35

24.
 36

To evaluate the L.H.S,To find the Circulation of Field F,

37
 38

25.
39
 1

UNIT II

Coulomb’s Law in vector form:

Statement:
The force between two very small objects separated in a vacuum(or) free space by a distance to the charge on
each and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Q1Q2
F
R2
QQ
F  k 1 22
R
Where F is force between the two objects in Newton
Q1 and Q2 is charge on the objects in Coulomb
R is separation between the objects in meters
1
k is taken to be equal to where 0 is permittivity of free space = 8.854 x 10-12 F/m
4 0

Q1Q2
F
40 R 2
Vector form of Coulomb’s Law:
The force between the two objects is of repulsive nature since the charges are same.
The vector r1 locates Q1 and r2 locates Q2. therefore, the vector R12 = r2 – r1 represents the directed line segment from
Q1 to Q2. the vector form of the repulsive force, F2 is

Q1Q2
F a12
40 R12
2

R12 r r
Where a12, the unit vector in the direction of R12 =  2 1
R12 r2  r1
Since the force is a mutual force between the charges, the force on Q1 is equal to force on Q2 but of opposite
direction.

Q1Q2 Q1Q2
F1  a 21   F2   a12
40 R12 40 R12
2 2

Note:
The force on a charge in the presence of several other charges is the sum of the forces on that charge due to
each of the other charges acting alone.
Electric Field Intensity:
The region where a particular charge exerts a force on any other charge located in that region is called electric
field.
 2

The electric field intensity is defined as the vector force on a unit positive test charge.

Q1Qt
Ft  a1t
4 0 R1t
2

Ft Q1
force / unit ch arg e,  a1t
4 0 R1t
2
Qt
Ft Q1 Q1 r  r
E  aR  N /C
4 0 R1t 4 0 r  r  r  r 
2 2
Qt
Field due to Discrete Charges:
The field due to n point charges is ,

Q1 Q2 Qn
E (r )  a1  a2  .. an
40 r  r1 40 r  r2 40 r  rn
2 2 2

This is principle of superposition

Field due to continuous charge distribution:

The field due to densely populated charges is analysed using volume charge density of the charges instead of
discrete charge values.
The volume charge density, v is given as C/m3

Q   v v
Q
 v  lim
v 0 v

The total charge, Q =  dQ   dv

V V
v

 E (r ) at r due to Q at r  is
Q r  r
E (r ) 
40 r  r 
2
r  r
 v v r  r

40 r  r 
2
r  r
 v (r )dv  r  r 
 E (r )  
V 40 r  r 
2
r  r

Field of line charge:

Assume a straight line charge extending along the x-axis in a cylindrical co-ordinate system from - to . The electric
field intensity E at any and every point resulting from a uniform line charge density, L.
As the  varies, the line charge appears the z
 3

same from every angle. Therefore, no field

dQ = Ldz’
component may vary with . (0, 0, z’)

Case 1: r – r’
r’
As z varies from - to , the field values due  
y
to the positive values of z cancel with negative r (0, y, 0)

values. But as  varies, the field varies, hence dE

the field varies only with .

x
 Q   L z 
Q    L dz '
z

 L dz ' r  r'
E
z' 40 r  r '
2
r  r'

 L dz ' ( a   z ' a z )
  4 3
 0
(  z )
2 2 2


 L dz '
E   3

40 (  2  z 2 ) 2

subs z '   tan  when z '  ,   tan 1 ()  
2

dz '   sec 2 d when z '  ,   tan 1 () 
2
  

2
  L sec d
2 2 2
 L d 2
 L cos d L
E   3
  40  sec   40 
 
40 
[sin  ] 2


2
40 (    tan  )
2 2 2 2 
2

2
2

L
E 
20 
L
E a
20 
Case 2:
If the field is not symmetrical about z-axis, then the field is considered to be at P(, , z). The field doesn’t
vary with . s

(0, 0, z’) r – r’
P(, , z)
r’
r
y

x
 4

 r  a   za z
r '  z' a z
r  r '  a   ( z  z ' )a z

 L dz ' ( a   ( z  z ' )a z )
E  4
 0 (  2  ( z  z' ) 2 )3
L  a  dz ' 
( z  z ' )a z dz '
 {  }
40  (  2  ( z  z ' ) 2 ) 3  (  2  ( z  z ' ) 2 ) 3

1 (   ( z  z' ) ) (  2  ( z  z ' ) 2 ) 1 
2 1
L 2
 { 2 [ (2( z  z ' ))]   [ ]  }
40  (1 / 2) (1 / 2)
 2 L
 L [ ]a   a
40  20

L
E a
20

Field due to charge on circular disc:

r '  a 
z
r  za z
 L dl ( za z  a  ) (0, 0, z)
E E
40 2 3
(z   2 ) 2
z
 d ( za z  a  )  dl
 L d y
40 3
r
(z 2   2 ) 2
If the components of the field are symmetrical over the
Circumference of the circle, the E component cancel each other.
x
 L z
E 3
[2 ]
40 ( z   ) 2 2 2

 L z
 3
2 0 ( z   )
2 2 2

Field of a sheet of charge:

z

dy’

y’
 5

 S dy ' r  r'
dE 
20 x  y | r  r '|
2 2

 S dy ' xax

20 x 2  y 2 x2  y2
 S xdy' a x

20 ( x 2  y 2 )

 S xdy' a x
E  2
 0 (x 2  y 2 )
S y'
 [tan 1 ( )]  a x
20 x
   
 S [  ]a x  S a x
20 2 2 2 0

S
E= aN
2 0

Note:
If a second infinite sheet of charge having a negative charge density -s, in x = 0 plane, the total field is

s  z
In x > a, E = E+ + E – =  s 0
2 0 2 0
x=0 x=a
 
In x < a, E=  s  s 0
2 0 2 0
y
s  
In 0 < x < a, E=  s  s ax x
2 0 2 0  0

Electric Flux Density:

The electric field around a point charge is assumed to be bunch of lines of force emerging from the point
charge. These lines of force are called the electric flux represented as . Its unit is coulomb. This is also called as
displacement flux.
The total flux passing normal through the unit surface area is called the electric flux density, it is denoted as
D.
 6


D aN C / m2
A
Since  = Q and considering the charge on a sphere,
Q
D ar
4 r 2
Relationship between D and E:
Q
E ar
40 r 2
 D  0E
For volume charge distribution,
V dv
E   aR
V 4 0 R 2

 dv
D   V 2 a R
V 4R

For line charge distribution,

L
E a
20
L
D a
2
For surface charge distribution,

S
E= aN
2 0
S
D= aN
2
Gauss’s Law: -Q
The inner sphere has charge +Q which emerges outward to the outer
+Q
sphere induces –Q on its surface.
The total flux emanating from an irregular surface having a charge +Q
is same as that on the outer surface.
This is stated as Gauss’s law:
“ the electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the
total charge enclosed by the surface.” DS
d = DS ds dS
DS = |D| cos  
d = |D| cos  ds = D dS
ds
 = d =  DS  dS  Q
S
Where DS is the elemental flux density and dS is the elemental surface area.
This closed surface is called as Gaussian surface.
 7

For volume charge distribution,

    V dv   DS  dS
V S
For line charge distribution,

 D
S
S  dS    L dL

For surface charge distribution,

 D
S
S  dS    S ds
S
Applications of Gauss’s law:
1. Determination of DS if charge distribution is known:

 = d = D
S
S  dS  Q

The determination of DS becomes easy if,

 if DS is everywhere either normal or tangential to the closed surface so that DSdS = DSds (or) 0.
 If DS = constant on the portion of the surface.
The dS vector is the normal to the surface. If DS is also normal to the surface, the angle between DS and dS is θ = 0.
Therefore, DSdS = |DS|ds
If DS is tangential to the surface, then DS is perpendicular to dS vector.
DSdS = 0
If DS is normal to the surface,
  2  
Q   DS  dS   DS ds DS  ds DS  r
2
sin  d d  4 r 2 DS
S S S 0 0

Q
 DS 
4r 2

Q
D= ar
4r 2

D Q
E  ar
0 40 r 2
2. For a line charge distribution:

Q   DS  dS   D S  dS   DS  dS   D S  dS
S sides top bottom
L 2

   D ds  0  0
z 0 0
S ( on the top and bottom of the surface,   90

L 2
L L
   D
z 0 0
S ddz DS  (2L)

Q L
 DS  
2L 2
 8

L
E ar
20 

3. Determination of D in co-axial line:

Case 1:
A right circular cylinder of length L and radius , where a<<b is
chosen as the Gaussian surface.
The charge along the cylinder is
Q=DS2L ---(1)
a
The total charge on a length L of inner conductor is
2 L
Q=  Q    S dS  
0 0
S addz  2S aL -----(2)
b
Equating (1) and (2),
2S aL  2DS L
S a
DS  a

L, line charge density = charge/unit length

L
Since charge on the inner conductor is Q = 2SaL ; L = 2Sa ; D= a  , (a <  < b)
2
Case 2:
If the outer surface of the coaxial cable is chosen as the Gaussian surface, the charge on the outer cylinder is negative
but equal to that on the inner cylinder. Thus the total charge in the surface( > b) is zero (ie) DS = 0 (for  > b)
Case 3:
Similarly, the charge is zero within the inner cylinder.(  < a). hence co-axial cable has no external field and there is
no field within the center conductor.
4. Differential volume element:
let D =Dx ax + Dy ay + Dzaz at point P
Applying Gauss’s law,

 D  dS  Q z

D
S
z x
 D  dS  
S front
 
back
 
left
 
right
 
top
 
bottom y
y
 D  dS  D  S front  ( Dx a x  D y a y  Dz a z )  (yza x )
front
x

 D x  front yz
 9

D x x
Dx-front = constant D at P + rate of change of Dx with x X distance from point P = D x 0  
x 2
D x x
 D  dS  [ D
front
x0 (
x

2
)]yz

back
 D  dS  ( D x back a x )  (yz ( a x ))   D x back yz

D x x
D x back  D x 0  (  )
x 2
D x
 D  dS  [ D x 0  ( x 
back
x 2
)]yz

D x
 D  dS   D  dS 
front back
x
xyz

similarly ,
D y
 D  dS   D  dS 
right left
y
xyz

D z
 D  dS   D  dS 
top bottom
z
xyz

D x D y D z
  D  dS  (   )xyz
x y z
D D y D z
Q( x   )v
x y z

Dx D y Dz
 ch arg e enclosed in volume v  (   )  volume
x y z
Point form of Gauss’s law (or) Maxwell’s first equation:
As per Gauss’s law,

 D  dS  Q
S

Per unit volume,

 D  dS Q
S

v v
as volume shrinks to zero,

 D  dS Q
lim S
 lim
v 0 v v 0 v

  D  div D   v
Divergence Theorem:
 10

Statement:
The total flux crossing the closed surface is equal to the integral of the divergence of the flux density
throughout the enclosed volume.
As per Gauss’s law,

 D  dS  Q    dv   (  D)dv
S vol
v
vol

 D  dS   (  D)dv
S vol

Energy expanded in moving a charge in an electric field:

The force on Q due to electric field E, FE = QE

In the direction dL, FEL = QEaL , where aL is the unit vector in the direction of dL.

The force that must be applied to move the charge against the field should be equal and opposite to the force due to the
field.

Fappl = -QEaL

Thus differential work done in moving the charge, dW = - QEaLdl = - QEdL

Therefore the work done in moving the charge is W = -QEdL

For a line charge:

If the charge Q is moved from  = a to  = b along a radial path against the field to a line charge,

L
final

W  Q
initial

20
a   (d a  )

L
E  a  and dL  d a 
20
L  
final
b
W  Q 
initial
20
d   Q L [ln  ]ba  Q L [ln ]
20 20 a
If  = b is the initial point and  = a is the final point,

L a  b
W  Q [ln ]  Q L [ln ]
20 b 20 a
Potential Difference:
Def:
The work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to another in an electric field.
V = -EdL volts
 11

Case 1:

L b
For a line charge, V [ln ]
20 a
Case 2:
A A
Q Q 1 1
For a point charge, V AB    E  dL    a r  dra r  (  )
B B 40 r 2
40 rA rA
Q
If B is at infinity, VA 
4 0 rA
In general, the potential at any point distance r from a point charge Q at the origin is
Q
V 
40 r
Case 3:
n
Qm
Fro discrete charges, V (r )  
m 1 40 | r  rm |

Case 4:

 v dv
For continuous charge distribution, V (r )  
vol
40 | r  r  |

Case 5:

 L dL
For line charge distribution, V (r )  
L
40 | r  r  |
Case 6:
 S dS
For surface charge distribution, V (r )  
S
40 | r  r  |
Potential Gradient: (Relationship between V and E):

V    E  dL
dV   E  dL   E cos  dl
dV
  E cos 
dl
dV
 E if cos   1 (ie ) dL is in opposite direction to E
dl max
 E  V  grad V
Dipole:
 12

Def:
Two point charges of equal magnitude and opposite sign, separated by a distance which is small compared to the
distance to the point P at which electric field and potential is to be defined.
Q 1 1 Q R1  R2
V  (  ) ( ) z
40 R1 R2 40 R1 R2
To
R1  R2 R1 distant

R1  R2  d cos  point P
r
Qd cos  Q
V 
40 r 2 R2 y
d
V 1 V 1 V
E  V  ( ar  a  a )
r r  r sin   -Q R2 – R1 =dcos
Qd
E (2 cos  a r  sin  a )
40 r 3

UNIT II PROBLEMS

1. Two point charges Q1 and Q2 are located at (1, 2, 0) and (2, 0, 0) respectively. Find the relation between
Q1 and Q2 such that the total force on a test charge at the point P(-1, 1, 0) will have
(a) no x-component (b) no y-component
F2 F1
QQ1
Ans: F1 = a1
4 0 ( (1  1) 2  (1  2) 2  (0  0) 2 ) 2
Q(-1, 1, 0)

Q1(1, 2, 0) Q2(2, 0, 0)
 13

QQ1 (2a x  a y )

40 5
QQ 2 (3a x  a y )
F2 
40 ( (1  2)  (1  0)  (0  0) )
2 2 2 2
10
QQ 2 (3a x  a y )

40 10 10
QQ1 (2a x  a y ) QQ 2 (3a x  a y )
F1  F2  
40 5 40 10 10
 2QQ1 3QQ 2  QQ1 QQ 2
(  )a x  (  )a y
40 5 40 10 10 40 5 40 10 10
 x  component  0,
 2QQ1 3QQ 2 Q 3
 0  1 
40 5 40 10 10 Q2 4 2
(b) No y-component:

 QQ1 QQ 2 Q1 1
 0  
40 5 40 10 10 Q2 2 2
2. A 2 mC positive charge is located in vacuum at P1(3, -2, -4) and a 5C negative charge is at P2(1, -4, 2)
(a) Find the vector force on the negative charge (b) What is the magnitude of the force on the charge at P1?
Ans:
(a)
Q1Q2
F a 21
4 0 R21
2

2  10 3  5  10 6 (1  3)a x  (2  4)a y  (4  2)a z


8.8542  4 2  10 12 ( (1  3) 2  (2  4) 2  (4  2) 2 ) 2 44
2a x  2a y  6a z
  0.302a x  0.302a y  0.905a z
6.633
F  2.043(0.302a x  0.302a y  0.905a z )  0.616a x  0.616a y  1.848a z
(b) F2 = -F (since it is a mutual force but of opposite direction exerted on P2)
=  0.616a x  0.616a y  1.848a z

F2  (0.616) 2  (0.616) 2  (1.848) 2  2.04 N

3. Four point charges each of 10C placed in free space at the points (1, 0, 0), (-1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and
(0, -1, 0)m respectively. Determine the force on a point charge of 30C located at a point (0, 0, 1)m.
Ans:
 14

Q1Q2
F1  a12
40 R12
2

30  10 6  10  10 6 (0  1)a x  (0  0)a y  (1  0)a z

 ( )
4  8.854  10 12 ( (0  1) 2  (0  0) 2  (1  0) 2 ) 2 2
 0.953a x  0.953a z
Q1Q2
F2  a12
40 R12
2

30  10 6  10  10 6 (0  1)a x  (0  0)a y  (1  0)a z

 ( )
4  8.854  10 12 ( (0  1) 2  (0  0) 2  (1  0) 2 ) 2 2
 0.953a x  0.953a z

Q1Q2
F3  a12
40 R12
2

30  10 6  10  10 6 (0  0)a x  (0  1)a y  (1  0)a z

 ( )
4  8.854  10 12 ( (0  0) 2  (0  1) 2  (1  0) 2 ) 2 2
 0.953a y  0.953a z
Q1Q2
F4  a12
40 R12
2

30  10 6  10  10 6 (0  0)a x  (0  1)a y  (1  0)a z

 ( )
4  8.854  10 12 ( (0  0) 2  (0  1) 2  (1  0) 2 ) 2 2
 0.953a y  0.953a z
F  F1  F2  F3  F4  3.812a z N
4. Calculate E at M(3, -4, 2) in free space caused by
(a) a charge Q1 = 2C at P1(0, 0, 0)
(b) a charge Q2 =3C at P2(-1, 2, 3)
Ans:
(a)
Q1
E1  aR
40 R1t
2

2  10 6 (3  0)a x  (4  0)a y  (2  0)a z

 ( )
40 ( (3  0) 2  (4  0) 2  (2  0) 2 ) 2 (3  0) 2  (4  0) 2  (2  0) 2
 115.1(3a x  4a y  2a z )  345.3a x  460.4a y  230.2a z
(b)
 15

Q2
E2  aR
40 R2t
2

3  10 6 (3  (1)) a x  (4  2)a y  (2  3)a z

 ( )
40 ( (3  (1)) 2  (4  2) 2  (2  3) 2 ) 2 (3  (1)) 2  (4  2) 2  (2  3) 2
 69.88(4a x  6a y  a z )  279.5a x  419.28a y  69.88a z

(c) E1  E 2  624.8a x  879.68a y  160.3a zV / m

5. In free space, let Q1 = 10nC be at P1(0, -4, 0) and Q2 = 20nC be at P2(0, 0, 4). Find E at the origin
Ans:
Q1
E1  aR
40 R1t
2

10  10 9 4a y
 ( )  5.62a y
40 16 4
Q2
E2  aR
40 R2t
2

20  10 9  4a z
 ( )  11.23a z
40 16 4
E  E1  E 2  5.62a y  11.23a zV / m
14. Calculate the field intensity at a point on a sphere of radius 3m, if a positive charge of 2C is placed at the origin
of the sphere.
Ans:
Q
E ar
40 r 2
2  10 6
 a r  1.997a r KV / m
40 (3) 2
6.. A charge of 1C is at (2, 0, 0). What charge must be placed at (-2, 0, 0) which will make y component of total E zero
at the point(1, 2, 2).
Q1 r  r1
Ans: E1 
4 0 r  r1
2
r  r1
 16

1 (1  2)a x  (2  0)a y  (2  0)a z

 ( )
40 ( (1  2)  (2  0)  (2  0) )
2 2 2 2
(1  2) 2  (2  0) 2  (2  0) 2
1
 (  a x  2a y  2a z )
40 27
Q2 r  r2
E2 
40 r  r2
2
r  r2
Q2 (1  2)a x  (2  0)a y  (2  0)a z
 ( )
40 ( (1  2) 2  (2  0) 2  (2  0) 2 ) 2 (1  2) 2  (2  0) 2  (2  0) 2
Q2
 (3a x  2a y  2a z )
40 17 17
1 3Q2 2 2Q2 2 2Q2
E  E1  E 2  (  )a x  (  )a y  (  )a z
40 27 40 17 17 40 27 40 17 17 40 27 40 17 17
 Ey  0
2 2Q2
  0  Q2  2.596C
40 27 40 17 17

This is the charge to be placed at (-2, 0, 0) to make Ey = 0.

7. Find the total charge inside each of the volumes indicated

(a)  v  10 z 2 e 0.1x sin  y,  1  x  2, 0  y  1, 3  z  3.6


(b)  v  4 xyz 2 , 0    2, 0    , 0 z3
2
Ans:
(a)
2 1 3.6
Q    v dv     10 z
2
e 0.1x sin  ydxdydz
V 1 0 3

 cos  y 1 e 0.1x 2
2 1 3 2
z 3.6 0.1x
 10   [ ]3 e sin  ydxdy  65.52  e 0.1x [ ]0 dx  41.71[ ] 1  119.5C
1 0
3 1
  0 .1
(b)
sin 2 2
 v  4 xyz 2  4(  cos  )(  sin  ) z 2  4  2 cos  sin  z 2  4  2 z  2  2 sin 2 z 2
2
 17


2 2 3
Q    v dv     2  2 sin 2 z 2 dddz
V 0 0 0


2 3
4 3
 cos 2 2 2 z3
 2  [ ]02 sin 2 z 2 ddz  0.5 16[ ]0 z dz  8[ ]30  72C
0 0
4 0
2 3
8. An infinitely long, uniform line charge is located at y = 3, z = 5. If L = 30nC/m, find E at
(a) the origin (b) PB(0, 6, 1) (c) Pc(5, 6, 1)
Ans:
(a)
r '  3a y  5a z
r  0a x  0a y  0a z
 L  30nC / m
L 30  10 9
E a  (3a y  5a z )
20  2  8.854  10 12 (9  25)
 47.58a y  79.3a zV / m
(b)
r '  3a y  5a z
r  0a x  6a y  1a z
 L  30nC / m
L 30  10 9
E a  ((6  3)a y (1  5)a z )
20  2  8.854  10 12 (9  16)
 64.7a y  86.3a zV / m
(c)

r '  3a y  5a z
r  5a x  6a y  1a z
 L  30nC / m
L 30  10 9
E a  ((5  0)a x (6  3)a y (1  5)a z )
2 0  2  8.854  10 12 (9  25  16)
 64.7a y  86.3a zV / m
9. Four infinite uniform sheets of charge are located as follows: 20pC/m2 at y = 7, -8pC/m2 at y = 3, 6pC/m2at y = -1
and -18pC/m2 at y = -4. find E at the point (a) PA(2, 6, -4) (b) PB(0, 0, 0) (c) PC(-1, -1.1, 5) (d) (0, 106, 0)
Ans:
(a)
 18

S 20  10 12 (6  7 ) a y
E1 = aN   1.129a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 6  7 |
  8  10 12 (6  3)a y
E2 = S aN   0.452a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 6  3 |
 6  10 12 (6  1)a y
E3 = S aN   0.339a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 6  1 |
  18  10 12 (6  4)a y
E4 = S aN   1.016a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 6  4 |
E = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 = -2.26ay V/m
(b)

S 20  10 12 (0  7 ) a y
E1  aN   1.129a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12
|07|
S  8  10 12 (0  3)a y
E2  aN   0.452a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 0  3 |
S 6  10 12 (0  1)a y
E3  aN   0.339a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 0  1 |
S  18  10 12 (0  4)a y
E4  aN   1.016a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 0  4 |
E  E1  E 2  E3  E 4  1.354a yV / m

(c)
S 20  10 12 (1.1  7)a y
E1  aN   1.129a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12
| 1.1  7 |
S  8  10 12 (1.1  3)a y
E2  aN   0.452a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12
| 1.1  3 |
S 6  10 12 (1.1  1)a y
E3  aN   0.339a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 1.1  1 |
S  18  10 12 (1.1  4)a y
E4  aN   1.016a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 1.1  4 |
E  E1  E 2  E3  E 4  2.032a yV / m

(d)
 19

S 20  10 12 (10 6  7)a y

E1  aN   1.129a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 10 6  7 |
S  8  10 12 (10 6  3)a y
E2  aN   0.452a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 10 6  3 |
S 6  10 12 (10 6  1)a y
E3  aN   0.339a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 10 6  1 |
S  18  10 12 (10  4)a y
6

E4  aN   1.016a y
2 0 2  8.854  10 12 | 10 6  4 |
E  E1  E 2  E3  E 4  0 V / m
10. Find D at P(6, 8, -10) caused by
(a) a point charge of 30mC at the origin
(b) a uniform line charge L = 40C/m on the z-axis.
(c) a uniform surface charge density S = 57.2C/m2 on the plane x = 9.
Ans:
(a)

Q 30  10 3 (6  0)a x  (8  0)a y  (10  0)a z

D a 
4 r 2
r
4 ( (6  0) 2  (8  0) 2  (10  0) 2 ) 2 (6  0) 2  (8  0) 2  (10  0) 2
 5.06a x  6.75a y  8.44a z C / m 2
(b) Since the line charge lies on z-axis, the z- component of the total field effect is zero(ie), Dz = 0

L 40  10 6 (6  0)a x  (8  0)a y
D ar 
2 r 2 (6  0) 2  (8  0) 2 (6  0) 2  (8  0) 2
 0.382a x  0.509a y C / m 2
(c)

S 57.2  10 6 (6  9)a x
D= aN =  28.6a x C / m 2
2 2 | 69|
11. A 25C point charge is located at the origin. Calculate the electric flux passing through
(a) that portion of the sphere r = 20 cm bounded by  = 0 and ,  = 0 and /2.
(b) the closed surface  = 0.8m, z = ±0.5m (c) the plane z = 4m
Ans:
(a)
x  r sin  cos   0 y  r sin  sin   0 z  r cos   20
6
Q 2 25  10
   r sin dd   20 2 sin dd
S 4R 2
S 4 ( ( 20  0) )
2 2
 20


25  10 6 25  10 6  25  10 6

4  sin dd 
S
4
[  0] sin d 
2 0
4
 6.25C

(b) As per Gauss’s law, the electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the
total charge enclosed by the surface
therefore,  = Q = 25C
12. Find the volume charge density that is associated with D = z2 sin2 a + z2 sin cos a  + 2z sin2  az C/m2
Ans:

1  1 D D z
v    D  ( D )  
    z
1  1  
 (  2 z 2 sin 2  )  ( z 2 sin  cos  )  (  2 z sin 2  )
    z
z 2 sin 2  1 
 (2  )  z 2 ( sin 2   cos 2  )   2 sin 2  ( z)
  z
 2 z sin   z ( sin 2   cos 2  )   2 sin 2 
2 2 2

 z 2 sin 2   z 2 cos 2    2 sin 2 

 z 2   2 sin 2  C / m 3
13. Given the flux density D = (2cos /r3)ar + (sin /r3)a C/m2, evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the
region defined by 1 < r < 2, 0 <  < /2, 0 <  < /2
Ans:

 D  dS   (  D)dv
S vol

   
2 2 2 2

 D  dS    ( Dr 1 )  (r sin ddar ) r 1    ( Dr 2 )  (r sin ddar ) r 2

2 2

S 0 0 0 0
 
2 2 2 2
   ( D 0 )  (r sin drda ) 0    ( D  )  (r sin drda ) 
 
1 0 1 0 2 2
    

2 cos  2 cos  2
2 2 2 2 2 2
  sin dd    2 sin dd     (0)r sin( 0)drd
0 0
1 0 0
8 1 0

2 2
1 
 2
sin drd
1 0 r
2
 
  cos 2 1   cos 2 2  1   1
 [ ]02  [ ]0  0  [ ]12     0
2 2 22 2 2 r 2 4 22
 21

 

1  2  1 D 2
2 2 2
1
 (  D)dv     ( r
vol 1 0 0
2
r
( r Dr ) 
r sin  
( D sin  ) 
r sin  
)r sin drdd

 

1  2 2 cos   sin  1  (0) 2

2 2 2
1
   ( (r ) ( 3 sin  )  )r sin drdd
1 0 0 r r
2
r 3
r sin   r r sin  
 
  cos 2 1  1  cos 2 2  1  1
 [ ] [ ]12  [ ]12 [
2
0 ]0  0    0
2 2 r 2 r 2 22 22

Thus it is proved that  D  dS   (  D)dv

S vol

14. Find the work done in moving a 5C charge from the origin to P(2, -1, 4) through the field E = 2xyzax + x2zay +
x2yaz V/m via the path: (a) straight line segments: (0, 0, 0) to (2, 0, 0) to (2, -1, 0) to (2, -1, 4);
(b) straight line: x = -2y, z = 2x; (c) curve: x = -2y3, z = 4y2
Ans:
(a)
The straight line path from B to A is obtained from the any two of the following equations
y A  yB
y  yB  ( x  xB )
x A  xB
z A  zB
z  zB  ( y  yB )
y A  yB
x A  xB
x  xB  (z  zB )
z A  zB
The straight line path from (0, 0, 0) to (2, -1, 4) is obtained as

1
y0  ( x  0)
2
1
y   x  2 y  x
2
4
z0  ( y  0)
1
z  4 y  2 x
A
W = -QEdL=  5  10  (2 xyz a
6
x  x 2 z a y  x 2 y a z )  (dxax  dya y  dz a z )
B

1 1
x z z
2 4 2 4
 5  10  2 xyz dx   x zdy   x ydz  5  10  2 x
6 2 2
2 x dx   (2 y ) 2 (4 y)dy   ( ) 2 ( )dz
6

0 0 0 0
2 0 0
2 4
 40  10 6  20  10 6  20  10 6  80C
 22

A
(b) W = -QEdL=  5  10  (2 xyz a
6
x  x 2 z a y  x 2 y a z )  (dxax  dya y  dz a z )
B

1 1
x z z
2 4 2 4
 5  10  2 xyz dx   x zdy   x ydz  5  10  2 x
6 2 2
2 x dx   (2 y ) 2 (4 y)dy   ( ) 2 ( )dz
6

0 0 0 0
2 0 0
2 4
 40  10 6  20  10 6  20  10 6  80C

A
(c) W = -QEdL=  5  10  (2 xyz a
6
x  x 2 z a y  x 2 y a z )  (dxax  dya y  dz a z )
B

3 1
1 1
x x  z2 2 z2
2 4 2 1 2 4
 5  10 6 (  2 xyz dx   x 2 zdy   x 2 ydz )  5  10 6 (  2 x( ) 3 4( ) 3 dx   (2 y 3 ) 2 (4 y 2 )dy   ( ) ( )dz )
0 0 0 0
2 2 0 0
4 2
