Industrial Water Treating Systems: 4 Waste Water - Treatment Technologies and Recent Analytical Developments

ter, the ground -air cycle plays a role as well via atmospheric deposition.
The state of a particular

body of water can be described by a set of code numbers, but the core of the problem
is in fact a sum of all the processes leading to the observed state. In this case, the essential
element is the kinetics of two opposing processes the rate of pollution, and the rate of
cleansing. Each of these is in turn a combination of natural and anthropogenic phenomena
applicable to the site in question. Most of the problems are derived not from absolute numbers,
but rather from population densities, production densities, or productivities, in the
various urban centers of the industrialized world, all of which actually have access to an adequate
supply of natural water.
In the terminology of water economics, consumption of water refers to a loss of quantity, not a
decrease in quality. In this sense, consumption represents that part of the water supply that is
lost in the course of use, primarily through evaporation. This fraction of the water is permanently
withdrawn, at least from the local water cycles, and is thus no longer available for further
utilization, so it must be replenished with water from precipitation, springs, or wells.
As industrialization proceeded, two unique characteristics of water acquired rapidly increasing
importance, its high specific heat capacity, and its rather high solvent power with
respect to many inorganic and some organic substances. The consequences of these factors
in the context of the production and disposal of wastewater are quite different, however.
Water that is intended to serve as a heat reservoir, cooling agent, steam source, must be
cleaned before use in order to prevent corrosion and erosion in turbines and heat exchangers,
and it is subsequently returned to the environment in a purified state, albeit at a higher
temperature. On the other hand, water in its function as a reaction medium, or even a reaction
partner, has now developed into the most significant source of wastewater in industry.
Entire branches of manufacturing are based on production processes carried out in the aqueous
phase, where water is used as a solvent, dispersing agent, transport medium, and reagent.
This is perhaps most evident in the case of breweries, in sugar, paper, and pulp
factories, in dye works, tanneries, and the like where the teal problem is one not only of the
actual content of the wastewater, but also its quantity [6].
Water in drawn by industry from many different sources. It may be taken directly from a
river, a lake, a well, or from a privately impounded supply, or it may be obtained from a
neighboring municipality. Both the amount drawn by the industry and the degree of treatment
accorded the water so withdrawn varies widely from industry to industry and from
plant to plant. The quality of treatment may vary considerably within a given plant depending
upon the particular uses to which the water is put. the amounts of water withdrawn by
various industries for different uses, and the quality of water s that have been used by different
industries before being subjected to various degree of treatment are varied.
Water has been used in abundant quantities by chemical, petrochemical, petroleum refining
and other process industries. However, in recent years, the increased cost of wastewater
treatment to meet environmental requirements and the scarcity of less expensive industrial
water have provided process industries with strong incentive to minimize the amount of
water consumption and wastewater discharge. The major concern is to emphasize the im‐
4 Waste Water - Treatment Technologies and Recent Analytical Developments
3. Industrial water treating systems

The authors have carried out an expensive study on the present status of water use in a typical
industry. As the result it has been shown that there enough room to reduce a large
amount of wastewater by maximizing water reuse and waste water recovery. Further increases
in the efficiency of water use can be expected by the change of process conditions. In
solving such large complex problems, it has been found more methods.
Water is drawn by industry from many different sources. It may be taken directly from a
river, a lake a well, or from a privately impounded apply, or it may be obtained from a
neighboring municipality. Both the amount drawn by the industry and the degree of treatment
accorded the water so withdrawn varies widely from industry to industry and from
plant to plant [10]-[36]. The quality of treatment may vary considerably within a given plant
depending upon the particular uses to which the water is put. Table 2 shows the amounts of
water withdrawn by various industries for different uses[37]-[40].
In the chemical industry, economic factors usually dictate the inclusion of a wastewater separation
system. Thus, wastewater that is not in need of treatment, clean water, especially
cooling water, is separated from that which does require treatment. Clean water can be discharged
directly into the receiving stream. If the wastewater requiring treatment fails to
meet the quality specifications for biological waste treatment it must first be subjected to
decentralized
chemical-physical pretreatment, after which it can be fed into the central wastewater
treatment plant for purification as shown in Fig.2.
Specific wastewater loads can be reduced or even avoided through measures of the type
recommended
in conjunction with process integrated environmental protection.
The entire wastewater regime is also reflected in the approach taken to wastewater decision
making. For each type of wastewater, all the following questions must be rigorously addressed
to ensure consistent and disposal (Fig.3).
Can be amount and contamination level of the waste water be reduced or even eliminated
by process integrated means?
Does all the wastewater in question in fact require treatment?
Is the waste water suitable in its present form for biological treatment, or should it be subjected
to decentralized pretreatment?
Waste Water Management Systems
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51741
7

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ter, the ground -air cycle plays a role as well via atmospheric deposition.

The state of a particular

3. Industrial water treating systems

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