SYLLABUS FOR LECTURER (10+2) BOTANY

I. VIRUSES, BACTERIA & ALGAE.

A. Viruses & Bacteria
1. Classification of Bacteria – General characters of each group.
2. Nutrition of Bacteria – Autotrophy, Heterotrophy, Symbiosis.
3. General characters of Rickettsie, Chalamydeae, Mycoplasmas and diseases caused by
them.
4. Nature of virulence, Toxins and extracelluar enzymes of pathogenic bacteria.
5. Bio – Conversion of waste products and microbes (with references to alcohol and
biogas).
6. Morphology of TMV, Purification and quantitative assay of plant viruses.
7. Infection and replication (with reference to TMV and Bacteriophage)
8. Transmission of plant viruses and control measures.
9. Virus diseases with reference to hepatitis, Aids and Rabies.
10. Modern concept of oncogenic viruses and tumerogenesis.

B. Algae
1. Comparative survey of important systems of classification of algae, criteria used for
algal classification; modern trends in algal classification.
2. Diagnostic features of algal phyta, range of thallus and reproductive diversity.
3. Life history among algae, parallelism in evolution, comparative account of algal
pigments.
4. Light microscope, ultrastructure and function of cell wall, flagella, chloroplasts,
pyrenoids and eyespots and heir importance in taxonomy.
5. Study of cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, Bascillareophyta, Phaeophyta and
Rhodophyta upto ordinal level with reference to the flowing genera Anabaena,
Gonium, Chlorella, Entermorpha, Closterium, Acetabularia, Nitella, Botrydium,
Navicula, Pandina, Liagora & Ceramium.
6. General characters of Euglenophyta and Dinophyta.

II. MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHLOGY.

1. Recent trends in the classification of fungi with reference to morphological and
Reproductive structures.
2. Physiology of fungi with reference to Biotrophs, Hemibiotrophs, Symbionts and
necrotrophs.
3. Role of fungi in industries with reference to production of alcohol. Organic acids,
Antibiotics, food and fodden yeast and Mushroom cultivation, Mycorrhizal application
in agriculture and plant growth.
4. Comparative study of flowing: -
i. Mycomocotina – physarium, plasmodiophora.
ii. Mastigomycotina – Albugo, Peronospora.
iii. Zygomocotina – rhizious, Mucor, Blackslea.
iv. Ascomycotina – Taphrina, Morchella.
v. Basidiomycotina – Puccinia, Melampsora, Ustilago.
vi. Deuteromycotina – Fusarium, Cercospora, Colletotrichum.

5. Symptomology of diseases with reference to fungal, viral and bacterial infections of

plants.
6. Role of enzymes and toxins in pathogenesis.
7. Disease control of physical, chemical and biological methods, resistant varieties, crop
rotation, plant quarantine, seed certification.
8. Etiology and control of the following crop diseases:
i. Cereals
Paddy – Blast, Brown leaf spot, Bacterial leaf blight.
Wheat – Black stem rust, Bunt of wheat.
Maize – Leaf blight.

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 ii. Fruits
Grapes – Downy and powdery mildew
Apple – Scab
iii. Cotton – Wilt of cotton.

III. ARCHEOGONATEE
A. Bryophytes
1. Classification of Bryophytes.
2. Origin and evolution of Bryophtes, Fossil Bryophytes.
3. Comparative morphology, sex organ development and sporophytes of Marchantiales,
Andreales & Bryales.
4. Spore germination, Bud formotion, apogamy and apospory in Bryophytes.
5. Economic importance of Bryophytes, Horticultural uses of Bryophtes.

B. Pteriodophytes
1. Class fiction of Pteriodophytes
2. Comparative organography, systemtics, reproduction and phylogeny of Lycopodiales,
ophioglossales, osmundales, filicales, Marsileales and Salviniales.
3. Pteridophytic life cycle with reference to alternation of haploid and diploid phases,
colonization of terrestrial environments.
4. Origin of land plants (Organ categories & internal tissue system), Telcome theory.
5. Apogamy, apospory and apomixis.
6. Soral evolution (Eusporomagiate & Leptosporangiate), Prothalial evolution.

C. Gymnosperms
1. Recent trends in classification of Gymnosperms.
2. Morphology & anatomy of vegetative and reproductive organs and interreloatioships
of cycadles, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Taxales, Ephedrales, welwitscniales & Gnetales.
3. Structure and evolution of archegonium in Gymnosperms.
4. Distribution of living and fossil gymnosperms in India.
5. Evolution of Gymnosperms.
6. Survey of chromosomes in Gymnosperms.
7. Fossil Gymnosperms.

IV. ANGIOSPERMS MORPHOLOGY TAXONOMY AND EMBYOLOGY.

A. Plant Taxonomy
1. Botanical exploration in India and J&K State.
2. Botanical survey of India, organization and its role.
3. Taxonomy as a synthetic discipline.
4. Phylogenetic classfication – Hutchinson, Takhtajan, Cronquist, Dhalgren and Thorne.
5. Anatomy, Embryology and Palynology in Taxonomy.
6. The international code of Botanical nomenclature and amendments to the code of
Botanical nomenclature.
7. An origin of angiosperms, mono & Polyphylitic concept, phylogeny of Ranales &
helobiales.

B. Morphology
1. General concept of morphology.
2. Origin and evolution of flower, co-evolution of flower vis-à-vis pollinators.
3. Stamen – origin and evolution from foliar to reduced condition.
4. Carpels – concept of foliar origin of carpel, alternative concepts and approaches,
conduplicate and closure of the carpels.

C. Angiosperm Anatomy
1. Ultrastructure of cell wall, fine structure of plasmodesmata, microtubules, mcrofibrils,
secondary wall structure.
2. Apical, Intercalary & lateral meristern.

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 3. Ontogeny, Phylogeny and function of Primary & Secondary xylem, wood anatomy.
4. Ontogeny Phylogeny and function of Primary & Secondary phloem.
5. Development and ultrastructure of Trichomes and stomata.
6. Nodal types, Nodal Anatomy, Phylogentic and evolutionary considerations.
7. Vascular cambium vs Cork Cambium, factors controlling their activity, Periderm;
Lenticals, Abscissiion, wound healing.
8. Anatomy of monocot and dicot seeds & fruits. Seed appendages, their ontogeny,
structure and functions.
9. Anatomy in relation to Taxonomy
a. Wood anatomy, floral anatomy & seed Anatomy in relation to taxonomy.
10. Contemporary plant anatomy – current trends and prospects.

D. Embryology of Angiosperms
1. Microporangium: Structure and function of wall layers, ultrasturcutal changes in
tapetum and meiocytes during microsporogenesis, role of collose and tapetum in
pollen development.
2. Pollen wall morphogenesis: Microspore/pollen mitosis, division of generative cell,
heterogeneity in sperms. Pollen fertility and sterility; plooen stroge, viability and
germination.
3. Ovule nutrition.
4. Mehgasporogenesis: Sub cellular profiles of archesporial and megaspore mother
cell, megaspore tetrod, dyad and Coenomegaspore (polavity of nuclei), determination
of functional megaspore idyad.
5. Embryosac: Types, ultrastructure of components, synergids and antipodal haustoria
nutrition of embryosac.
6. Pollination: Ultra structural and histrochemical details of style and sigma, self and
interspecific incompatibility, significance of pollen pistil interaction,, role of pollen wall
proteins and stigmasurface proteins, barriers to fertilization, methods of overcoming
incompatibilities.
7. Fertilisation: Heterosperms, differential behaviour of male gametes, discharge and
movement of sperms syngamy and triple fusion, post fertilization metabolic and
structural changes in embryosac.
8. Endosperms types, ultrastructure, cellularisation in nuclear endosperms, endosperms
haustoria, their extension and persistence, function, stroge metabolites.
9. Embryo: Polarization of Zygoate, embryogenic types, histoand organgenesis of
mono and dicot embryos, organless (undifferentiated) embryos; delayed
differentiation of embryo, structure and function of suspensor, physiological and
morphogenetied relationship of endosperms and embryo.
10. Polyembryony: Types, genetic & somatic, pollen embryos.
11. Apomixis: Diplospory, apospory, parhenogenetic development of embryo,
Pseudogamous and autogamous development of endosperm, importance.
12. Another culture and androgenesis (ahaploia plants). Invitropollination, post pollinated
ovule culture, endosperm, culture, embryo culture.
13. Seed growth and development, seed appendages.

E. Palynology
1. Development and evolution of pollen types, stereo and ultrastructue of exine,
apertures. And furrows.
2. Palynology & Taxonomy.
3. Aeropalynology, methods of aerospore survey and analysis.
4. Honey bee pollen load, role of apiaries in crop production.
5. Recent advances in palynological studies.

V. BIOCHEMISTRY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

1. Carbohydrates: Classification, occurrence, structure and function of monosacchrides,
oligosacchrides, Polysaccrides including starch, cellulose & pectins.

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 2. Occurrence, structure and function of amino acids, stereiosomers, amphoteric properties,
synthesis of amino acids by reductive aimnation, GS-GOGAT system, transmaination.
3. Classification of proteins according to solubility and structure, function of major structural
proteins, conjugate proteins, lectins and their importance.
4. Enzymes: Classification and mode of action.
5. Structure and function of DNA, Different kinds of RNA, role in protein synthesis.
6. Biosynthesis and functions os secondary metabolites (Lignisn, suberins, terpines &
alkapoids).
7. Physico chemical organization of the plant cell and cell organelles, structure and
composition of membrances, Fluid Mosaic – lipoproteins mode. Endomembrane system.
8. Water relation of plants: Unique physico – chemical properties of water, chemical
potential, water potential in the plant, apparent free space, bulk movement of water, soil
plant atmosphere continuum (Spac), Stomatal regulation of transpiration, hormonal and
energy dependant hypothesis.
9. Inorganic nutrition: Physico – chemical aspects of solute transport, diffusion and
facilitated diffusion, Possive & active transport, Nernst equation. Donnan’s potiential, role
of ATPase as a carrier, co-transport (symport), counter transport (anttiport), ion channel.
Role of calmodulin importance of foliar nutrition and role of chelates.
10. Photosynthesis: Energy pathway in photosynthesis, chloroplast as an energy
transducing organelle, characterization of photosystem I & II, Electron flow through
cyclic, non-cyclic and pseudocyclic photophosphorylation pathway of CO2 fixation,
differences between C3 & C4 photosynthesis, different kinds of C4 pathways; CAM
pathway, occurrence, biochemical events and adaptive advantages, regulation of
photorespiration.
11. Respiration: Concept of free energy and entropy high energy compounds, ATP systhesis
through oxidative electron transfer chain (cytochrome system), chemiosmotic
regeneration of ATP, Gluconeogenesis.
12. Mechanism of nitrogen fixation.
13. A critical discussion of hormonal effects on growth, morphogenesis and development,
Bioassay of plant growth regulators & their mode of action.
14. Phytochrome: Occurrence, Chemistry and photomorphogenetic effects role of
phytochrome in movements and in flowering.

VI. ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

1. Concept of ecosystem, ecological niche.
2. Bio-geochemical cycles-carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and hydrological cycle.
3. Energy flow ecosystem, Law of thermodynamics, Primary productivity. Food Chains and
food webs, Energy Pyramids.
4. Patterns in communities.
5. Succession: Models, theories of climax community formation.
6. Plant population: Characteristic, Natality, mortality population regulation. Negative
interactions-competition, Predation and parasitism. Positive interactions (Mutalisms)
7. Soil subsystem.
8. Air and water pollution and their effect.
9. Green house effect.
10. Conservation of Bio-diversity.
11. Afforestation, social forestry, agroforestry, wind breaks, International biological
programme man and Biosphere programme, United Nations Environment programme,
Biosphere reserves.

VII. GENETICS, CYTOGENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

1. Chromosome structure and organization in Prokaryotes Eukaryotes.
2. Specialized/accessory chromosomes – b – chromosomes their behaviour, origin and
function. Organization of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes.
3. Concept of gene in higher plants, fine structure and analysis, Gene function and
regulation in pro & Eukaryotes.
4. Gene controlled biosysthetic pathways – Anthocyanins.

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 5. Mobile genetic elements: Insertion elements, transposons in bacteria, Ty elements in
yeast, P & Copia elements in Drosophila, Ac-DS, Spm and Mu elements in maize,
molecular characteristics and proprieties their significance in development and evolution.
6. Gene amplification.
7. Meiotic behaviour types of polyploids, Inheritance pattern in autopolyploids, Induction
and characterization of trisomics, monocomics, their role in chromosome mapping, Allien
addition and deletion and substitution and their role in gene transfer.
8. Chromosomal abberations.
9. Molecular basis of mutations, mechanism of DNA repair.
10. Objectives of plant breeding.
11. Breeding methods in self and cross pollinated plants, Apomictic plants.
12. Heterosis and inbreeding depression.
13. Hybrid and synthetic varieties.

VII BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Concept and scope biotechnology.
2. Plant tissue culture, another and pollen culture. Selection of mutants, in-vitro-auxotrophs,
disease resistance, salt and drought tolerance, nutritional quality, herbicide resistance.
3. Protoplast culture and somatic hydridization.
4. Plotoplast culture and somatic hybridization, Isolation of protoplasts, culture and fusion
methods, selection of fusion products, production of hybrids and cybrids.
5. Recombinant DNA: Technology-Isolation and purification of DNA; Restriction
endonucleases, agarose gel electrophoresis, pulsed gel electrophoresis,
southern/northern/western blotting, DNA sequencing, selection and screening of
recombinant clones.
6. Cloning vehicles: Salient features, plasmids, cosmids, single standard DNA viruses, Ti-
plasmids, construction of plasmid vectors, Lambda phage vectors, uses of vectors in
cloning and sequencing.
7. Cloning strategies: Geonomic libraries, CDNA libraries, cloning into plant cells.
8. Application of Recombinant DNA technology in plant improvement.

Sd/-
Secretary & COE
JK PSC

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