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    Notes 2

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    seanwangpiano

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    Notes 2

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    seanwangpiano
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    Notes 2

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    seanwangpiano

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    Here's a new set of study notes on **"Photosynthesis"**:

    ---

    ### **Photosynthesis**

    1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria
    convert light energy into chemical energy.
    2. It occurs mainly in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in the
    **chlorophyll**, which absorbs light.
    3. The basic equation for photosynthesis is:
    **6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂**
    4. This means carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O), in the presence of light, are
    converted into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).
    5. Photosynthesis takes place in two main stages: the **light-dependent reactions**
    and the **light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)**.
    6. **Light-dependent reactions** occur in the thylakoid membranes of the
    chloroplast and require light.
    7. During these reactions, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, which excites
    electrons, leading to the production of **ATP** (adenosine triphosphate) and
    **NADPH** (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).
    8. Water molecules are split during these reactions, releasing oxygen as a by-
    product.
    9. The **Calvin Cycle**, also known as the light-independent reactions, takes place
    in the stroma of the chloroplast.
    10. In this cycle, ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to
    convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
    11. The Calvin Cycle does not require light and can occur at any time of day, as
    long as ATP and NADPH are available.
    12. The glucose produced can be used by the plant for energy or stored as starch
    for later use.
    13. Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth, as it is the foundation of most
    food chains and provides oxygen for aerobic organisms.
    14. The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by factors such as light intensity,
    carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.
    15. **Chlorophyll** is the main pigment involved in capturing light, but other
    pigments like **carotenoids** also play a role in absorbing light.
    16. Plants and algae are considered **primary producers** because they create
    organic compounds that form the base of the food web.
    17. Photosynthesis also plays a critical role in reducing carbon dioxide in the
    atmosphere, helping mitigate climate change.
    18. Different plants may have different adaptations to optimize photosynthesis,
    such as **C4** and **CAM** pathways.
    19. In **C4 plants** (like corn), the Calvin Cycle is adapted to function
    efficiently in high temperatures and low CO₂ conditions.
    20. **CAM plants** (like cacti) open their stomata at night to minimize water loss
    while still taking in CO₂ for photosynthesis during the day.

    ---

    These notes cover the essential concepts and processes of photosynthesis. Let me
    know if you'd like further details or clarification on any point!

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