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    Vacuum Technology

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    Sagar Patil
    Vacuum technology involves processes and measurements carried out under pressures below normal atmospheric pressure. This is done for several reasons: to remove air constituents that could cause reactions, disturb equilibrium conditions by removing gas or volatile liquids, extend the distance particles can travel before colliding to help in processes like coating and acceleration, and reduce molecular impacts to limit contamination. For any vacuum process, a limiting pressure parameter can be defined based on factors like the number of molecules, mean free path, or time to form a monolayer. At room temperature and normal pressure, a cubic foot of air contains around 7×1023 molecules moving at around 1,000 mph, imparting a force of 14.7 pounds per square inch. Atmospheric pressure can

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    Vacuum Technology

    Uploaded by

    Sagar Patil
    6 views1 page
    Vacuum technology involves processes and measurements carried out under pressures below normal atmospheric pressure. This is done for several reasons: to remove air constituents that could cause reactions, disturb equilibrium conditions by removing gas or volatile liquids, extend the distance particles can travel before colliding to help in processes like coating and acceleration, and reduce molecular impacts to limit contamination. For any vacuum process, a limiting pressure parameter can be defined based on factors like the number of molecules, mean free path, or time to form a monolayer. At room temperature and normal pressure, a cubic foot of air contains around 7×1023 molecules moving at around 1,000 mph, imparting a force of 14.7 pounds per square inch. Atmospheric pressure can

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    Vacuum technology involves processes and measurements carried out under pressures below normal atmospheric pressure. This is done for several reasons: to remove air constituents that could cause reactions, disturb equilibrium conditions by removing gas or volatile liquids, extend the distance particles can travel before colliding to help in processes like coating and acceleration, and reduce molecular impacts to limit contamination. For any vacuum process, a limiting pressure parameter can be defined based on factors like the number of molecules, mean free path, or time to form a monolayer. At room temperature and normal pressure, a cubic foot of air contains around 7×1023 molecules moving at around 1,000 mph, imparting a force of 14.7 pounds per square inch. Atmospheric pressure can

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    6 views1 page

    Vacuum Technology

    Uploaded by

    Sagar Patil
    Vacuum technology involves processes and measurements carried out under pressures below normal atmospheric pressure. This is done for several reasons: to remove air constituents that could cause reactions, disturb equilibrium conditions by removing gas or volatile liquids, extend the distance particles can travel before colliding to help in processes like coating and acceleration, and reduce molecular impacts to limit contamination. For any vacuum process, a limiting pressure parameter can be defined based on factors like the number of molecules, mean free path, or time to form a monolayer. At room temperature and normal pressure, a cubic foot of air contains around 7×1023 molecules moving at around 1,000 mph, imparting a force of 14.7 pounds per square inch. Atmospheric pressure can

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    vacuum technology, all processes and physical measurements carried out under

    conditions of below-normal atmospheric pressure. A process or physical


    measurement is generally performed in a vacuum for one of the following reasons:
    (1) to remove the constituents of the atmosphere that could cause a physical
    or chemical reaction during the process (e.g., vacuum melting of reactive metals such
    as titanium); (2) to disturb an equilibrium condition that exists at normal room
    conditions, such as the removal of occluded or dissolved gas or volatile liquid from
    the bulk of material (e.g., degassing of oils, freeze-drying) or desorption of gas from
    surfaces (e.g., the cleanup of microwave tubes and linear accelerators during
    manufacture); (3) to extend the distance that a particle must travel before it collides
    with another, thereby helping the particles in a process to move without collision
    between source and target (examples of uses are in vacuum coating, particle
    accelerators, television picture tubes); (4) to reduce the number of molecular impacts
    per second, thus reducing chances of contamination of surfaces prepared in vacuum
    (useful in clean-surface studies).

    For any vacuum process a limiting parameter for the maximum permissible pressure
    can be defined. It can be the number of molecules per unit volume (reasons 1 and 2),
    the mean free path (reason 3), or the time required to form a monolayer (reason 4).

    At room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, 1 cubic foot (0.03


    cubic m) of air contains approximately 7 × 10 23 molecules moving in
    random directions and at speeds of around 1,000 miles per hour (1,600
    kilometres per hour). The momentum exchange imparted to the walls is
    equal to a force of 14.7 pounds for every square inch of wall area. This
    atmospheric pressure can be expressed in a number of units, but until
    relatively recently it was commonly expressed in terms of the weight of a
    column of mercury of unit cross section and 760 mm high. Thus, one
    standard atmosphere equals 760 mm Hg, but to avoid the anomaly of
    equating apparently different units, a term, torr, has been postulated; one
    standard atmosphere = 760 torr (1 torr = 1 mm Hg). This term was replaced
    in 1971 by an SI unit defined as the newton per square metre (N/m 2) and
    called the pascal (one pascal = 7.5 × 10-3 torr).

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