Topic 3 Markscheme

Markscheme-Topic 3: Thermal Physics
1. C
2. D
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. A
11. D
12. B
13. D
14. D
15. B
16. D
17. B
18. D
19. A
20. A
21. A
22. B
23. D
24. C
25. C
26. A
27. A
28. B
29. A
30. B
31. C
32. B
Short answer questions
1. (a) (165, 0); 1
(b) Look for these points:
to change phase, the separation of the molecules must increase;
Some recognition that the ice is changing phase is needed.
so all the energy input goes to increasing the PE of the molecules;
Accept something like “breaking the molecular bonds”.
1
KE of the molecules remains constant, hence temperature remains constant; 3
If KE mentioned but not temperature then assume they know
that temperature is a measure of KE.
(c) (i) time for water to go from 0 to 15°C = 30 s;
energy required = msΔθ = 0.25 × 15 × 4 200 = 15 750 J;
energy
power = = 525 W ∼530 W; 3
time
(ii) ice takes 15 s to go from – 20°C to 0;
energy supplied = 15 × 530 J;
!"#×!"
sp ht = = 1590 =1600J kg–1 K–1; 3
!"×!.!"
(iii) time to melt ice = 150 s;

(150 × 530)
L= = 320 kJ kg–1; 2
0.25
[12]
2. Gases and liquids
(a) forces between gas molecules (except during collisions) are much smaller
than between liquid molecules;
speed of gas molecules much greater than speed of liquid molecules;
motion / movement of gas molecules is less restricted than that for liquid
molecules;
average separation of molecules much greater in a gas than in a liquid; 2
(b) the molecules do not have the same speed / the molecules have different speeds;
the speed of the molecules change each time they collide / the speed of
individual molecules is always changing / OWTTE; 2
Accept use of words “kinetic energy” in place of speed.
(c) the energy / heat required to raise / change the temperature of a substance of 1 kg
by1K / 0C; 1
(d) (i) the water is changing phase / boiling / KE of molecules is constant,
(PE is changing); 1
(ii) time = 420(s);
energy supplied = 300 × 420;
= 4.2 × 103 × 0.40 × Δθ;
to give Δθ = 75;
therefore, boiling temperature θ = 950C; 5
(e) 300 × 3.0× 103 = 0.40 L;
to give L = 2.3 × 106 Jkg−1; 2

[13]
3. (a) [1] for each appropriate and valid point eg
thermal energy is the KE of the component particles of an object;
thus measured in joules;
the temperature of an object is a measure how hot something is
(it can be used to work out the direction of the natural flow of thermal
energy between two objects in thermal contact) / measure of the average
KE of molecules;
it is measured on a defined scale (Celsius, Kelvin etc); 4 max
(b) (i) correct substitution: energy = power × time;
= 1200 W × (30 × 60) s;
= 2.2 × 106 J 2 max
2
(ii) use of E = m c Δθ;
to get Δθ = 2.2 × 106 / (4200 × 70) K;
= 7.5 K; 3 max
(c) [1] naming each process up to [3 max].
convection;
conduction;
radiation;
[1] for an appropriate (matching) piece of information / outline
for each process up to [3 max].
eg convection is the transfer of thermal energy via bulk movement of a gas
due to a change of density;
conduction is transfer of thermal energy via intermolecular collisions;
radiation is the transfer of thermal energy via electromagnetic waves
(IR part of the electromagnetic spectrum in this situation) / OWTTE; 6 max
(d) (i) [1] for each valid and relevant point eg
in evaporation the faster moving molecules escape;
this means the average KE of the sample left has fallen;
a fall in average KE is the same as a fall in temperature; 3 max
6
(ii) energy lost by evaporation = 50% × 2.2 × 10 J;
= 1.1 × 106 J;
correct substitution into E = m l
to give mass lost = 1.1 × 106 J / 2.26 × 106 J kg–1
= 0.487 kg
= 487 g; 3 max
(iii) [1] for any valid and relevant factors [2 max] eg
area of skin exposed;
presence or absence of wind;
temperature of air;
humidity of air etc;
[1] for appropriate and matching explanations [2 max] eg
increased area means greater total evaporation rate;
presence of wind means greater total evaporation rate;
evaporation rate depends on temperature difference;
increased humidity decreases total evaporation rate etc; 4 max
[25]
1 1
4. (a) (i) P∝ or V ∝ or PV = constant or pressure inversely
V P
proportional to volume, etc; 1
(ii) V ∝ T, etc; 1
P1 P2
(b) (i) = or P1T ′ = P2T1 ; 1
T1 T ′
V1 V2
(ii) = or V1T2 =V2T ′ ; 1
T ′ T2
P2T1
(c) from (i) T ′ = ;
P1
V1T2
from (ii) T ′ = ;
V2
3
P1V1 P2V2
equate to get = ;
T1 T2
PV
so that = constant or PV = KT; 4
T
[8]
5. (a) gas that obeys the equation pV = nRT / no forces between molecules;
at all pressures, volumes and temperatures / any other postulate; 2
(b) (i) pV = nRT
20 × 106 × 2 × 10–2 = n × 8.3 × 290;
n = 170 (166); 2 max
(ii) number = n × NA;
number = 166 × 6.02 × 1023 = 1.0 × 1026; 2
(c) (i) average volume = 2.0 × 10–28 m3; 1
(ii) average separation = 3 ( 2.0 × 10 −28 ) ;

= 5.8 × 10–10 m; 2
Allow solution based on sphere.
[9]
6.
(a) internal energy: (random translational) kinetic energy of atoms / molecules; 1

(b) (i) 546 K; 1
(ii) temperature doubled but pressure remains constant;
hence volume doubled to 44.0m3;
or
V ∝ T;
therefore, volume doubled to 44.0m3; 2
(c) (i) W = 0; 1
(ii) ΔW = pA (VC − VA)
= 1.01 × 105 × 22.0;

= 22.2 × 105 J; 2
Note the ecf from (b)(ii).
(iii) work done on the gas;
because the volume is decreasing; 2
Award [0] for a bald statement without any attempt at reasoning.
(iv) total work done by gas in cycle is
ΔW = 0 + 31.5 × 105 − 22.2 × 105;
work output = 9.3 × 105 J; 2
[11]
4
7.
[14]

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Markscheme-Topic 3: Thermal Physics

(iii) time to melt ice = 150 s;

(e) 300 × 3.0× 103 = 0.40 L;

to give L = 2.3 × 106 Jkg−1; 2

(ii) average separation = 3 ( 2.0 × 10 −28 ) ;

(a) internal energy: (random translational) kinetic energy of atoms / molecules; 1

= 1.01 × 105 × 22.0;

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