MCE IGCSE Physics TWB C09 - Full Solutions

MCE Cambridge IGCSETM Physics Full Solutions to Questions in Theory Workbook Chapter 9
Chapter 09 Thermal Properties and Temperature

Cambridge Assessment International Education bears no responsibility for the example answers to
questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this publication. In examinations,
the way marks are awarded may be different.
Exercise 9A
1. (a) expands; increases
(b) contracts; decreases
(c) increases; decreases
(d) more; weaker
2. The bridge builders use an expansion gap or put the bridge on rollers so the bridge can expand under a
hot weather.
3. The lid of a jar can be undone by heating it using hot water. As the lid expands more than the glass, the
gap between the lid and the jar increases when heated and the lid can be undone easily.
4. The separation of the particles in gases is greater than in liquids, so the forces between the gas
particles are weaker. This means that the gas particles can move apart more easily than liquid particles.
OR It takes less energy for the gas particles to move apart than liquid particles.
Exercise 9B
1. (a) 1.C
2. I N T E R N A L
P
3. H E A T
C
4. S P E C I F I C
T
5. E N E R G Y
(b)(i) Internal energy
(ii) Specific heat capacity
2. (a) thermal; slowly

(b) kinetic
(c) internal; kinetic; decreased
3. A
4. ΔE = mcΔq
5. ΔE = mcΔT = 50 × 4200 × 3 = 630 000 J
6. (a) A
(b) Some of the energy supplied is used to heat the kettle and the surroundings.
7. ΔE = mcΔT = 14 × 900 × (660 – 30) = 7.9 × 106 J
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

9.1
8. Let the specific heat capacity of brass be c
Brass coin decreases in ΔE as temperature decreased

ΔEbrass = mcΔT = 0.1 × c (95 – 28) = 6.7 c
Water increases in ΔE as temperature increased

ΔEwater = mcΔT = 0.2 × 4200 × (28 – 25) = 2520
ΔEbrass = ΔEwater
6.7 c = 2520
!"!#
c= = 376 = 380 J/(kg °C) (2 s.f.)
$.&
9. Let the mass of water be m
ΔEiron bar = 0.4 × 440 × (80 – 35) = 7920
ΔEwater = m × 4200 × (35 – 30) = 21 000 m
ΔEiron bar = ΔEwater

7920 = 21 000 m
&'!#
m = = 0.377 kg = 0.38 kg or 380 g (2 s.f.)
!( ###
Exercise 9C
1. (a) melting; 0°C
(b) boiling; 100°C
(c) solidification; freezing (any order)
(d) condensation
2. (a)(i) BC
(ii) DE
(b) 50°C
(c) 125°C
3. (a) Some of the liquid has evaporated.

(b) Evaporation causes cooling. The water between the flask and the wooden support cooled down
to the point that it freezes.
(c) The liquid molecules with the most kinetic energy escape into the air.
The remaining liquid molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and thus lower temperature.
Kinetic energy from the water molecules is transferred to the liquid, which causes the water to
cools until it freezes.
4.

9.2
5. (a) Increase in temperature of a liquid will increases the rate of evaporation. This is because a
warmer liquid has a greater number of molecules at the surface layer that are energetic enough
to escape.
(b) Increase in surface area of a liquid will increases the rate of evaporation. This is because
evaporation only takes place at the exposed surface. A larger exposed surface area means more
molecules can escape from the liquid.
(c) Increase in movement of air across the surface of a liquid will increases the rate of evaporation.
This is because moving air removes the liquid molecules that escapes from the liquid surface. A
larger movement of air will allow evaporation to take place at a faster rate.
Exercise 9D
1. (a) Gas [1]
(b) Solid [1]
(c) This is because volume changes when pressure changes. [1]
2. (a)(i) The temperature of the water increases. [1]

(ii) The internal energy of the water increases. [1]
(b)(i) The temperature of the water stays constant/does not change/stays at 100°C. [1]
(ii) The internal energy of the water increases.
3. (a) ΔE = mcΔT OR shown by substitution of correct values [1]

ΔE = 0.8 × 4200 (100 – 24) [1]
= 255 000 = 260 000 J (2 s.f.) [1]
(b)(i) The energy of the water molecules increases [1]
The molecules move further apart [1]
At 100°C (boiling point of water), the bonds between the molecules are broken and the
molecules are free to move around freely [1]
(ii) The temperature stays the same [1] because the average kinetic energy is not changing OR
energy is used to break bonds and move the molecules further apart. [1]
The internal energy increases [1] because molecules have more energy in gas state than in liquid
state. [1]
4. (a) Measure starting temperature [1] and final temperature [1] of the aluminium cylinder.
Calculate energy supplied by heater by measuring the current, voltage and time taken to heat
the aluminium cylinder. [1]
Measure the mass of the aluminium cylinder. [1]
(b) ΔE = mcΔT OR change in energy = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change
(in any form) [1]
(c) Insulate the aluminium block OR other way to reduce thermal energy loss to the surroundings.
[1] This is because energy transferred to surroundings will cause the measured energy required
to be too large. [1]
Repeating the experiment is not accepted as an alternative answer.
5. melting [1]
evaporation [1]
freezing [1]
condensation [1]
6. (a)(i) Any two of the following: [2]

• Boiling takes place at boiling point
• Boiling happens throughout the liquid
• Boiling does not produce cooling
• Boiling is not affected by movement of air/surface area/humidity

9.3
(ii) Molecules with the most (kinetic) energy escape the liquid. OR Molecules gain energy from the
skin and escape the liquid. OR Molecules break bonds/overcome intermolecular forces between
them and escapes the liquid. [1]
The average speed (of molecules) decreases OR remaining molecules have less
(kinetic) energy. [1]
The temperature of the liquid decreases.[1]
The liquid molecules gain energy from the skin/body. OR Energy is lost by the skin/body to the
liquid molecules. [1] This energy transfers cools the patient’s skin down.
7. ΔE = mcΔT OR shown by substitution of correct values [1]

ΔE = 150 g × 4.2 J/(g°C) × (80 – 56) °C OR 0.150 kg × 4200 J/(kg°C) (80 – 56) °C [1]
= 15 120 = 15 000 J [1]

9.4

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MCE Cambridge IGCSETM Physics Full Solutions to Questions in Theory Workbook Chapter 9

Chapter 09 Thermal Properties and Temperature

(b)(i) Internal energy

(ii) Specific heat capacity

2. (a) thermal; slowly

5. ΔE = mcΔT = 50 × 4200 × 3 = 630 000 J

7. ΔE = mcΔT = 14 × 900 × (660 – 30) = 7.9 × 106 J

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

8. Let the specific heat capacity of brass be c

Brass coin decreases in ΔE as temperature decreased

Water increases in ΔE as temperature increased

9. Let the mass of water be m

ΔEiron bar = 0.4 × 440 × (80 – 35) = 7920

ΔEwater = m × 4200 × (35 – 30) = 21 000 m

ΔEiron bar = ΔEwater

3. (a) Some of the liquid has evaporated.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

2. (a)(i) The temperature of the water increases. [1]

3. (a) ΔE = mcΔT OR shown by substitution of correct values [1]

Repeating the experiment is not accepted as an alternative answer.

6. (a)(i) Any two of the following: [2]

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

7. ΔE = mcΔT OR shown by substitution of correct values [1]

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

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