Subjec t: ET (3131905)

UNIT-1Basic Concepts
1. Define Thermodynamic system. Also explain different
thermodynamic systems with appropriate examples.
2. Differentiate between Intensive and Extensive properties of system.
3. Explain concept of Quasi-static process with necessary figure. May-
4. (1) Explain different types of systems with suitable examples.
(2) Discuss the concept of thermodynamicequilibrium.
(3) Distinguish between Intensive and extensive properties.
5. Discuss macroscopic andmicroscopic point of view in
thermodynamics
6. Write steady flow energy equation in case of boiler, turbine and
condenser.
7. Explain microscopic and macroscopic point of view of
thermodynamicsand also discuss open, close and isolated system.
8. Differentiate between the followings;
1) Intensive properties and extensive properties,
2) Point function and path function ,
3) Microscopic approach and macroscopic approach,
4) Pure substance and working substance.
9. Derive the general equation for steady flow process. Explain the
physical significance of several terms of the equation.
10.What is an equation of state? State its different type and which type
is focused in the present subject.

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 UNIT-2 First law of Thermodynamics

1. Prove that ‘Energy’ is a point function of a system undergoing

change of state.
2. A turbine operating under steady flow conditions receives steam at
a velocity of 50 m/s and elevation of 5 m and a specific enthalpy of
2700 KJ/kg. The steam leaves the turbine at a velocity of 83.3 m/s,
an elevation of 1.5 m and a specific enthalpy of 2250 kJ/kg. Heat
losses from the turbine to the surroundings amount to 1.41 kJ/hr.
Determine the mass flow rate of steam required in kg/hr for output
power of 360 kW.
3. A well-insulated rigid tank of 1m3 is attached to a large line
containing pressurizedoxygen.Avalve is opened allowing the oxygen
to enter the tank. The state of oxygen in the line is 2MPa and
300°C. The valve remains open till the oxygen inside the tank
reaches pressure equilibrium with the oxygen in the line.
Determine the temperature of oxygen inside the tank at the end of
process.Initial pressure and temperature of oxygen in the tank is
1bar and 300K. TakeR= 0.259 kJ/kgK and γ = 1.395
4. Write continuity equation.Derive the general steady flowenergy
equation. Makingsuitable assumptions reduce the same for
turbine,nozzle and steam condenser.
5. Derive general steady flowenergy equation.
6. Prove that internal energy is aproperty ofthe
system.Alsoexplainperpetual motionmachineof firstkind.
7. What is difference between heat andwork?Show that heat is apath
functionand not a property. Jun-14 Year: 2nd
8. 3 Kg of air at 1.5 bar pressure and 77 °C temperature at state is
compressed polytropically to state 2 at pressure 7.5 bar, index of
compression being 1.2.It is then cooled at constant temperature to
its original state 1. Calculate the net work done and heat
transferred.

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9. Explain the following terms: Point Function, Homogenous system,
First law of thermodynamics, Quasi-static process, pure substance.
10. A cylinder of 0.1 m3 volume is filled with 0.727 kg of C8H18 at
427.85 K. Assuming that C8H18 obeys the Van der Walls equation
of state, calculate the pressure of the gas in the cylinder. The Van
der walls Constant a and b for C8H18 are 3.789 Pa (m3/mol)2 and
2.37 10-4 m3/mol, respectively.
11. State the SFEE for a single stream inlet and single stream leaving a
control volume and explain the various terms in it. Also write SFEE
for following Applications: (1) Cooling Tower (2) Centrifugal Pump
(3) Expansion valve of refrigerator.
12. State the Steady Flow Energy Equation. Explain the significance of
S.F.E.E. in engineering applications

UNIT-3 Second law of Thermodynamics

1. An air compressor compresses atmospheric air at 0.1 MPa and 270

C by 10 times of inlet pressure. During compression the heat loss to
surrounding is estimated to be 5% of compression work. Air enters
in compressor with velocity of 40 m/s and leaves with 100 m/s.
Inlet and exit cross-section areas are 100 cm2 and 20 cm2
respectively. Estimate the temperature of air at exit from
compressor and power input to compressor.
2. Prove the equivalency of Kelvin-Plank and Clausius statements.
3. Explain Kelvin-Plank and Clausius statements of second law and
show that violation of Kelvin-Plank statement leads to violation of
Clausius statement.
4. Show that efficiency of all reversible engines operating between
two constant temperature heat reservoirs is the same.
5. Two Carnot engine A & B are connected in series between two
thermal reservoirs maintained at 2000K and 300K. Engine A
receives 1680 kJ of heat from the high temperature reservoir and
reject heat to the Carnot engine B. Engine B takes in heat rejected
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 by A and rejects heat to the low temperature reservoir. If engines A
& B have equal thermal efficiencies, determine (a) the heat
rejected by engine B (b) the temperature at which heat is rejected
by engine A, (c) work done by engine A & B. If engine A & B delivers
equal work, determine (d) the amount of heat taken by engine B,
and (e) efficienciesof engine A&B.
6. Prove the equivalencyof Kelvin-Plank and Clausiusstatements
7. Prove that all reversible engines operating between same
temperatures limits are equally efficient.
8. Show that coefficientof performance of heat pump and gerator
canbe related as; RefHP COP=COP-1
9. A heat pumpworkingona reversed Carnot cycle takes inenergy from
a reservoir maintained at 3ºCand delivers itto another
reservoirwhere temperature is 77ºC. Theheat pumpdrives power
for its operation from a reversible engine operating within
thehigher and lower temperature limits of 1077ºCand 77ºC. For100
kJ/s of energy supplied to the reservoir at 77ºC, estimate the
energy taken from the reservoir at 1077ºC.
10. Using second laws of thermodynamics check the following and also
indicate nature of cycle. (i) Heat engine receiving 1000 kJ of heat
from a reservoir at 500 K and rejecting 700 kJ heat to a sink at
27ºC. (ii) Heat engine receiving 1000 kJ of heat from a reservoir at
500 K and rejecting 600 kJ of heat to a sink at 27ºC.
11. A reversible heat engine absorbs heat from two thermal reservoirs
at constant temperatures of 800 k and 550 k, rejects heat to a
reservoir at 300 k, calculate the thermal efficiency and heat
supplied by each thermal reservoirs when the engine produces 80
kw and rejects 55 kj/sec to heat sink.
12. Carnot cycle is not practical, Justify. State carnot theorem and
perpetual motion machine of second kind.
13. Explain the concept of temperature and differentiate between
heat, temperature and internal energy.
14. Derive an expression for emptying and filling process.
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15. A Carnot engine getting heat at 800 K is used to drive a Carnot
refrigerator maintaining 280 K temperature. Both engine and
refrigerator reject heat at same temperature T when heat given to
engine is equal to heat absorbed by refrigerator. Determine
efficiency of engine and COP of refrigerator.
16. Define following terms (1) Heat Engine (2) Thermal Energy
Reservoir (3) Refrigerator
17. Prove that all reversible engines working between the two constant
temperature reservoirs have the same efficiency.
18. A domestic refrigerator is loaded with food and the door closed.
During a certain period the machine consumes 1 kW h of energy
and the internal energy of the system drops by 5000 kJ. Find the
net heat transfer for the system.
19. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs
attemperatures of 600°C and 40 °C. The engine drives a reversible
refrigerator which operates between reservoirs attemperature of
40 °C and -20 °C. The heat transfer to the heat engine is 2000 kJ
and the net work output of the combined engine refrigerator plant
is 360 kJ. Evaluate the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the net
heat transferred to the reservoir at 40 °C
20. Evaluate the following statements: 1. Heat pump provides a
thermodynamic advantage over direct heating. 2. Kelvin
temperature scale is independent of the peculiar characteristics of
any particular substance.
21. Determine the work required to compress steam isentropically
from 1 bar to 10 bar, assuming that at the initial state the
steamexists as (a) saturated liquid and (b) saturated vapor.Neglect
changes inkinetic energy and potential energy.What conclusiondo
you derive from this example?
22. State and explain the Perpetual motionmachines of Second Kind
23. State the comparisonsof Firstlawand Second
lawofthermodynamics.

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 UNIT-4 Entropy
1. Explain Clausius inequality for reversible and irreversible cyclic
processes.
2. Air at 200 C and 1.05 bar occupies 0.025 m3. The air is heated at
constant volumeuntil the pressure is 4.5 bar, and then cooled at
constantpressure back to originaltemperature. Calculate (i)The net
heat flowfrom the air.(ii)Thenet entropy change.Also draw the
processes onT-s diagram.
3. (1) Show that through one point there can pass only one reversible
adiabatic. (2) Derive Clausius’ inequality from fundamental.
4. In a boiler, water evaporates at 200°C. The hot gases which transfer
the heat to the boiler are cooled from 1000°C to 500°C. Determine
the total entropy increase of combined system of gas and water
and the increase in unavailable energy. T0 = 30°C. Take cpg = 1
kJ/kg K.
5. 2 kg of water at 97°C is mixed with 3 kg of water at 17°C in an
isolated system. Calculate the change in entropy due to the mixing
process.
6. Explain the difference between isentropic process and adiabatic
process.
7. 1 kg of ice at 00c is mixed with 12 kg of water at 270c. Assuming
the surrounding temperature as 150c, calculate the net increase in
entropy and unavailable energy when the system reaches common
temperature.
8. What do you mean by the term entropy? What are the
characteristics of entropy? How the principle of entropy is used to
determine whether the process path is reversible, irreversible or
impossible.
9. State and prove clausious theorem.
10. Prove that entropy is a property of system.
11. Explain Clausius theorem.
12. Explain Carnot cycle and derivenecessary expression.
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13. Define Clausius inequality and prove it.
14. Explain principle of increase of entropy for an isolated system.
15. 2 kg of N2 at 1550C and 0.25 m3 is expanded to 0.40 m3 at
constant pressure, and then expanded isothermally to volume of
0.6 m3. Assume that specific heat at constant volume is 0.750
kJ/kg.K and gas constant is 0.298 kJ/kg.K. Calculate the overall
change of entropy of the process.
16. Identify the reasons for the impracticability of Carnot cycle.
17. What is entropy principle? With the help of it prove that adiabatic
mixing of two fluids is irreversible.
18. Explain in brief the characteristics of entropy
UNIT-5 Energy
1. Define “Availability”. Also derive expression for availability in a non-
flow system.
2. 5 kg of air at 550 K and 4 bar is enclosed in a closed system. (i)
Determine the availability of the system if the surrounding pressure
and temperature are 1 bar and 290 K respectively. (ii) If the air is
cooled at constant pressure to the atmospheric temperature,
determine the availability and effectiveness.
3. Explain the method of determination of calorific value of a given fuel
by Bomb calorimeterwith neat sketch.
4. Derive equation for exergy of finiteheat capacity source
attemperature T. Also differentiate between available and
unavailable energy.
5. (1) State the Maxwell's relations and derive them.Whatis their
importance? (2)Verify cyclicrelation for an ideal gas.
6. Explain construction of Bomb calorimeter. How calorific value of a
fuel canbe obtained using the same? What are the various
corrections applied for the calculationofthe calorificvalueusing the
calorimeter?
7. What do you understand by Joule-Thomson coefficient? Explain.

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8. Explain in brief howcalorific value isdetermined by calorimeter and
Junkers gas calorimeter.
9. Define available energy, unavailable energy, dead state,
reversibility, irreversibility and effectiveness.
10. Derive expressions for availability of steady flow open system.
11. Explain the following terms: Helm-Holtz, Clausius- Claperyon
equation, Joule- Thomson coefficient.
12. Write short note on “Bomb calorimeter”.
13. Explain the concept of available and unavailable energy.
14. Explain the following terms: Enthalpy of formation, Enthalpy of
reaction, Adiabatic flame temperature.
15. What is irreversibility? State various types of irreversibilities and
explain them.
16. Explain the concept of decrease in available energy when heat is
transferred through a finite temperature difference with the aid of
T-S diagram.
17. Define following terms (1) Availability (2) Dead State (3) High
Graded Energy
18. Explain the available energy referred to finite heat source.
19. Identify the cause of irreversibility.
20. 5 kg of air at 550 K and 4 bar is enclosed in a closed system. (i)
Determine the availability of the system if the surrounding pressure
and temperature are 1 bar and 290 K respectively. (ii) If the air is
cooled at constant pressure to the atmospheric temperature,
determine the availabilityand effectiveness.

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 UNIT-6 Vapor Power cycles
1. Give comparison of Carnot cycle and Rankine cycle for vapour.
2. In a steam power cycle, the dry and saturated steam is supplied at 15
bar. If the condenser pressure is 0.4 bar, calculate the Carnot and
Rankine cycle efficiencies neglecting the pump work.
3. (1) Explain the effect of boiler pressure on performance of Rankine
cycle.
(2) In a simple Rankine cycle condition of steam atinlet to turbine is
100 bar and 550oC. If dryness fraction at exit to turbine is to be
restricted to 0.9 calculate the ideal cycle efficiency and steam rate.
4. A steam power plant uses steam as working fluid and operates at a
boiler pressure of 5 MPa, dry saturated and a condenser pressure of
5 kPa. Determine the cycle efficiency for (i) Carnot cycle (ii)Rankine
cycle. Also show the T-s representation for both the cycles.
5. In steampower plant 1 kg ofwater per second is supplied to the
boiler.The enthalpy and velocity of water entering the boiler are 800
kj/kg and 5m/s.the water receives 2200 kj/kg of heat inthe boiler at
constantpressure.The steam after passingthrough the turbine comes
outwith a velocity of 50 m/s,and its enthalpy is 2520 kj/kg. The inletis
4m above the turbine exit. Assumingtheheat losses from the boiler
and the turbine to the surroundings are 20 kj/sec. calculate the
power developed by the turbine.Consider the boiler and turbine as
single system.
6. Steam at 50 bar, 4000c expands in a rankine cycle to 0.34 bar. For a
mass flow rate of 150 kg/sec of steam, determine (1) Power
developed (2)Thermal efficiency and(3) Specific steamconsumption.
7. With linediagramexplainRankine cycle and represent itonp-v, T-S,
and H-S diagrams.
8. Enlist the various components used in intercooling and reheating gas
cycle based power plant.
9. State the various method of improving efficiency of Ideal Rankine
cycle.

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10. What are the air standard assumptions?
11. A steam power plant operates between boiler temperature of
160°C and condenser temperature of 50°C. Water enters the boiler
as saturated liquid and steam leaves the boiler as saturated vapour.
Assuming the isentropic expansion in turbine. Enthalpy of water
entering boiler = 687 kJ/kg. Enthalpy of steam leaving boiler = 2760
kJ/kg Condenser pressure = 0.124 × 105 N/m2. Verify the Clausius
inequality for the cycle.
12. In a steam power cycle, the steam supply is at 15 bar and dry and
saturated. The condenser pressure is 0.4 bar. Calculate the Carnot
and Rankine efficiencies of the cycle. Neglect pumps work.
13. List various components of steam turbine power plant.
14. the ideal Rankine cycle on p-V, T-s and h-s diagram for dry
saturated steam inlet into steam turbine.
15. In a single heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine
at 30 bar, 400°C and the exhaust pressure is 0.1 bar. The feed
water heater is direct contact type which operates at 5 bar. Find (a)
efficiency (b) steam rate and (c) mean temperature of heat addition
with regeneration. Neglect pump work.
16. What do you understand by steam rate and heat rate? What are
their units?
17. What do you understand by the mean temperature of heat
addition? For a given T2, show how the Rankine cycle efficiency
depends on the mean temperature of heat addition.
18. What is the effect of regeneration? On the (1) specific output, (b)
mean temperature of heat addition (c) cycle efficiency and (d)
steam rate
19. Why steam power plants are popular than gas turbine plant in
electric power generation?

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 UNIT-7Gas Power cycles
1. Draw the Diesel cycle on p-v and T-s diagram. Also derive expression
for air standard efficiency with usual notations for the cycle.
2. In an ideal Brayton cycle, the ambient air at 1 bar - 300 K is
compressed to 6 bar and the maximum cycle temperature is limited
to 1200 K. ifthe heat supply is 120 MW, find (i)The thermal
efficiencyofthe cycle (ii)work ratio (iii) power output and (iv) mass
flowrate of air. Also show the cycleonp-v and T-s diagram.
3. The compressionratio of air-standard Dual cycle is12 and the
maximum pressure inthe cycle is limited to 70 bar. Thepressure and
temperature of cycle atthe beginning of compressionprocess are 1
bar and 27°C.Heatis added during constantpressure process up to 3%
ofthe stroke.Assumediameter as 25 cm and stroke as 30 cm
determine (1) pressure and temperature at each pointinthe cycle
(2)Thermal efficiency(3)Themean effectivepressure.
4. Derive an expression forOtto cycle efficiencywith usualnotation.
5. What do you understand by ideal regenerative cycle?Why is itnot
possible in practice? Also give actual regenerative cycle.
6. Draw the Diesel cycleonp-v and T-s diagram.Also derive expression
for air standard efficiency with usual notations for the cycle.
7. The minimum pressure and temperature in an otto cycle are 100 kpa
and 270c. The amount of heat added to the air per cycle is 1500
kj/kg. Determine the pressures and temperatures at all points of the
air standard otto cycle if compression ratio is 8. Also calculate the
specific work and thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume Cv=0.72
kj/kg k and = 1.4.
8. Derive expression for air standard efficiency of diesel cycle.
9. Compare otto, diesel and dual cycle for (1) Constant maximum
pressure and heat input. (2) Same maximum pressure and
temperature.

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10. With usual notations derive an expression for air standard
efficiency of Otto cycle.
11. The pressure limits in an Otto air cycle are 100 k N /m2 and 2000 k
N/ m2 resply. The compression ratio is 4. Calculate the thermal
efficiency and mean effective pressure assume γ=1.4 for air.
12. Compare Otto, diesel and dual cycles on basis of 1. Equal
compression ratio and heat input. 2. Constant maximum pressure
and heat input. 3. Constant maximum pressure and output. 4.
Constant maximum pressure and temperature.
13. State the thermodynamic process of open cycle gas turbine power
plant
14. A diesel engine takes in air at pressure 1 bar and temperature
300C. The pressure at the end of the compression is 30 bar and the
cut off is 6% of the stroke. Calculate (i) The compression ratio (ii)
The percentage clearance (iii)The heat supplied in kJ/kg (iv) The
heat rejected in kJ/kg (v) Mean effective pressure in bar
15. Justify: For the same compression ratio and work capacity, Brayton
cycle is more suitable than Otto cycle in gas turbine power plants.
16. Explain using p-v and T-s diagram, Which of the two cycles – Otto
cycle and Diesel cycle, will have higher efficiency for a given
maximum pressure and temperature in the cycle?
17. In an air standard Diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 16, and
atthe beginning of isentropic compression, the temperature is 15
°C and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. Heat is added until the temperature
at the end of the constant pressure process is 1480 °C. Calculate (a)
the cut-off ratio, (b) the heat supplied per kg of air, and (c) the
cycle efficiency.
18. Justify:InOtto cycle,the compression ratio cannot,however, be
increased beyond a certain limit.
19. Sketch the air-standard Brayton cycleonP-v and T-s diagrams.What
are the advantagesofthe Brayton cycleover the conventional heat
engine cycles?

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20. In an ideal Brayton cycle, air from the atmosphere at 1atm, 300 Kis
compressed to 6atm and the maximum cycle temperature is
limited to 1100 Kby usinglarge air fuel ratio.If the heat supply is 100
MW, find (a)the thermal efficiencyofthe cycle,(b)work ratio,(c)
power output,(d) exergy flow rate ofthe exhaust gas leaving the
turbine.

UNIT-8 Properties of gases

1. Write brief note onthe followings: (i)Helmholtz function (ii)Gibbs
Function (iii)Irreversibility
2. Explain briefly Dalton’s law and Gibbs -Dalton law applied to mixture
of perfect gases.
3. State the Avogadro’s law.
4. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is to be made so that the ratio of
H2 and O2 is 3:1 by volume. If the pressure and temperature are 1
bar and 300 C respectively. Calculate (i) the mass of O2 required (ii)
the volume of the container.
5. Following results were obtained when a sample of gas was tested by
Junker’s gas calorimeter. Volume of sampled gas :0.08 m3 Pressure
of gas supply : 52 mm of water, temperature of gas: 120 C
Barometric pressure :750 mm of Hg Weight of water heated by gas :
30 kg Temperature difference of circulated water: 150 C Steam
condensate collected :0.06 kg Determine the higher and lower
calorific value per m3 of gas at temperature of 150 C and barometric
pressure of 760 mm of Hg.
6. State Dalton’s law of partial pressure. How is partial pressure of in a
gas mixture related to the mole fraction? How are the characteristic
gas constant, molecular weight and specific heats of a gas mixture
computed?
7. (1) Why excess air is used for burning of fuel? Explain enthalpy of
formation and adiabatic flame temperature. (2) The analysis by
weight of a gaseous mixture is CO2 = 15.98%, CO = 0.93%, O2 = 7.57
% & N2 = 75.52 %. Convert this analysis into volumetric analysis.
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8. Explain briefly Dalton’s law and Gibbs -Dalton law applied to mixture
of perfect gases.
9. Derive Vander Waal’s equation.
10. State and explain gibbs-dalton law.
11. Explain the following terms: Avogadro’s law, Equation of state, law
of corresponding states.
12. State the Boyle’s law, Charle’s and Avogadro’s law for perfect gas.
13. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.5 m3 of nitrogen gas at
400 kPa and 27°C. An electric heater within the device is turned on
and is allowed to pass a current of 2 A for 5 min from a 120-V
source. Nitrogen expands at constant pressure, and a heat loss of
2800 J occurs during the process. Consider nitrogen gas as ideal gas
and nitrogen has constant specificheats. Take characteristics gas
constantfornitrogen is 0.297 kJ/kg.K.TakeCp = 1.039
kJ/kg·Kfornitrogen at roomtemperature. Determine the
finaltemperature of nitrogen.
14. Discussdeviation of real gas from ideal gas.
15. What is an ideal gas equation? What assumptions are made in
deriving the ideal gas equation of state from kinetic theory of gas?
16. State the lawof correspondingstates and define the
compressibilityfactor and explainits significance.
17. Calculate the available energy in 40 kg ofwater at 75 °Cwit

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