Maths - IIB 1 96

Text Book for
INTERMEDIATE
Second Year
Mathematics
Paper - IIB
Coordinate Geometry, Calculus
Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi

Andhra Pradesh
Intermediate
Second Year
Mathematics
Paper - IIB
Text Book
Pages : xvi + 364 + iv + iv
© Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi, Andhra Pradesh
Reprint 2023
Copies : 24000
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Y.S. JAGAN MOHAN REDDY CHIEF MINISTER
AMARAVATI
ANDHRA PRADESH
MESSAGE
I congratulate Akademi for starting its activities with printing of textbooks from
the academic year 2021 – 22.
Education is a real asset which cannot be stolen by anyone and it is the foundation
on which children build their future. As the world has become a global village, children
will have to compete with the world as they grow up. For this there is every need for
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The revival of the Akademi also took place during the tenure of our government
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Y.S. JAGAN MOHAN REDDY

Dr. Nandamuri Lakshmiparvathi
M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.
Chairperson, (Cabinet Minister Rank)
Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi, A.P.
Message of Chairperson, Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi, A.P.
In accordance with the syllabus developed by the Board of Intermediate, State

Council for Higher Education, SCERT etc., we design high quality Text books by recruiting
efficient Professors, department heads and faculty members from various Universities and
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Congratulations and best wishes to all of you.
Nandamuri Lakshmiparvathi
Chairperson, Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi, A.P.
J. SYAMALA RAO, I.A.S., Higher Education Department
Principal Secretary to Government Government of Andhra Pradesh
MESSAGE
I Congratulate Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi for taking up the initiative of
printing and distributing textbooks in both Telugu and English media within a short
span of establishing Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi.
Number of students of Andhra Pradesh are competing of National Level for

admissions into Medicine and Engineering courses. In order to help these students
Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi consultation with NCERT redesigned their Textbooks
to suit the requirement of National Level Examinations in a lucid language.
As the content in Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi books is highly informative

and authentic, printed in multi-color on high quality paper and will be made available
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will utilize the Akademi textbooks for better understanding of the subjects to compete
of state and national levels.
(J. SYAMALA RAO)

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PREAMBLE
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having

solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
[SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to all
its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith

and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and

to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the

individual and the [unity and integrity of the
Nation];
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this
twenty-sixth day of November, 1949 do HEREBY
ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES
THIS CONSTITUTION.
Text book Devel opm en t Com m i t t ee
Ch i ef Coor d i n at or
Pr of . P.V. Ar u n ac h al am , Fou n der Vi ce-Ch an cel l or, D r avi di an Un i ver sit y, Ku ppam
Edi t or s
Pr of. K . Pat t abh i Ram a Sast r y , Professor of M at h emat ics (Ret d), An dh ra Un i ver sit y,
Visak h apat n am
Pr of . V. Si v a Ram a Pr asad, Professor of Mat h emat i cs (Ret d.), Osman ia Un i versi t y,

Hyderabad
Pr of. T. Ram Reddy , Pr ofessorof M at h emat i cs(Ret d.), Kak at i ya Un i ver sit y, War an gal
Sr i A. Padm an abh am , H ead of t h e D epar t m en t of M at h em at i cs (Ret d .), M ah ar an i

Col lege, Peddapu r am
Pr of , K . Ram a M oh an a Rao, Pr ofessor of Appl i ed Mat h em at i cs (Ret d .), An dh r a

Un i ver sit y. Visak h apat n am
Au t h or s
Pr of . K . Sam bai ah , Ch airm an , BOS, Depart men t of Mat h emat ics, Kak at i ya Un iver sit y.
War an gal
Sr i K .V.S. Pr asad, Lect u rer in Mat h emat ics, Govt . D egree College (Women ), Srik ak u lam
Sr i Pot uk uch i Raj am oul i , Sr. Lect u rer in Mat h emat ics (Ret d.), P.B. Siddh ardh a College
of Art s an d Scien ce(A), Vijayawada
Pr of. G. V. Rav i n dr an at h Babu , Professor of M at h em at i cs, An dh r a Un i ver si t y.

Visak h apat n am
Sr i A. Padm an abh am , H ead of t h e D epar t m en t of M at h em at i cs (Ret d .), M ah ar an i
Col lege, Peddapu r am
Dr. P.V. Sat y an ar ay an a M ur t h y , Reader & Head (Ret d.), Depart men t of M at h em at ics,
S.K.B.R. College, Amalapu ram.
Subj ect Com m i t t ee M em ber s of BI E
Pr of. D. Ram a Mur t h y , Professor of Mathemat ics (Retd.), Osman ia University, Hyderabad
Pr of. S. Raj Reddy , Professor of Mat h emat ics (Ret d.), Kak at iya Un iversit y, Waran gal
Pr of. D.R.V. Pr asada Rao, Professor of Math ema tics (Retd.), S.K.University, An an th apu r
Dr. D. Ch i t t i Babu, Reader, Govt . College (Au t on omou s), Rajah mu n dry
Dr.C.T. Sur y an ar ay an a Ch ar i , Reader, Silver Ju bilee Govt . College, Ku r n ool
Dr. Y. Bh ask ar Reddy , Reader, Govt . Degree College, Ran gasaipet , Waran gal
Dr. M .V.N. Pat r udu, Prin cipal, Govt . Ju n ior College, Veeragh at t am, Srik ak u lam (Dist )
Sr i T. M ar k an dey a Nai du, Lect u rer, P.V.K.N. Govt . Degree College, Ch it t ore
Sr i C. Li n ga Reddy , Prin cipal, Govt . Ju n ior College (Boys), Nirmal, Adilabad (Dist )
Sr i K odi Nageswar a Rao, Sch ool Assist an t (Ret d.), Ch agallu , West Godavari (Dist )
Sr i C. Sadasi v a Sast r y , Lect u rer in Mat h emat ics (Ret d.), Sri Ramabh adra Jr. College,
Hyderabad
Sm t . S.V. Sai l aj a, Ju n ior Lect u rer, New Govt . Ju n ior College, Ku k at pally, Hyderabad
Sr i K . Ch an dr a Sek h ar a Rao, Ju n ior Lect u rer, GJC, Uppu gu n du r, Prak asam (Dist )
Sr i P. H ar i n adha Char y , Ju n ior Lect u rer, Sri Srin ivasa Jr. College, Tiru chanu r, Tiru pat i
Pan el of Ex per t s of BI E
Pr of. D. Ram a M ur t h y , Professor of Mat h emat ics (Ret dl. Osman la Un lversity. Hyderabad
Pr of. D.R.V. Pr asad a Rao, Professor of Mat h ematics (Retdl. S.K. Un iversity. An an th apu r
Dr, C.T. Sur y an ar ay an a Ch ar i , Reader in Mat h emat ics, Silver Ju bilee Gover n men t
College (Au t on omou s) , Ku rnool
Sr i C. Sadasi va Sast r y , Lect u rer in Math emat ics (Ret d). Sri Ramabh adra Ju n lor College.
Hyderabad
Dr. M .V.N. Pat r udu, Prin cipal, Govt . Ju n ior College, Veeragh at t am. Srik ak u lam (Dist )
Sm t . S.V. Sai l aj a, Ju n ior Lect u rer, New Govt . Ju n ior College, Ku k at pally. Hyderabad
Text Book Review Committee
Editors
Prof. K. Rama Mohan Rao Prof. G. Chakradhara Rao

Professor of Applied Mathematics (Retd.) Professor of Mathematics (Retd.)
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.
Reviewed by
Prof. S. Kalesha Vali Dr. Y. Purushotama Reddy

Department of Engineering Mathematics Principal (Retd.)
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Government Degree Collge, Bantumilli,
Krishna Dist.
Sri K.V.S. Prasad Dr. K. Ravi Babu

Lecturer in Mathematics (Retd.) Lecturer in Mathematics
Government College for Women, Dr. V.S. Krishna Govt. Degree & P.G. Collge(A),
Srikakulam. Visakhapatnam.
Coordinating Committee of
Board of Intermediate Education, A.P.
Sri M.V. Seshagiri Babu, I.A.S.

Secretary
Board of Intermediate Education,
Andhra Pradesh
Educational Research & Training Wing (Text Books)
Dr. A. Srinivasulu
Professor
Sri. M. Ravi Sankar Naik

Assistant Professor
Dr. M. Ramana Reddy

Assistant Professor
Sri J.V. Ramana Gupta

Assistant Professor
Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi, Andhra Pradesh

Coordinating Committee
Sri V. Ramakrishna, I.R.S.

Director
Dr. M. Koteswaramma, M.Com., Ph.D.

Research Officer
Dr. S.A.T. Rajyalakshmi M.Sc., B.Ed., M.A., Ph.D.

Research Assistant
Dr. K. Glory Sathyavani, M.Sc., Ph.D., M.Ed.

Research Assistant
Foreword
Th e Gover n m en t of In di a vowed to r em ove t h e edu cat i on al di spar i ti es

an d adopt a com m on cor e cu r r i cu l u m acr oss t h e cou n t r y especi al l y at t h e
Inter m ediate level. Ever si nce the Gover nm ent of Andhr a Pr adesh and the Boar d
of Inter m edi ate Edu cation (BIE) swu ng into action with the task of evolvi ng a
r evi sed syl labu s i n all t he Science su bj ects on par wi th that of CBSE, appr oved
by NCERT, it s chief intenti on being enabli ng the stu dents fr om An dhr a Pr adesh
to pr epar e for the National Level Com m on Entr ance tests l ik e NEET, ISEET etc
for adm issi on into Instit u tions of pr ofessional cou r ses in ou r Cou n tr y.
For the fir st tim e BIE AP has decided t o pr epar e the Science textbook s.
Ac cor d i n gl y an Acad em i c Revi ew Com m i t t ee w a s c on s t i t u t ed w i t h t h e
Com m issi oner of Inter m ediat e Edu cation, AP as Chair m an and th e Secr etar y,
BIE AP; the Dir ector SCERT and th e Dir ect or Telu gu Ak adem i as m em ber s. The
Nati onal and State Level Edu cational lu m in ar ies wer e invol ved in the text book
pr epar ation , who did it with m et icu lou s car e. The textbook s ar e pr i nted on the
lines of NCERT m aintain ing National Level Standar ds.
The Edu cati on Depar tm ent of Gover nm ent of Andhr a Pr adesh has t ak en
a decision to pu bl ish and to su pply all the text book s with fr ee of cost for the
stu dents of all Gover nm ent and Aided J u nior Colleges of newly for m ed stat e of
An dh r a Pr adesh.
We expr ess ou r sin cer e gr atit u de to t he Dir ector, NCERT for accor di ng
per m ission t o adopt its syl labi an d cu r r icu lu m of Science textbook s. We have
been per m it ted to m ak e u se of th eir textbook s which will be of gr eat advan tage
to ou r stu dent com m u nity. I also expr ess m y gr atit u de t o the Chair m an, BIE
and th e h onor abl e M in i st er for HRD an d Vi ce Ch air m an , BIE and Secr et ar y
(SE) for th eir dedicated sincer e gu idance and h elp.
I si ncer ely hope th at the assor ted m ethods of i nnovation that ar e adopted
in t he pr epar ation of these text book s wi ll be of gr eat help and gu idance to the
st u den t s.
I w h ol eh ear t ed l y ap p r eci at e t h e si n cer e en d eavor s of t h e Tex t b ook
Developm ent Com m itt ee which has accom plish ed this noble t ask .
Constr u ctive su ggestions ar e solicited for the im pr ovem ent of t his text book
fr om t he st u den ts, t each er s and gen er al pu bl ic in t he su bj ects concer ned so
that next edition will be r evised du ly incor por ating these su ggesti ons.
It i s ver y m u ch com m en dabl e t h at In t er m edi at e t ext book s ar e bei n g
pr in ted for the fir st tim e by the Ak adem i fr om the 2021-22 academ ic year.
Sr i . V. Ram ak r i sh n a I.R.S.
Di r ect or
Tel u gu an d San sk rit Ak ademi,
An dh ra Pradesh
Preface
Th e B oar d of In t er m ediat e Edu cat ion , h as r ecen t ly r evised t h e syllabu s in
Mat h emat ics for t h e In t er mediat e Cou rse wit h effect from t h e Ak ademic year 2012-13.
Accordin gly, Telu gu Ak ademi h as prepared t h e n ecessar y Text B ook s in Mat h emat ics.
In accor dan ce wit h t h e cu r r en t syllabu s, t h e t opics r elat in g t o paper II-B ;
Coor di n at e Geom et r y an d Cal c u l u s ar e dealt wit h in t h is book . Th ey ar e pr esen t ed
in eigh t ch apt er s. Coor din at e Geom et r y con sist s of five ch apt er s: Ci r cl e, Sy st em of
Ci r c l es, Par abol a, El l i pse, H y p er bol a an d Calcu lu s is pr esen t ed in t h r ee ch apt er s,
I n t egr at i on , Def i n i t e I n t egr al s an d Di f f er en t i al Equ at i on s.
Every ch apt er h erein is divided in t o variou s sect ion s an d su bsect ion s. depen din g
on t h e con t ent s discu ssed. Th ese con ten t s are st rict ly in accordance wit h th e prescribed
syllabu s an d t h ey r eflect fait h fu lly t h e scope an d spir it of t h e sam e. Necessar y
defin it ion s, t h eor em s, cor ollar ies. pr oofs an d n ot es ar e given in det ail. Key con cept s
are given at t h e en d of each ch apt er, Illu st r at ive examples an d solved pr oblem s are in
plen t y. an d t h ese sh all h elp t h e st u den t s in u n der st an din g t h e su bject m at t er.
Ever y ch apt er con t ain s exercises in a graded man n er wh ich en able t h e st u den t s
t o solve t h em by applyin g t h e k n owledge acqu ir ed. All t h ese pr oblem s ar e classified
accordin g t o t h e n at u re of t h eir an swers as I - v er y sh or t , I I - sh or t an d
I I I - l on g. An swer s ar e pr ovided for all t h e exer cises at t h e en d of each ch apt er.
Keepin g in view t h e Nat ion al level compet it ives examin at ion s, some con cept s an d
n ot ion s ar e h igh ligh led for t h e ben efit of t h e st u den t s. Car e h as been t ak en r egardin g
rigor an d logical con sist en cy in t h e presen t at ion of con cept s an d in pr ovin g t h eor em s.
Alt t h e en d of t h e t ext B ook , a lisl of som e Ref er en c e Book s in t h e su bject m at t er is
fu rn ish ed.
Th e Mem ber s of t h e Mat h em at ics Su bject Com m it t ee, con st it u t ed by B oar d of
In t er m ediat e Edu cat ion , wer e in vit ed t o in t er act wit h t h e t eam of t h e Au t h ors an d
Edit or s. Th ey pu r su ed t h e con t en t s ch apt er wise. an d gave some u sefu l su ggest ion s
an d com men t s wh ich ar e du ly in cor por at ed. Th e special feat u r e of t h is Book , br ou gh t
ou t in a n ew form al, is t h at each ch apt er begin s wit h a t h ou gh t most ly on Mat h emat ics
t h r ou gh a qu ot at i on fr om a fam ou s t h i n k er. I t car r i es a p or t r ait of a n ot ed
m at h em at ician wit h a br ief writ e-u p.
In th e con clu din g part of each ch apter some relevan t hist orical not es are appended.
Wh erever fou n d appropriat e, refer en ces ar e also m ade of t h e con t ribu t ion s of an cien t
In dian scien t ist s t o t h e advan cem en t of M at h em at ics. Th e pu r pose is t o en able t h e
st u den t s t o h ave a glim pse in t o t h e h ist or y of Mat h em at ics in gen er al an d t h e
con t r ibu t ion s of In dian m at h em at ician s in part icu lar.
In spit e of en ou gh car e t ak en in t h e scr u t in y at variou s st ages in t h e pr epar at ion
of t h e book , errors migh t h ave crept in . Th e readers are t h erefore, requ est ed t o iden t ify
an d brin g th em to t he n otice of th e Akademi. We will appreciat e if su gget ions t o en h an ce
t h e qu alit y of t h e book ar e given . Effor t s will be m ade t o in cor por at e t h em in t h e
su bsequ en t edit ion s.
Pr of . P.V. Ar u n ac h al am
Ch i ef Coor d i n at or
Pr ef ace t o t h e Rev i ewed Edi t i on
Telu gu Ak adem i is pu blishin g Text book s for Two year Int er m ediat e in
En gl ish and Tel u gu m ediu m si nce i ts i ncept ion, per i odical r evi ew and
r evi sion of these pu blicati ons has been u nder tak en as an d when t her e
was an u pdation of Inter m ediate syllabu s.
In t his r evi ewed Edition, n ow being u nder t ak en by the Tel u gu Ak adem i,

An dh r a Pr adesh t he basi c con t en t of it s ear l i er Edit i on i s con si der ed
and it is r eviewed by a team of exper i enced teach er s. Modifi cation by
way cor r ecti ng er r or s, pr int m ist ak es, in cor por atin g additi on al con tent
wher e necessar y to elu cidate a concept an d / or a defin ition, m odification
of existing conten t to r em ove obscu r ities for r eleasin g the concept m or e
easi ly ar e car r ied ou t m ai nly in t his r eview.
Not withstan ding th e effor t and tim e spent by the r eview team in this
en deavou r, st i l l a few aspect s t h at st i l l n eed m odi fi cat i on or ch an ge
m igh t have been left u nnoti ced.
Con st r u ct i ve su ggest i on s fr om t h e academ i c fr at er n i t y ar e wel com e

an d t he Ak adem i wil l tak e n ecessar y st eps to in cor por at e t hem i n t he
for th com ing editi on.
We appr eciat e the encou r agem ent an d su ppor t exten ded by the Academ ic
and Adm inist r ative staff of the Telu gu Ak adem i in fu lfil ling ou r assign m ent
wi t h sat i sfact i on .
Edi t or s
(Revi ew ed Ed i t i on )
Contents
1. Circle 1 - 78
Introduction ..................................... 1
1.1 Equation of a circle, standard form, centre and radius ................................. 2
1.2 Position of a point in the plane of a circle - ..................................... 24

Definition of a tangent
1.3 Position of a straight line in the plane of a circle ..................................... 31

Condition for a line to be tangent
1.4 Chord of contact and polar ..................................... 44
1.5 Relative Positions of two circles ..................................... 60
2. System of Circles 79 - 102
Introduction ..................................... 79
2.1 Angle between two intersecting circles ..................................... 79
2.2 Radical axis of two circles ..................................... 89
3. Parabola 103 - 130
Introduction ..................................... 103
3.1 Conic Sections ..................................... 103
3.2 Equation of tangent and normal at a point ..................................... 117
on the parabola
4. Ellipse 131 - 160
Introduction ..................................... 131

4.1 Equation of ellipse in standard form,
Parametric equations ..................................... 131
4.2 Equation of tangent and normal at a point
on the ellipse ..................................... 148
5. Hyperbola 161 - 176
Introduction ..................................... 161

5.1 Equation of hyperbola in standard form ..................................... 161
Parametric equations
5.2 Equation of Tangent and Normal at a ..................................... 168
point on the hyperbola
6. Integration 177 - 260
Introduction ..................................... 177

6.1 Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, ..................................... 178
standard forms and properties of integrals
6.2 Method of substitution - Integration of algebraic, ..................................... 187
exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions - Integration by parts
6.2(A) Integration by the method of substitution - ..................................... 187
Integration of algebraic and trigonometric functions
6.2(B) Integration by parts - Integration of exponential, ..................................... 209
logarithmic and inverse trigonometric functions
6.3 Integration - Partial fractions method ..................................... 233
6.4 Reduction formulae ..................................... 240
7. Definite Integrals 261 - 314
Introduction ..................................... 261

7.1 Definite Integral as the limit of sum ..................................... 262
7.2 Interpretation of definite integral as an area ..................................... 263
7.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus ..................................... 268
7.4 Properties ..................................... 269
7.5 Reduction Formulae ..................................... 287
7.6 Applications of definite integral to areas ..................................... 296
8. Differential Equations 315 - 356
Introduction ..................................... 315

8.1 Formation of differential equations - Degree and ..................................... 315
order of an ordinary differential equation
8.2 Solving Differential Equations ..................................... 323
8.2(a) Variables separable method ..................................... 323
8.2(b) Homogeneous Differential Equation ..................................... 331
8.2(c) Non - Homogeneous Differential Equations ..................................... 341
8.2(d) Linear Differential Equations ..................................... 345
Reference Books 357
Syllabus 358 - 360
Model Question Paper 361 - 363

Circle 1
Learn to be silent. Let your quiet mind listen and absorb

- Pythagoras
Introduction
Geometry has probably originated in ancient Egypt and flourished
in Greece, India and China. In the sixth century B.C., the systematic
development of geometry has begun.
Great mathematicians such as Thales, Menachmus andArchimedes
worked on the circle and a tangent to it during the fifth century B.C.
Thirty or forty years after the work of Aristotle, Euclid (a teacher of
mathematics of Alexandria in Egypt) collected all the known works and
arranged them in his famous book called The Elements.
Rene Descartes introduced a very important branch of Archimedes
mathematics known as coordinate geometry which is a fusion of geometry (287 - 212 B.C.)
and algebra. In honour of Descartes the subject is named as Cartesian
Archimedes of Syracuse was an
Geometry. ancient Greek mathematician,
The shape of a wheel of a bicycle, a wheel of physicist and engineer.
bullock cart, bangle and some coins are of circular Although little is known of his
shape (see Fig. 1.1). In this chapter, we deal with life, he is regarded as one of the
the circle and obtain its equation. We derive the leading scientists in classical
antiquity. He made several
equation of a chord, tangent and normal. Further
discoveries in the fields of
we obtain the parametric equations of a circle and mathematics and geometry.
study some important topics related to circles. Fig. 1.1
2 Mathematics - IIB
1.1 Equation of a circle, standard form, centre and radius
1.1.1 Definitions
A circle is the set of points in a plane such that they are equidistant radius
from a fixed point lying in the plane (see Fig. 1.2). Y P
centre
The fixed point is called the centre and the distance from the C
centre to a point on the circle is called the radius of the circle. Further,
X
twice of the radius of the circle is called its diameter. In the Fig. 1.2, O
C is the centre of the circle and CP is its radius. Fig. 1.2
1.1.2 Standard form

Now, we proceed to find the equation of circle in standard form and its other forms.
1.1.3 Theorem : The equation of the circle with centre O(0, 0) and radius r is x2 + y2 = r2 .
Y
Proof : A point P(x, y) is on the circle if and only if the distance
between P and O is r (see Fig. 1.3).
P(x, y)
 PO = r
X
O
i.e., x2 + y2 = r2 ...(1)
which is the required equation of circle. The equation (1) is called
standard form of the circle.
Fig. 1.3
1.1.4 Theorem : The equation of the circle with centre at

Y
C(h, k) and radius r is
(x  h)2 + (y  k)2 = r2. P(x, y)
r
Proof : A point P(x, y) is on the circle if and only if the distance between
P and C is r (see Fig. 1.4). C(h, k)
i.e., ( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2  r X
O
i.e., (x  h)2 + (y  k)2 = r2
Fig. 1.4
which is the required equation of the circle.
Circle 3
In the following, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a second degree equation inx and y to
represent a circle. This facilitates us to decide by just looking at the coefficients whether the equation represents
a circle.
1.1.5 Theorem : The general equation of second degree
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
where the coefficients a, h, b, g, f and c are real numbers, represents a circle if and only if
(i) a = b  0 (ii) h = 0 and (iii) g2 + f 2  ac > 0
Proof : Suppose that the equation (1) represents a circle. We shall prove
(i) a = b  0 (ii) h = 0 and (iii) g2 + f 2  ac > 0.
Let (, ) be the centre and r be the radius of the circle (1). Then by Theorem 1.1.4, the
equation of the circle is
(x )2 + (y )2 = r2.
i.e., x2 + y2  2x  2y + 2 + 2  r2 = 0 ... (2)
The equations (1) and (2) represent the same circle. Comparing the coefficients in (1) and
(2) we get h = 0 and
a b 2g 2f c
    2 2 2 ... (3)
1 1  2  2   r
a = b follows from equation (3).
Since, equation (1) is a second degree and h = 0
a  0, b  0, a = b  0
Further, from equation (3), we have
g f and
α ,β
a a
c
 2  2  r 2  ... (4)
a
g2 f2 c
Thus, r2
a2 b2 a
g2 f2 ac a2r 2 0
4 Mathematics - IIB
i.e., g2 + f 2  ac > 0 (' a2 > 0)

Conversely, suppose that (i) a = b  0 (ii) h = 0 (iii) g2 + f 2  ac > 0, we shall
prove that ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle.
Since a = b and h = 0, the general equation (1) of second degree becomes
ax2 + ay2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

2g 2f c
 x2  y 2  x y  0 (' a  0)
a a a
2 2
 g  f g2 f 2 c
 x   y   2  2 
 a  a a a a
2

2
g  f 
2
 g 2  f 2  ac 
  x    y      ... (5)
 a  a  a 2 
 
 g f
Since g2 + f 2  ac > 0, the equation (5) represents a circle whose centre is   ,   and
 a a
g 2  f 2  ac
radius is .
a
1.1.6 Note
(i) x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is considered as general equation of the circle.

(ii) The centre of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is (g, f ).
(iii) The radius of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is g2  f 2  c .
(iv) If g2 + f 2  c = 0 then x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a point circle. In this case the centre
itself is the point circle. The equation of a point circle having the centre at the origin is
x2 + y2 = 0.
(v) The equation of a circle through (0, 0) will be in the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0.
(vi) The equation of a circle having the centre on the X-axis will be in the form of
x2 + y2 + 2gx + c = 0 (' y-coordinate of the centre is zero).
(vii) The equation of a circle having the centre on the Y-axis will be in the form of
x2 + y2 + 2fy + c = 0 (' x-coordinate of the centre is zero).
Circle 5
(viii) Two or more circles are said to be concentric if their centres are same.
(ix) The equation of a circle concentric with the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 will be in the form of
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c' = 0 where c' is any constant.
(x) If the radius of a circle is 1 then it is called a unit circle.
1.1.7 Solved Problems

1. Problem: Find the equation of circle with centre (1, 4) and radius 5.
Solution : Here (h, k) = (1, 4) and r = 5. Therefore, by Theorem 1.1.4, we have
( x  1)2 + (y  4)2 = 52
i.e., x2 + y2  2x  8y  8 = 0.
2. Problem: Find the centre and radius of the circle x2 + y2 + 2x  4y  4 = 0.
Solution : Here 2g = 2; 2f =  4; c=4
 g = 1, f =  2, c=4
 Centre ( g,  f ) = (1, 2) and
radius = g2  f 2  c = 1  4  (4) = 3.
3. Problem: Find the centre and radius of the circle 3x2 + 3y2  6x + 4y  4 = 0.
Solution: First we reduce the given equation to a circle in general form. Dividing the given equation of circle
by 3, we get
4 4
x2 + y2  2x + y =0
3 3
4 4
Hence 2g = 2; 2f = ; c= 
3 3
2 4
i.e., g = 1; f = ; c=  .
3 3
2 4 4 5
 Centre = (g, f ) = (1,  ) and radius g2  f 2  c  1    .
3 9 3 3
4. Problem : Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (1, 2) and which passes through (5, 6).
Y
Solution: Let C (= (1, 2)) be the centre of the circle (see Fig. 1.5).
Since (5, 6) is a point on the circle, the radius of the circle is (5, 6)
(5  1)2  (6  2) 2  52 . (1, 2)C

X
O
Fig. 1.5
6 Mathematics - IIB
Hence the equation of the required circle is
(x + 1)2 + (y  2)2 = ( 52 )2
i.e., x2 + y2 + 2x  4y  47 = 0.
5. Problem : Find the equation of the circle passing through (2, 3) and
concentric with the circle
x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0. ... (1)
Solution: Let the equation of required concentric circle be
Y
x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + c' = 0 (By Note 1.1.6(ix)). If it passes through
(2, 3)
(2, 3) (see Fig. 1.6) we have
X
O
4 + 9 + 16 + 36 + c' = 0 (4, 6)
65 + c' = 0
 c' =  65.
Hence the required circle is x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y  65 = 0. Fig. 1.6
6. Problem: From the point A(0, 3) on the circle x2 + 4x + (y  3)2 = 0 a chord AB is drawn and
extended to a point M such that AM = 2AB. Find the equation of the locus of M.
Solution: Let M = (x', y' )
Given that AM = 2AB
 AB + BM = AB + AB
 AB = BM Y
i.e., B is mid point of AM.
A(0, 3)
 x  y  3 B
 B =  2 , 2 
X
M O
B is a point on the given circle (x', y' )
(see Fig. 1.7)

2 2
 x   x   y   3 
    4     3  0 Fig. 1.7
 2  2  2 
2
x y  2  6 y  9
 2 x  0
4 4
i.e., x2  y2  8 x  6 y  9  0 .
Hence the locus of M is x2 + y2 + 8x  6y + 9 = 0, which is a circle.
Circle 7
7. Problem: If the circle x2 + y2 + ax + by  12 = 0 has the centre at (2, 3) then find a, b and the radius
of the circle.
Solution : The equation of the circle is
x2 + y2 + ax + by  12 = 0. ... (1)
 a b
The centre of (1) is  ,  
 2 2
 a b
i.e.,   ,    (2, 3)
2 2
 a =  4, b =  6.
The equation (1) becomes x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0, hence g = 2, f = 3 and c = 12.
Therefore, the radius of the circle is g2  f 2  c  4  9  (12)  5.
8. Problem : If the circle x2 + y2  4x + 6y + a = 0 has radius 4 then find a.

Solution: Comparing the given equation of circle with the general form of equation of a circle, we have
2g = 4; 2f = 6; c = a.
i.e., g = 2; f = 3; c = a.
Given that the radius of the circle is 4.
 g2  f 2  c  4
i.e., 49c  4
i.e., 13  a  4
i.e., a = 3.
9. Problem : Find the equation of the circle passing through (4, 1), (6, 5) and having the centre on the line
4x + y  16 = 0.
Solution: Let the equation of the required circle be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
Since it passes through (4, 1), we have
16 + 1 + 8g + 2f + c = 0
i.e., 17 + 8g + 2f + c = 0 ... (2)
8 Mathematics - IIB
Similarly since (6, 5) lies on (1), we obtain

36 + 25 + 12g + 10f + c = 0
i.e., 61 + 12g + 10f + c = 0 ... (3)
Given that the centre of (1) lies on 4x + y  16 = 0
 4(g) + (f )  16 = 0
4g + f + 16 = 0 ... (4)
Solving the equations (2), (3) and (4) for g, f and c we get
g = 3, f = 4 and c = 15
Thus the equation of the required circle is
x2 + y2  6x  8y + 15 = 0.
10. Problem : Suppose a point (x1, y1) satisfies
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
then show that it represents a circle whenever g, f and c are real.
Solution : Comparing the given equation with general equation of second degree we have x2 coefficient = y2
2
coefficient and the coefficient of xy = 0. The given equation represents a circle if g2 + f  c > 0.
Since (x1, y1) is a point on (1), we have
x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0 ... (2)
2 2
Now g2 + f  c = g2 + f + x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 = (x1 + g)2 + (y1 + f )2 > 0.
Since g, f and c are real by Theorem 1.1.5 equation (1) represents a circle.
1.1.8 Theorem
(i) If g2  c > 0 then the intercept made on the X-axis by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is 2 g 2  c .
(ii) If f 2  c > 0 then the intercept made on the Y-axis by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is 2 f 2  c .
Proof
Y
(i) The points of intersection of the given circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
and y = 0 (i.e., X-axis equation) ... (2)
are the common points of (1) and (2). A1 A2
X
O
Put y = 0 in (1) to get the abscissae of the points of
intersection. The abscissae of common points are the roots of
x2 + 2gx + c = 0 ... (3) Fig. 1.8(a)
Circle 9
The discriminant of this equation is 4(g2  c). Since g2  c > 0, the equation (3) has two real and distinct
roots, say x1 and x2. Suppose the points of intersection are A1(x1, 0) and A2(x2, 0) (see Fig. 1.8(a)). We have
2
to prove that A1 A2 = 2 g  c .
Since x1 and x2 are the roots of (3), we have
x1 + x2 = 2g,
x1 x2 = c.
Consider (x1  x2 )2 = (x1 + x2)2  4x1 x2
= (2g)2  4c
= 4(g2  c)
Taking the square root, we get
|x1  x2| = 2 g2  c
i.e., A1A2 = 2 g2  c
Thus the intercept made by (1) on X-axis is 2 g 2  c .

(ii) The points of intersection of the given circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
and x = 0 (the equation of Y-axis) ... (4)
are the common points of (1) and (4).
Put x = 0 in (1) to get the ordinates of the points of intersection. The ordinates of common points are the
roots of
y2 + 2fy + c = 0 ... (5) Y
2
The discriminant of this equation is 4( f  c). Since B2
2
f  c > 0 the equation (5) has two real and distinct roots say y1
and y2. Suppose the points of intersection are B1(0, y1) and
B 2 (0, y 2 ) (see Fig. 1.8(b)). We have to prove that B1
B1B2 = 2 f 2  c . O X
Since y1 and y2 are the roots of (5) we have Fig. 1.8(b)

y1 + y2 = 2f,
y1 y2 = c.
Consider (y1  y2)2 = (y1 + y2)2  4y1y2
= (2f )2  4c
2
= 4( f  c).
10 Mathematics - IIB
 |y1  y2| = 2 f 2  c .
i.e., B1B2 = 2 f 2  c .
Thus the intercept made by (1) on Y-axis is 2 f 2  c .
1.1.9 Note Y
(i) g2  c = 0  A1A2 = 0  A1, A2 are coincident i.e., the

X-axis touches the circle in two coincident points. Thus
the X-axis touches the circle at the point of coincidence
(see Fig. 1.9)
A1 = A2
X
O
Fig. 1.9
(ii) f 2  c = 0  B1B2 = 0  B1 and B2 are coincident
i.e., the Y-axis touches the circle in two coincident points. Y
Thus Y-axis touches the circle at the point of coincidence
(see Fig. 1.10)
B1 = B2
X
O
Fig. 1.10
(iii) If g2  c < 0 then the circle (1) does not meet the X-axis.
(iv) If f 2  c < 0 then the circle (1) does not meet the Y-axis.
1.1.10 Example Y
Let us find the equation of the circle which touches the X-axis
at a distance of 3 from the origin and making intercept of length 6 on
the Y-axis.
Let the equation of the required circle be
X
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1) O (3, 0)
This meets the X-axis at (3, 0) (see Fig. 1.11). Fig. 1.11
(3, 0) is a point on (1)

 9 + 0 + 6g + 0 + c = 0
i.e., 6g + c = 9 ... (2)
By Note 1.1.9(i), we have
g2  c = 0 ... (3)
Circle 11
Adding (2) and (3) we get

g2 + 6g + 9 = 0
i.e., (g + 3)2 = 0
i.e., g = 3 ... (4)
From (3) and (4), we get
c=9 ... (5)
Given that the intercept on Y-axis made by (1) is 6.
Therefore by Theorem 1.1.8(ii) we have
2 f 2 c  6
i.e., 2 f 2 9  6
i.e., f 2 9  3
i.e., f29=9
i.e., f 2 = 18.
Hence f = +3 2 .
Since g = 3, f = +3 2 and c = 9, we have two circles satisfying the hypothesis, these circles are
x2 + y2  6x + 6 2 y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2  6x  6 2 y + 9 = 0.
1.1.11 Definition
If A and B are two distinct points on a circle then
(i) the line AB through A and B is called a secant (see Fig. 1.12)
(ii) The segment AB , the join of A and B is called a chord and the length of the chord is denoted
by AB (see Fig. 1.13)
Y Chord
A
Y A
B B
Secant
X X
O O
Fig. 1.12 Fig. 1.13
1.1.12 Equation of a circle with a given line segment as diameter
In this section, we derive the equation of circle whose diameter extremities are given.
1.1.13 Theorem : The equation of the circle whose diameter

extremities are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
(x  x1) (x  x2) + (y  y1) (y  y2) = 0. Y P(x, y)
Proof : Let A = (x1, y1) , B = (x2, y2) and C be the centre of the
A
circle (see Fig. 1.14). (x1, y1)
C B(x2, y2)
Let P(x, y) be any point on it other than Aand B. Join A and
B, A and P and also P and B. We know that X
O
Fig. 1.14
A P̂B = 90o.
i.e., the lines AP and BP are perpendicular
 (slope ofAP) (slope of BP) = 1.
( y  y1) ( y  y2 )
i.e.,   1
( x  x1) ( x  x2 )
i.e., (x  x1) (x  x2) + (y  y1) (y  y2) = 0. ... (1)
Also clearlyAand B satisfy (1). Therefore any point P(x, y) on the circle satisfies equation (1). Conversely
if a point P(x, y) satisfies (1) then A P̂B = 90o and hence P lies on the circle.
Thus (1) is the equation of the required circle.

1. Problem : Find the equation of the circle whose extremities of a diameter are (1, 2) and (4, 5).
Solution : Here (x1, y1) = (1, 2) and (x2, y2) = (4, 5).
By Theorem 1.1.13, the equation of the required circle is
(x  1) (x  4) + (y  2)(y  5) = 0.
i.e., x2 + y2  5x  7y + 14 = 0.
2. Problem : Find the other end of the diameter of the circle x2 + y2  8x  8y + 27 = 0 if one end of it is
(2, 3).
Y
Solution : Let A(2, 3) and AB be the diameter (see Fig. 1.15)
of the circle B
x2 + y2  8x  8y + 27 = 0.
C(4, 4)
The centre of the circle C is (4, 4). Let the other end B of
the diameter be (, ). Then, C is the mid point of AB. A
(2, 3)
X
O Fig. 1.15
Circle 13
 2   .
  ,   (4, 4)
 2 2 
 = 6 and  = 5.
 The other end of the diameter is (6, 5).
1.1.15 Equation of circle through 3 non-collinear points

We derive a formula to find the equation of a circle through three given points in the next section.
1.1.16 Theorem : The equation of the circle passing through three non-collinear points P(x1, y1 ),
Q(x2, y2 ) and R(x3, y3 ) is
x1 y1 1 c1 y1 1
2 2
x2 y2 1 ( x  y )  c2 y2 1 x
x3 y3 1 c3 y3 1
x1 c1 1 x1 y1 c1
 x2 c2 1 y  x2 y2 c2  0
x3 c3 1 x3 y3 c3
where ci = (xi2 + yi2) (i = 1, 2, 3).
Proof : Let the equation of the circle passing through the points P, Q and R be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. ... (1)
Since the points P, Q and R are lying on (1), we have
x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0 ... (2)
x22 + y22 + 2gx2 + 2fy2 + c = 0 ... (3)
x32 + y32 + 2gx3 + 2fy3 + c = 0 ... (4)
Let 2g = a, 2f = b and ci = (xi2 + yi2) (i = 1, 2, 3). ... (5)
The equation (2), (3) and (4) can be written as
ax1 + by1 + c = c1 ... (6)
ax2 + by2 + c = c2 ... (7)
ax3 + by3 + c = c3 ... (8)
x1 y1 1
Let  = x 2 y2 1 . Then   0 since P, Q, R are non-collinear.
x3 y3 1
c1 y1 1 ax1  by1  c y1 1
Consider c2 y2 1  ax2  by2  c y2 1
c3 y3 1 ax3  by3  c y3 1
ax1 y1 1 by1 y1 1 c y1 1
 ax2 y2 1  by2 y2 1  c y2 1
ax3 y3 1 by3 y3 1 c y3 1
= a + 0 + 0 (' two column elements are proportional)
c1 y1 1
c2 y2 1
c3 y3 1
 2g = a = ... (9)

x1 c1 1
x2 c2 1
x3 c3 1
Similarly 2f = b = ... (10)

x1 y1 c1
x2 y2 c2
x3 y3 c3
and c= . ... (11)

Substituting the values of g, f and c in (1), we get the equation of the circle passing through the points P,
Q and R as
x1 y1 1 c1 y1 1
x2 y2 1 ( x 2  y 2 )  c2 y2 1 x
x3 y3 1 c3 y3 1
x1 c1 1 x1 y1 c1
 x2 c2 1 y  x2 y2 c2  0
x3 c3 1 x3 y3 c3
1.1.17 Note
(i) The centre of the circle passing through three non-collinear points P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2) and R(x3, y3)
Circle 15
 x1 c1 1 
c1 y1 1
 
 c2 y2 1 x2 c2 1 
 c3 y3 1 x3 c3 1 
 , 
is  x1 y1 1 
 x1 y1 1 
 2  x2 y2 1 2  x2 y2 1 
 x3 y3 1 
 x3 y3 1 
(from equations (9) and (10) of Theorem 1.1.16) where ci = (xi2 + yi2) (i = 1, 2, 3).
(ii) We can also find the equation of the circle passing through three non-collinear points in the following
ways.
(a) First we suppose that the equation of the circle passing through the given three points P, Q and
R in general form. Substitute the coordinates of P, Q and R in this equation. We get three
equations involving three unknowns g, f and c. Solve them for g, f and c. Substitute these
values in the supposed equation, we get the required circle.
(b) In this method, we suppose that the centre of the circle passing through the points P, Q and R as
C(a, b). Construct the equations from CP = CQ and CP = CR. These two equations yield two
simultaneous equations in a and b. Solve them for a and b. Thus the centre of the required circle
is known. Next find the radius of the circle (i.e., CP). Now we can write the equation of
required circle using
(x  h)2 + (y  k)2 = r2 where (h, k) is the centre and r is the radius of the circle.
(c) In this method, first we find the equations of any two sides of PQ, QR and RP. Next find the
intersection of perpendicular bisector of two sides. It is the centre of required circle. The
distance from the centre to any point of three given points is the radius. We compute this radius.
Using (x  h)2 + (y  k)2 = r2, we can find the equation of required circle.
(iii) P(x1, y1), Q(x2 , y2), R(x3 , y3) and S(x4 , y4) are said to be concyclic if these points lie on the same
circle.
1.1.18 Example
Let us find the equation of the circle passing through P(1, 1), Q(2, - 1) and R(3, 2).
We find the equation of the required circle using Theorem 1.1.16.
Here (x1, y1) = (1, 1); (x2, y2) = (2, 1); (x3, y3) = (3, 2) and
c1 =  (x12 + y12) = (1 + 1) =  2
c2 =  (x22 + y22) = (4 + 1) =  5
c3 =  (x32 + y32) = (9 + 4) =  13
By Theorem 1.1.16, the equation of circle is

1 1 1 2 1 1
2 2
2 1 1 (x  y )  5 1 1x
3 2 1  13 2 1
1 2 1 1 1 2
 2 5 1 y  2 1 5  0
3  13 1 3 2  13
i.e., 5(x2 + y2)  25x  5y + 20 = 0
i.e., x2 + y2  5x  y + 4 = 0.
Other methods
This problem can also be solved in the following ways.
Method 1 (Using Note 1.1.17 ii(a))
Let the equation of the circle through P, Q and R be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. ... (1)
Since it passes through P(1, 1), Q(2, 1) and R(3, 2), we have
2 + 2g + 2f + c = 0
5 + 4g  2f + c = 0
13 + 6g + 4f + c = 0
5 1
Solving the above three equations for g, f and c we get g   , f   and c = 4. Substituting these
2 2
values in (1), we get the equation of the required circle as
x2 + y2  5x  y + 4 = 0.
Method 2 (Using Note 1.1.17 ii(b))
Let C = (a, b) be the centre of the required circle. Then CP = CQ and CP = CR.
CP = CQ  CP2 = CQ2
 (a  1)2 + (b  1)2 = (a  2)2 + (b + 1)2
 2a  4b = 3 ... (2)
CP = CR  CP2 = CR2
 (a  1)2 + (b  1)2 = (a  3)2 + (b  2)2
 4a + 2b = 11 ... (3)
Circle 17
5 1
Solving (2) and (3) we get a = and b = . Now the radius of the required circle is
2 2
2 2
 5  1 5
CP = 1    1    .
 2  2 2
Hence the equation of the required circle is
2 2 2
 5  1  5
 x     y     
 2  2  2
i.e, x2 + y2  5x  y + 4 = 0.
Method 3 (Using Note 1.1.17 ii(c))
The perpendicular bisector of QR is
x + 3y  4 = 0 ... (4)
Similarly the perpendicular bisector of PR is
4x + 2y  11 = 0 ... (5)
The point of intersection of (4) and (5) is the centre of the required circle. Hence the
5 1
centre is  ,  say C.
2 2
The radius of the required circle is CP or CQ or CR.
5
CP = .
2
Hence the required circle is
2 2 2
 5  1  5
 x     y     

 2  2  2 
i.e., x2 + y2  5x  y + 4 = 0.

1. Problem : Find the equation of the circum-circle of the triangle formed by the line
ax + by + c = 0 (abc  0), and the coordinate axes. Y
Solution : Let the line ax + by + c = 0 cut the X, Y axes

B
atAand B respectively (see Fig. 1.16), the figure is drawn
c c
for   0 and   0 .
a b X
O A
ax + by + c = 0
We have to find circle passing through A, B and the origin (0, 0). Fig. 1.16
 c   c
Clearly A =   , 0  and B =  0,   .
 a   b
Let the equation of required circle be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c' = 0 ... (1)
Since (0, 0) is a point lying on (1), we have
c' = 0 ... (2)
Since the points A and B are also lying on (1), we have
c2  c
 0  2 g    0  0  0
2
a  a
c2  c
and 0  0  2 f    0  0
2
b  b
c c
i.e., g and f  .
2a 2b
Substituting g, f and c' values in (1) we get
c c
x2  y 2  x y  0
a b
i.e., ab(x2 + y2) + c(bx + ay) = 0, which is the required circle.
2. Problem : Find the equation of the circle which passes through the vertices of the triangle
formed by L1 = x + y + 1 = 0, L2 = 3x + y  5 = 0 and L3 = 2x + y  5 = 0.
Solution : Suppose L1, L2; L2, L3 and L3, L1 intersect at A, B and C respectively.
Consider a curve whose equation is
k(x + y + 1)(3x + y  5) + l(3x + y  5)(2x + y  5) + m(2x + y  5)(x + y + 1) = 0 ... (1)
We can verify the fact that this curve passes through A, B and C.
Hence we find k, l and m such that the equation (1) represents a circle. If the equation (1)
represents a circle we have (by Theorem 1.1.5).
(i) coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2
3k + 6l + 2m = k + l + m
i.e., 2k + 5l + m = 0. ... (2)
(ii) coefficient of xy = 0
4k + 5l + 3m = 0. ... (3)
Circle 19
Applying cross multiplication rule for (2) and (3) we get

5 1 2 5
5 3 4 5
k l m
 
15  5 4  6 10  20
k l m
i.e.,  
10 2 10
k l m
i.e.,   .
5 1  5
Hence the required equation is
5(x + y + 1) (3x  y  5)  1(3x + y  5)(2x + y  5)  5(2x + y  5) (x + y + 1) = 0
i.e., x2 + y2  30x  10y + 25 = 0.
3. Problem : Find the equation of the circle which passes through the vertices of the triangle formed by
x y
x = 0, y = 0 and   1.
a b
Solution : Observe that the vertices of the triangle are (0, 0), (a, 0) and (0, b)
Let the equation of the circle be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
Since, the circle (1) passes through (0, 0) (a, 0) and (0, b),
we have c = 0, a2 + 2ga = 0 and b2 + 2fb = 0
a b
Therefore, c = 0, g and f
2 2
Hence, the required circle equation is x2 + y2ax  by = 0
1.1.20 Parametric equations of a circle

Parametric equations of a circle describe the coordinates of a point on the circle in terms of a single
variable (say). We call this single variable as parameter. Now we derive the parametric equations of a circle.
1.1.21 Theorem : The parametric equations of a circle with centre (h, k) and radius r (> 0) are given by
x = h + r cos 
Y Y'
y = k + r sin 
where 0 <  < 2. P(x, y)
r
Proof : Let the centre of the circle be C. C 
N
X'
Then C = (h, k). Let P(x, y) be any point on the circle with
JJJJG JJJG
the centre C and radius r. Draw CX parallel to OX and CY'
JJJG O D M X
parallel to OY . Join C and P. Note that CP = r.
Fig. 1.17
ˆ   .
Let PCX
Draw a line from P parallel to Y-axis meeting CX' at N and meeting X-axis at M.
Then OM = x; PM = y (see Fig. 1.17, it is drawn for the case h > 0, k > 0).
Now draw a line parallel to Y-axis from C meeting the X-axis at D. Then OD = h;
CD = k. The triangle CPN is a right angled triangle.
CN DM OM  OD xh
 cos     
CP CP CP r
i.e., x h = r cos .
 x = h + r cos  ... (1)
PN PM  MN PM  CD yk
Consider sin     
CP CP CP r
i.e., y k = r sin 
 y = k + r sin  ... (2)
Hence the equations (1) and (2) constitute the parametric equations of a circle where 0 < < 2.
Conversely if x = h + r cos , y = k + r sin  where 0 < < 2 then (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2.
Therefore the point (x, y) lies on the circle. Hence equations (1) and (2) are the parametric equations of the
circle where 0 < < 2.
1.1.22 Note
(i) If the centre of the circle is the origin, then parametric equations of the circle having radius r is
x = r cos , y = r sin  where 0 < < 2.
Circle 21
(ii) The point (h + r cos 1, k + r sin 1) is referred as the point 1 (a particular value of the parameter
) on the circle having the centre (h, k) and radius r.

1. Problem : Obtain the parametric equations of the circle x2 + y2 = 1.
Solution : Here the centre of the circle is (0, 0) and Y
radius is r = 1 (see Fig. 1.18)
The parametric equations of the circle x2 + y2 = 1 P(cos , sin )
1
are 
X
O
x = 1 . cos  = cos 
y = 1 . sin  = sin , 0 < < 2
(by Note 1.1.22(i))
Fig. 1.18
Note that every point on this circle can be expressed as (cos , sin ).
2. Problem : Obtain the parametric equation of the circle represented by
x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y 96 = 0.
Solution : Here the centre (h, k) of the circle is (3, 4) and radius
r  9  16  (96)  11.
By Theorem 1.1.21, the parametric equation of the given circle are
x = 3 + 11 cos 
y = 4 + 11 sin 
where 0 < < 2.
Exercise 1(a)
I. 1. Find the equations of circles with centre C and radius r where

(i) C = (2, 3), r = 4 (ii) C = (1, 2), r = 5
(iii) C = (a, b), r = a + b
(iv) C = (a, b), r = a 2  b 2 (| a | > | b |)

(v) C = (cos , sin ), r = 1. (vi) C = (7, 3), r = 4
 1  5 4
(vii) C =   ,  9  , r = 5 (viii) C =  ,   , r = 6
 2  2 3
5
(ix) C = (1, 7), r = (x) C = (0, 0), r = 9.
2
2. Find the equation of the circle passing through the origin and having the centre at (4, 3).
3. Find the equation of the circle passing through (2, 1) having the centre at (2, 3).
4. Find the equation of the circle passing through (2, 3), having the centre at (0, 0).
5. Find the equation of the circle passing through (3, 4) and having the centre at (3, 4).
6. Find the value of a if 2x2 + ay2  3x + 2y  1 = 0 represents a circle and also find its radius.
7. Find the values of a, b if ax2 + bxy + 3y2  5x + 2y  3 = 0 represents a circle. Also find the radius and
centre of the circle.
8. If x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy  12 = 0 represents a circle with centre (2, 3) find g, f and its radius.
9. If x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0 represents a circle with centre (4, 3) then find g, f and the radius of the
circle.
10. If x2 + y2  4x + 6y + c = 0 represents a circle with radius 6 then find the value of c.
11. Find the centre and radius of each of the circles whose equations are given below :
(i) x2 + y2  4x  8y  41 = 0 (ii) 3x2 + 3y2  5x  6y + 4 = 0
(iii) 3x2 + 3y2 + 6x  12y  1 = 0 (iv) x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y  96 = 0
(v) 2x2 + 2y2  4x + 6y  3 = 0 (vi) 2x2 + 2y2  3x + 2y  1 = 0
(vii) 1  m 2 (x2 + y2)  2cx  2mcy = 0

(viii) x2 + y2 + 2ax  2by + b2 = 0.
12. Find the equations of the circles for which the points given below are the end points of a diameter.
(i) (1, 2), (4, 6) (ii) (4, 3), (3, 4)
(iii) (1, 2), (8, 6) (iv) (4, 2), (1, 5)
(v) (7, 3), (3, 5) (vi) (1, 1), (2, 1)
(vii) (0, 0), (8, 5) (viii) (3, 1) (2, 7)
13. Obtain the parametric equation of each of the following circles.
(i) x2 + y2 = 4 (ii) 4(x2 + y2) = 9
(iii) 2x2 + 2y2 = 7 (iv) (x  3)2 + (y  4)2 = 82.
(v) x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0 (vi) x2 + y2  6x + 4y  12 = 0
Circle 23
II. 1. If the abscissae of points A, B are the roots of the equation x2 + 2ax  b2 = 0 and ordinates of A, B are
roots of y2 + 2py  q2 = 0 then find the equation of a circle for which AB is a diameter.
2. (i) Show that A(3, 1) lies on the circle x2 + y2  2x + 4y = 0. Also find the other end of the
diameter through A.
(ii) Show that A(3, 0) lies on x2 + y2 + 8x +12y + 15 = 0 and find the other end of diameter
throughA.
3. Find the equation of a circle which passes through (2, 3) and (4, 5) and having the centre on
4x + 3y + 1 = 0.
4. Find the equation of a circle which passes through (4, 1), (6, 5) and having the centre on
4x + 3y  24 = 0.
5. Find the equation of a circle which is concentric with x2 + y2  6x  4y  12 = 0 and passing through
(2, 14)
6. Find the equation of the circle whose centre lies on the X-axis and passing through (2, 3) and (4, 5).
7. If ABCD is a square then show that the points A, B, C and D are concyclic.
III. 1. Find the equation of circle passing through each of the following three points
(i) (3, 4), (3, 2), (1, 4) (ii) (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6),
(iii) (2, 1), (5, 5), (6, 7), (iv) (5, 7), (8, 1), (1, 3),
(v) (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 2).
2. (i) Find the equation of the circle passing through (0, 0) and making intercepts 4, 3 on X-axis and
Y-axis respectively.
(ii) Find the equation of the circle passing through (0, 0) and making intercept 6 units on X-axis and
intercept 4 units on Y-axis.
3. Show that the following four points in each of the following are concyclic and find the equation of the
circle on which they lie.
(i) (1, 1), (6, 0), (2, 2), (2, 8) (ii) (1, 2) (3, 4), (5, 6), (19, 8)
(iii) (1, 6) (5, 2), (7, 0), (1, 4) (iv) (9, 1), (7, 9) (2, 12), (6, 10)
4. If (2, 0), (0, 1) (4, 5) and (0, c) are concyclic then find c.
5. Find the equation of the circumcircle of the triangle formed by the straight lines given in each of the
following :
(i) 2x + y = 4, x + y = 6, x + 2y = 5
(ii) x + 3y  1 = 0, x + y + 1 = 0, 2x + 3y + 4 = 0
(iii) 5x  3y + 4 = 0, 2x + 3y  5 = 0, x + y = 0
(iv) x  y  2 = 0, 2x  3y + 4 = 0, 3x  y + 6 = 0
6. Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the lines x cos  + y sin  = a,
x sin   y cos  = b ( is a parameter) is a circle.
7. Show that the locus of a point such that the ratio of distance of it from two given points is constant
k(  + 1) is a circle.
1.2 Position of a point in the plane of a circle-Definition of a tangent

In earlier classes, we have learnt that the tangent at any point of a circle is a straight line which meets the
circle at that point only. The point is called the point of contact. This tangent is perpendicular to the radius drawn
from the centre to the point of contact. In this section we give another definition of a tangent to the circle using the
limit concept. Using this definition we find an equation of tangent at any point in section 1.3. We also learn the
position of a point with respect to a circle and power of a point. Further, we define the length of a tangent from a
point and obtain a formula for it.
1.2.1 Notation
Now we introduce certain notations that will be used in the rest of this section and subsequently.
(i) The expression x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c is denoted by S
i.e., S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c.
(ii) The expression xxi + yyi + g(x + xi) + f(y + yi) + c is denoted by Si
Thus S1  xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c,
S2  xx2 + yy2 + g(x + x2) + f(y + y2) + c.
(iii) The expression xi xj + yi yj + g(xi + xj) + f(yi + yj) + c is denoted by Sij (i, j = 1, 2, 3, ...) For example
S12 = x1x2 + y1y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f(y1 + y2) + c. Y
S11 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c.

1.2.2 Position of a point with respect to a circle
A circle in a plane divides the plane into three parts namely Interior
(i) the interior of the circle (see Fig. 1.19(a))
(ii) the circumference which is the circular curve (see Fig.1.19(b)) O
X
(iii) the exterior of the circle (see Fig. 1.19(c)).

Fig. 1.19(a)
Y Y
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
Circumference 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
Exterior of the circle
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
X X
O O
Fig. 1.19(b) Fig. 1.19(c)
Circle 25
1.2.3 Theorem : Let S = 0 be a circle in a plane and P(x1, y1) be any point in the same plane. Then
(i) P lies in the interior of the circle  S11 < 0.
(ii) P lies on the circle  S11 = 0.
(iii) P lies in the exterior of the circle  S11 > 0.
Proof : Let S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 be the equation of the given circle and P(x1, y1) be any point in the
plane. Then C(g, f ) is the centre and r = g 2  f 2  c is the radius of the circle.
(i) P lies in the interior of the circle Y
 CP < r (see Fig. 1.20)

P
 CP2 < r2 C
 (x1 + g)2 + (y1 + f )2 < g2 + f 2  c

X
 x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c < 0 O
 S11 < 0. Fig. 1.20
(ii) P lies on the circle Y
 CP = r (see Fig. 1.21) P
 CP2 = r2
C
 (x1 + g)2 + (y1 + f )2 = g2 + f 2  c
 x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0 O
X
 S11 = 0. Fig. 1.21
(iii) P lies in the exterior of the circle Y

P
 CP > r (see Fig. 1.22)

 CP2 > r2. C
 (x1 + g)2 + (y1 + f )2 > g2 + f 2  c

X
 x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c > 0 O
 S11 > 0. Fig. 1.22
1.2.4 Example
Let S  x2 + y2 6x + 8y  96 = 0 be the equation of circle and P(1, 2) be a point in the plane.
Here (x1, y1) = (1, 2)
S11 = 12 + 22 + 6(1) + 8(2)  96 = 69.
Since S11 < 0, by Theorem 1.2.3, the point (1, 2) is in the interior of the circle. Note that the centre of the
circle is (3, 4) and radius r = 11. The distance from the centre to the point (1, 2) is 52 which is less than the
radius 11. Hence, the point (1, 2) is inside the circle.
1.2.5 Definition
Let P be any point on a given circle and Q be a neighbouring point of P lying on the circle.
Join P and Q. Then PQ is a secant (see Fig. 1.23(a)).
Y Y
P P
X X
O O
L
Fig. 1.23(a) Fig. 1.23(b)
The limiting position of the line (secant) PQ when Q  P along the circle, is called the tangent
at P (see Fig. 1.23(b)).
Explanation
Let the equation of PQ be L1  a1x + b1y + c1 = 0. Let Q1 be another neighbouring point on the
Y L1
circle such that PQ1 < PQ (see Fig. 1.24). Let the equation of PQ1 L2
L3
be L2  a2x + b2y + c2 = 0. Q
L4
L5
Q1
Similarly choose Q2 on the circle such that PQ2 < PQ1. Q2
Q3
Let the equation of PQ2 be L3  a3x + b3y + c3 = 0. Let the Q4
T
limit of L 1, L 2, L 3, ..., (straight line equations) be P L= 0
X
L  ax + by + c = 0 as Q  P along the circle. Then L is called the O
tangent to the circle at P. Fig. 1.24

Y
1.2.6 Length of tangent
If P is an external point to the circle S = 0 and P
PT is the tangent from P to the circle S = 0 then PT
is called the length of the tangent from P to the
circle (see Fig. 1.25) T
X
O
Fig. 1.25
Circle 27
1.2.7 Power of a Point

Suppose S = 0 is the equation of a circle with centre C and radius r. Let P(x1, y1) be any point in the
plane. Then CP2  r2 is defined as the power of P with respect to S = 0 (see Fig. 1.26(a), (b), (c)).
Y Y
P
C C
r r
X X
O O
Fig. 1.26(a) Fig. 1.26(b)
P
C
r
X
O
Fig. 1.26(c)
1.2.8 Note
A point P(x1, y1) lies in the interior of the circle, on the circle or in the exterior of the circle according
as the power of P with respect to the circle is negative, zero or positive respectively.
1.2.9 Theorem : The power of a point P(x1, y1) with respect to the circle S = 0 is S11.
Proof : As per the notation specified in 1.2.1, S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 .
The power of P(x1, y1) is CP2  r2 where C is the centre (g, f ) and r is the radius of the circle. Then
2
CP2  r2 = (x1 + g)2 + (y1 + f )2   g 2  f 2  c 
 
= x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
= S11
Hence the power of P(x1, y1) with respect to S = 0 is S11.
1.2.10 Example
Let us find the power of (1, 2) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y  96 = 0.
Here (x1, y1) = (1, 2). By Theorem 1.2.9 the power of P(x1, y1) with respect to S = 0 is S11.
 The power of (1, 2) with respect to given circle is
12 + 22 + 6(1) + 8(2)  96 = 69.
1.2.11 Theorem : Let S = 0 be a circle and P(x1, y1) be any point in the plane. If a line through P meets
the circle at A and B then the power of P is equal to PA . PB.
Y
Proof : Let
A1
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1) B1 A P
A3 2
A4
be a circle. There will be infinitely many lines through the point P B2
C
meeting the circle at two points (see Fig. 1.27). However the B3
product PA. PB is the same, though the points A and B are B4

X
different for different lines passing through P. O
Fig. 1.27
Any point (x, y) on a straight line passing through (x1, y1) must satisfy the equations
x = x1 + r cos 
y = y1 + r sin  ... (2)
where r is the distance from (x1, y1) to (x, y) and  is the angle made by the line with the positive X-axis.
To get the common points of the circle (1) and the line (2), we have to solve the equations (1)
and (2). Therefore put x = x1 + r cos , y = y1 + r sin  in (1). Then
(x1 + r cos )2 + (y1 + r sin )2 + 2g(x1 + r cos ) + 2f(y1 + r sin ) + c = 0.
i.e., x12 + 2x1 r cos  + r2 cos2  + y12 + 2ry1 sin  + r2 sin2 
+ 2gx1 + 2g r cos  + 2fy1 + 2f r sin  + c = 0
i.e., r2 (cos2  + sin2 ) + 2r[(x1 + g) cos  + (y1 + f ) sin ] + x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0
i.e., r2 + 2r[(x1 + g) cos  + (y1 + f ) sin ] + S11 = 0 ... (3)
Let r1, r2 be roots of (3). Then r1 . r2 = S11
i.e., PA . PB = S11
Since the power of P is S11, we have
PA . PB = Power of P.
Circle 29
1.2.12 Corollary
If S = 0 is a circle and P(x1, y1) is an exterior point with respect to S = 0 then the length of the
tangent from P(x1, y1) to S = 0 is S11 (see Fig. 1.28).
Y
Proof : Let the tangent drawn from P touch the circle at A
(Fig. 1.28). By Theorem 1.2.11, we have P(x1, y1)
PA . PA = S11
PA2 = S11
A
 PA = S11 .
X
i.e., the length of tangent from P(x1, y1) to O
S = 0 is S11 . Fig. 1.28
1.2.13 Example
Let us find the length of tangent from (12, 17) to the circle x2 + y2 6x  8y  25 = 0.
By Corollary 1.2.12, the length of tangent from (12, 17) to the given circle is
(12)2  (17) 2  6(12)  8(17)  25  100  10.

1. Problem : Locate the position of the point (2, 4) with respect to the circle
x2 + y2  4x  6y + 11 = 0.
Solution: Here (x1, y1) = (2, 4) and S  x2 + y2  4x  6y + 11 = 0.
 S11 = (2)2 + (4)2  4(2)  6(4) + 11 = 1.
Since S11 < 0, by Theorem 1.2.3, the point (2, 4) is inside the given circle.
2. Problem : Find the length of the tangent from (1, 3) to the circle x2 + y2  2x + 4y  11 = 0.
Solution : Here (x1, y1) = (1, 3) and S  x2 + y2  2x + 4y  11 = 0. By Corollary 1.2.12, the length of the
tangent is S11 .
Hence the required length of the tangent
= (1)2  (3) 2  2(1)  4(3)  11 .
= 9.
= 3.
3. Problem : If a point P is moving such that the length of tangents drawn from P to
x2 + y2  2x + 4y  20 = 0 ... (1)
and x2 + y2  2x  8y + 1 = 0 ... (2)
are in the ratio 2 : 1 then show that the equation of the locus of P is
x2 + y2  2x  12y + 8 = 0.
Solution : Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the locus and PT1 , PT 2 be the lengths of tangents from P to the circles
(1) and (2) respectively. Then we have
PT1 2

PT 2 1
i.e., x12  y12  2 x1  4 y1  20  2 x12  y12  2 x1  8 y1  1

i.e., 3(x12 + y12)  6x1  36y1 + 24 = 0.
The equation of the locus of P is
x2 + y2  2x  12y + 8 = 0.
Exercise 1(b)
I. 1. Locate the position of the point P with respect to the circle S = 0 when
(i) P(3, 4) and S  x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0
(ii) P(1, 5) and S  x2 + y2  2x  4y + 3 = 0
(iii) P(4, 2) and S  2x2 + 2y2  5x  4y  3 = 0
(iv) P(2, 1) and S  x2 + y2  2x  4y + 3 = 0
2. Find the power of the point P with respect to the circle S = 0 when
(i) P = (5, 6) and S  x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15.
(ii) P = (1, 1) and S  x2 + y2  6x + 4y  12.
(iii) P = (2, 3) and S  x2 + y2  2x + 8y  23
(iv) P = (2, 4) and S  x2 + y2  4x  6y  12
3. Find the length of tangent from P to the circle S = 0 when
(i) P = (2, 5) and S  x2 + y2  25
(ii) P = (0, 0) and S  x2 + y2  14x + 2y + 25
(iii) P = (2, 5) and S  x2 + y2  5x + 4y  5
II. 1. If the length of the tangent from (5, 4) to the circle x2 + y2 + 2ky = 0 is 1 then find k.
2. If the length of the tangent from (2, 5) to the circle x2 + y2  5x + 4y + k = 0 is 37 then find k.
III. 1. If a point P is moving such that the lengths of tangents drawn from P to the circles
x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0 are in the ratio 2 : 3 then find the equation
of the locus of P.
2. If a point P is moving such that the lengths of tangents drawn from P to the circles
x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0 and x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0 are equal then find the equation of the
locus of P.
Circle 31
1.3 Position of a straight line in the plane of a circle

Condition for a line to be tangent
In the earlier section we learnt the position of a point with respect to a circle. In this section we shall learn
the position of a straight line in a plane with respect to a circle.
1.3.1 Different cases of position of a straight line with respect to a circle

Given a straight line L = 0 and a circle S = 0 we have Y L
three possibilities, namely : Point 2
(i) The line meets the circle in two distinct points

(see Fig. 1.29).
Point 1
X
O
Fig. 1.29
Y
(ii) The line meets the circle in one and only one Only one point
point (i.e., touching the circle) (see Fig. 1.30).
X
O
Fig. 1.30
(iii) The line L does not meet the circle i.e., L and the
Y
circle have no common points (see Fig. 1.31).
Now we examine under what conditions the above
three situations arise.
L
X
O
Fig. 1.31
1.3.2 Theorem : A straight line y = mx + c
c2
(i) meets the circle x2 + y2 = r2 in two distinct points if  r2 .
2
1 m
c2
(ii) touches the circle x2 + y2 = r2 if 2
 r2 .
1 m
c2
(iii) has no points in common with the circle x2 + y2 = r2 if 2
 r2 .
1 m
Proof : The equation of the given circle is
x2 + y2 = r2 ... (1)
and the equation of the given straight line is
y = mx + c (i.e., mx  y + c = 0) ... (2)
If any point (x, y) is common to (1) and (2), the coordinates of the point satisfy both the
equations (1) and (2). To solve them we eliminate y from (1) and (2). Substituting (2) in (1) we get
x2 + (mx + c)2 = r2
i.e., x2 (1 + m2) + 2mcx + (c2  r2) = 0 ... (3)
The roots of (3) are real, coincident or imaginary according as
0
(2mc)2  4(1 + m2) (c2  r2) 
i.e., 0
4m2 c2  4(c2 + m2c2  r2  r2m2)2 
i.e., c2  r2 (1 + m2) 
 0
c2  r2 .
i.e.,
(1  m )  2
c2
Case (i) : If 2
 r 2 then the straight line given by (2) meets the circle in two distinct points
(1  m )
(see Fig. 1.29)
c2
Case (ii) : If 2
 r 2 , then the straight line given by (2) touches the circle (see Fig. 1.30)
(1  m )
c2
Case (iii) : If 2
 r 2 then the straight line given by (2) does not cut or touch the circle
(1  m )
(see Fig. 1.31). Hence they do not have common points.
1.3.3 Corollary
The condition that the straight line y = mx + c (i) intersects a circle, (ii) touches the circle, (iii) does
not meet the circle is that the perpendicular distance from the centre of the circle to the line is less than or
is equals to or greater than its radius respectively.
Proof : By Theorem 1.3.2, the straight line y = mx + c intersects or touches or does not meet the circle
x2 + y2 = r2 according as
Circle 33
c2  r2
(1  m ) 2
i.e., |c|  . ... (1)

r
1  m2
The perpendicular distance from the centre (0, 0) to y = mx + c is
|c| .
2 ... (2)
1 m
From (1) and (2) the result follows.
1.3.4 Note
(i) For all real values of m the straight line y = mx + r 1  m 2 is a tangent to the circle
x2 + y2 = r2 and the slope of the tangent is m.
(ii) A straight line y = mx + c is a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 if c = +r 1  m 2 .

(iii) The equation of tangent to the circle S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 having the slope
m is (y + f) = m(x + g) + r 1  m 2 where r is the radius of the circle. For,
the centre of the circle C = (g, f ) and r = g 2  f 2  c . Shift the origin to (g, f )
HJJJG HJJJG
without changing the direction of axes. Let the new axes be CX, CY .
HJJG HJJG
If P is any point in the plane and (i) P = (x, y) with respect to OX, OY
HJJJG HJJJG
(ii) P = (X, Y) with respect to CX, CY (see 2.1.2 of Inter Mathematics - IB Text book) then
x=Xg ... (1)

y=Yf ... (2)
The transformed equation of S = 0 is X2 + Y2 = r2. By Note 1.3.4(i) the equation of tangent
with slope m to the circle is
Y = mX + r 1  m 2 ... (3)
HJJG HJJG
Equation (3) with respect to old axes OX, OY is
y + f = m(x + g) + r 1  m 2 ... (4)
(from (1) and (2))

Thus the equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 having slope m is given by
the equation (4).

1. Problem: If S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle then show that the straight
line lx + my + n = 0
( gl  mf  n) 2
(i) touches the circle S = 0 if (g2 + f 2  c) =
(l 2  m 2 )
( gl  mf  n) 2
(ii) meets the circle S = 0 in two points if g2 + f 2  c >
(l 2  m 2 )
( gl  mf  n) 2
(iii) will not meet the circle if g2 + f 2  c <
.
(l 2  m 2 )
Solution : Let C be the centre and r be the radius of the circle S = 0. Then C = (g, f ) and
r= g2  f 2  c
(i) The given straight line touches the circle if
| l (  g)  m (  f )  n |
r= (by Corollary 1.3.3)
l2  m2
| (lg  mf  n) |
i.e., g2  f 2  c 
l2  m2
Squaring both sides, we get
(lg  mf  n) 2
g2  f 2  c 
(l 2  m 2 )
(ii) The given line lx + mx + n = 0 meets the circle S = 0 in two points if
2 2 ( gl  mf  n) 2
( g  f  c)  (by Corollary 1.3.3)
l2  m2
(iii) The given line lx + my + n = 0 will not meet the circle S = 0 if
( gl  mf  n) 2
( g 2  f 2  c)  (by Corollary 1.3.3)
l2  m2
2. Problem: Find the length of the chord intercepted by the circle x2 + y2 + 8x  4y  16 = 0 on the
line 3x  y + 4 = 0.
Solution: The centre of the given circle C = (4, 2) and radius r = 16  4  16  6 . Let the perpendicular
distance from the centre to the line 3x  y + 4 = 0 be d. Then
Circle 35
| 3(4)  (2)  4 |
d=
32  (1)2 Y
10
= = 10 (see Fig. 1.32)
10 B
6
Length of the chord = 2 r 2  d 2 C
10
(4, 2)
= 2 (6)2  10 )2 X
O
= 2 26 .
Fig. 1.32
3. Problem : Find the equation of tangents to x2 + y2  4x + 6y  12 = 0 which are parallel to

x + 2y  8 = 0.
1
Solution: Here g = 2; f = 3; r = 4  9  12  5 and the slope of the required tangent is  . By Note
2
1.3.4 (eqn. 4) the equations of tangents are
1 1
y+3 =  ( x  2)  5 1 
2 4
2(y + 3) =  x + 2 + 5 5
i.e., x + 2y + (4 + 5 5 ) = 0.
4. Problem : Show that the circle S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 touches the
(i) X-axis if g2 = c.
(ii) Y-axis if f 2 = c.
Solution: We know that by Theorem 1.1.8 the intercept made by S = 0 on X-axis is 2 g 2  c . If the circle
touches the X-axis then 2 g 2  c  0  g 2  c. Similarly (ii) can be proved.
1.3.6 Chord joining two points on a circle.
In the next section we derive the equation of the chord joining two points on a circle.
1.3.7 Theorem : If P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are two points on the circle S = 0 the equation of the secant
PQ is S1 + S2 = S12.
Proof : Observe that the two points on the secant are known. Its equation can be found using two-point form of
a straight line. This procedure can be adopted for analytical problems. The intention of this theorem is to find the
equation of the chord involving g, f, c, x1, x2, y1 and y2 which will be used in finding the equation of tangent.
The proof of the theorem runs as follows,
Since P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are distinct , we may suppose that x1  x2. Then the equation of PQ is
y y
y  y1  2 1 ( x  x1 ) ... (1)
x 2  x1
Since P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are lying on the circle S = 0 we have
x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0 and x22 + y22 + 2gx2 + 2fy2 + c = 0.
Subtracting and simplifying, we get
y2  y1 ( x1  x2  2 g )
 ... (2)
x2  x1 ( y1  y2  2 f )
Substituting (2) in (1), we obtain
( x1  x2  2 g )
y  y1  ( x  x1 ) ... (3)
( y1  y2  2 f )
(x  x1) (x1 + x2 + 2g) + (y  y1) (y1 + y2 + 2f ) = 0
xx1 + yy1 + xx2 + yy2 + 2gx + 2fy = x1x2 + y1y2 + x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1
By adding g(x1 + x2) + f(y1 + y2) + 2c on both sides to the above equation we obtain
S1 + S2 = S12 + S11
S1 + S2 = S12 (' S11 = 0)
The equation of secant PQ is S1 + S2 = S12.

1.3.8 Equation of tangent at a point on the circle
In the next section we derive the equation of tangent at a point on the circle
1.3.9 Theorem : The equation of the tangent at the point P(x1, y1) to the circle
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is S1 = 0.
Proof : Let Q(x2, y2) be a neighbouring point of P and lying on the circle. By Theorem 1.3.7 the equation of
PQ is S1 + S2 = S12
i.e.,
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c + xx2 + yy2 + g(x + x2) + f (y + y2) + c
= x1x2 + y1y2 + g(x + x2) + f (y + y2) + c
As Q  P (i.e., x2  x1, y2  y1) this equation becomes
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c + xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c
= x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
Circle 37
i.e., S1 + S1 = S11
i.e., 2 S1 = S11
But S11 = 0, as P(x1, y1) lying on S = 0. Hence S1 = 0
i.e., xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0.
1.3.10 Note
The equation of the tangent at the point (x1, y1) to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 is xx1 + yy1  r2 = 0.
1.3.11 Point of Contact

If a straight line lx + my + n = 0 touches the circle S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at P. (x1, y1) then
this line is the tangent to the circle S = 0 at P(x1, y1) and hence by Theorem 1.3.9 its equation is
(x1 + g)x + (y1 + f )y + (gx1 + fy1 + c) = 0 and therefore (x1 + g), (y1 + f ), gx1 + fy1 + c are proportional to
l, m, n respectively. Using these three proportions it is possible to find the point of contact of the given tangent to
the circle S = 0.

1. Problem: Find the equation of the tangent to x2 + y2  6x + 4y  12 = 0 at (1, 1).
Solution : Here (x1, y1) = (1, 1) and S  x2 + y2  6x + 4y  12 = 0.
The equation of the tangent is x(1) + y(1)  3(x  1) + 2(y + 1)  12 = 0 (by Theorem 1.3.9)
i.e., 4x  3y + 7 = 0.
2. Problem: Find the equation of the tangent to x2 + y2  2x + 4y = 0 at (3, 1). Also find the equation
of tangent parallel to it.
Solution: Here (x1, y1) = (3, 1) and
S  x2 + y2  2x + 4y = 0 ... (1)
 The equation of tangent at (3, 1) is x(3) + y(1) (x + 3) + 2(y  1) = 0
i.e., 3x  y  x  3 + 2y  2 = 0
i.e., 2x + y  5 = 0 ... (2)
Slope of the tangent is m = 2. For the circle (1), g = 1; f = 2;
radius r = 1  4  0  5 . By Note 1.3.4, the equations of tangents to (1) are

y + 2 = 2(x  1) + 5 1  4
(y + 2) = 2(x  1) + 5
2x + y + 5 = 0.
One of these equations namely 2x + y  5 = 0 is the tangent at (3, 1).

 The tangent parallel to 2x + y  5 = 0 is 2x + y + 5 = 0.
3. Problem: If 4x  3y + 7 = 0 is a tangent to the circle represented by x2 + y2  6x + 4y  12 = 0
then find its point of contact.
Solution: Let (x1, y1) be the point of contact. Then by 1.3.11, we have
x1  3 y 2  3 x1  2 y1  12 
 1    ... (1)
4 3  7 
From first and second equalities of (1), we get
3x1 + 4y1 = 1 ... (2)
Now by taking first and third equalities of (1), we get
19x1  8y1 = 27 ... (3)
Solving (2) and (3) we obtain
x1 = 1; y1 = 1
Hence the point of contact is (1, 1).
4. Problem: Find the equations of circles which touch 2x  3y +1 = 0 at (1, 1) and having radius 13 .
Solution: The centres of the required circles lie on a line (see Fig. 1.33) which is perpendicular to
2x  3y + 1 = 0 and passing through (1, 1)
i.e., on 3x + 2y  5 = 0. Y
 The centres are situated on 3x + 2y  5 = 0 at a distance

13 from (1, 1). Thus the centres are given by 2x  3y + 1 = 0
  2  3  13
1  13  , 1  13   and
(1, 1)
  13  13  X
O
13
  2  3 
1  13  , 1  13  
  13  13 
(See Intermediate Mathematics - IB Text book)

i.e., (1, 4) and (3, 2) (see Fig. 1.33) Fig. 1.33
The required circles are

(x + 1)2 + (y  4)2 = 13 and
(x  3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 13
i.e., x2 + y2 + 2x  8y + 4 = 0 and x2 + y2  6x + 4y = 0.
Circle 39
5. Problem: Show that the line 5x + 12y  4 = 0 touches the circle x2 + y2  6x + 4y + 12 = 0.

Solution: Here g = 3; f = 2; c = 12 and radius = 9  4  12  1 ... (1)
The given straight line touches the circle if the perpendicular distance from the centre i.e., (3, 2) to
the given straight line equals to the radius of the given circle.
Let d be the perpendicular distance from the centre to the given straight line. Then
| 5(3)  12(2)  4 |
d =
(5) 2  (12) 2
=1 ... (2)
From the facts (1) and (2) we can conclude that the given straight line touches the given circle
(by Corollary 1.3.3).
1.3.13 Theorem : If 1 [i.e., (g + r cos 1, f + r sin 1) where r is the radius of the circle]
and 2 [i.e., (g + r cos 2,  f + r sin 2)] are two points on
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
then the equation of the chord joining these points is
         
( x  g ) cos  1 2   ( y  f ) sin  1 2   r cos  1 2  ... (2)
 2   2   2 
Proof : Let A and B be the points on the circle (1) corresponding to 1 and 2 (these are parametric values
of ). Then
A = (g + r cos 1, f + r sin 1)
B = (g + r cos 2, f + r sin 2)
The equation of the chord AB is
r (sin 2  sin 1 )
( y  f  r sin 1 )  ( x  g  r cos 1 )
r (cos 2  cos 1 )
Simplifying the above equation, we get
        
( x  g) cos 1 2   ( y  f ) sin  1 2   r cos 1 2  .
 2   2   2 
1.3.14 Note
(i) The equation of the tangent at  of the circle S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is given by
(x + g) cos + (y + f ) sin = r where r is the radius of the circle S = 0.
(ii) For the circle x2 + y2 = r2, the equation of the chord joining the points 1 and 2 (Particular values
    
of the parameter ) is x cos 1 2
 y sin 1 2
 rcos  1 2
.
2 2  2 
(iii) For the circle x2 + y2 = r2, the equation of the tangent at  is given by x cos  + y sin = r.

1. Problem : If the parametric values of two points A and B lying on the circle x2+y26x+4y 12 = 0
are 30o and 60o respectively then find the equation of the chord joining A and B.
Solution: Here g = 3; f = 2; r = 9  4  12  5.

The equation of the chord joining the points 1 = 30o, 2 = 60o is (by Theorem 1.3.13)
60 0  30 0  60 0  30 0   0 0
( x  3) cos  ( y  2) sin    5 cos 60  30 
2  2   2 
   
i.e., (x  3) cos 450 + (y + 2) sin 450 = 5 cos 150
( x  3)  ( y  2) ( 3  1)
 5
2 2 2
i.e., 2x + 2y (7 + 5 3 ) = 0.
2. Problem: Find the equation of the tangent at the point 30o (parametric value of ) of the circle
x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y  39 = 0.
Solution : Here g = 2; f = 3; c = 39; r = 4  9  39  52  2 13. By Note 1.3.14(i) the required
equation is
(x + 2) cos 300 + (y + 3) sin300 = 2 13
3 1
i.e., ( x  2)  ( y  3)   2 13
2 2
i.e., 3x  y  3  2( 3  2 13)  0 .
3. Problem: Find the area of the triangle formed by the tangent at P(x1, y1) to the circle
x2 + y2 = a2 Y ... (1)
with the coordinate axes where x1 y1  0. B
Solution : The equation of the tangent at P(x1, y1) to the circle (1) (x1, y1)
P
(see Fig. 1.34) is
X
xx1 + yy1  a2 = 0 ... (2) O A
Let this tangent cut the X-axis at A and Y-axis at B. We

have to find the area of the triangle OAB. Fig. 1.34
Circle 41
The x, y intercepts of (2) are ax and ay respectively.

2 2
1 1
 Required area of the triangle
= AOB area
1 a2 a2
= 
2 x1 y1
a4 Y
Normal at P
= .
2 | x1 y1 |
1.3.16 Normal
The normal at any point P of the circle is the C
tangent at P
line which passes through P and is perpendicular to P
the tangent at P (see Fig. 1.35)
X
O
Fig. l.35
1.3.17 Equation of Normal

We find the equation of normal at a point lying on the circle.
1.3.18 Theorem : The equation of the normal at P(x1, y1) of the circle
S  x2 + y2 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
is (x x1) (y1 + f ) (y  y1) (x1 + g) = 0.
Proof : Let C be the centre of the circle given by (1). Then C = (g, f ). We know that normal at any point
passes through the centre of the circle (see Fig. 1.35).
y1  f
The slope of CP 
x1  g
Hence the equation of the normal at P(x1, y1) is
( y1  f )
( y  y1 )  ( x  x1 )
( x1  g)
i.e., (x  x1) (y1 + f )  (y  y1) (x1 + g) = 0
1.3.19 Note
The equation of the normal to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 at P(x1, y1) is xy1  yx1 = 0.

1. Problem : Find the equation of the normal to the circle x2 + y2  4x  6y + 11 = 0 at (3, 2). Also find
the other point where the normal meets the circle.
Solution: Let A(3, 2), C be the centre of given circle and the normal at A meet the circle at B(a, b). From the
hypothesis, we have
2g = 4 i.e., g = 2
2f = 6 i.e., f = 3;
x1 = 3 and y1 = 2.
By Theorem 1.3.18, the equation of normal at A(3, 2) is
(x  3) (2  3) (y  2) (3  2) = 0
i.e., x + y  5 = 0.
The centre of the circle is the mid point of A and B (points of intersection of normal and circle)
a3
 2  a 1
2
b2
and  3  b  4.
2
Hence the normal at (3, 2) meets the circle at (1, 4).
2. Problem: Find the area of the triangle formed by the normal at (3, 4) to the circle
x2 + y2  22x  4y + 25 = 0 with the coordinate axes.
Solution: Here 2g = 22; 2f =  4 and x1 = 3 and y1 =  4.
By Theorem 1.3.18, the equation of normal is
(x  3) (4 2)  (y + 4) (3  11) = 0
i.e., 3x  4y  25 = 0 ... (1)
 25   25 
The straight line (1) cuts the x-axis at  , 0  and y-axis  0,   .
 3   4 
Hence the required area is
1 25 25
=  
2 3 4
625
= 
24
Circle 43
3. Problem: Show that the line lx + my + n = 0 is a normal to the circle S = 0 if and only if
gl+mf =n.
Solution: The straight line lx + my + n = 0 is normal to the circle
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
 if the centre (g, f ) of the circle lies on lx + my + n = 0
 l(g) + m(f ) + n = 0
 lg + mf = n.
Exercise 1(c)
I. 1. Find the equation of the tangent at P of the circle S = 0 where P and S are given by
(i) P = (7, 5), S  x2 + y2  6x + 4y  12
(ii) P = (1, 1), S  x2 + y2  6x + 4y  12
(iii) P = (6, 9), S  x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y  39
(iv) P = (3, 4), S  x2 + y2  4x  6y + 11.
2. Find the equation of the normal at P of the circle S = 0 where P and S are given by
(i) P = (3, 4), S  x2 + y2 + x + y  24
(ii) P = (3, 5), S  x2 + y2  10x  2y + 6
(iii) P = (1, 3), S  3(x2 + y2)  19x  29y + 76
(iv) P = (1, 2), S  x2 + y2  22x  4y + 25.
II. 1. Find the length of the chord intercepted by the circle x2 + y2  x + 3y  22 = 0 on the
line y = x  3.
2. Find the length of the chord intercepted by the circle x2 + y2  8x  2y  8 = 0 on the
line x + y + 1 = 0.
3. Find the length of the chord formed by x2 + y2 = a2 on the line x cos + y sin = p.
4. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, 3) and touching the line 3x  4y + 1 = 0
5. Find the equation of the circle with centre (3, 4) and touching y-axis.
6. Find the equation of tangents of the circle x2 + y2  8x  2y + 12 = 0 at the points whose ordinates
are 1.
7. Find the equation of tangents of the circle x2 + y2  10 = 0 at the points whose abscissae are 1.
x y
III. 1. If x 2 + y 2 = c 2 and   1 intersect at A and B then find AB . Hence deduce the
a b
condition that the line touches the circle.
2. The line y = mx + c and the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 intersect at A and B.

If AB = 2 then show that c 2 = (1 + m 2) (a 2  2).
3. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, 3) cutting a chord length 2 units on
3x + 4y + 4 = 0.
4. Find the equation of tangent and normal at (3, 2) of the circle x2 + y2  x  3y  4 = 0.
5. Find the equation of tangent and normal at (1, 1) to the circle 2x2 + 2y2  2x  5y + 3 = 0.
6. Prove that the tangent at (3, 2) of the circle x2 + y2 = 13 touches the circle
x2 + y2 + 2x  10y  26 = 0 and find its point of contact.
7. Show that the tangent at (1, 2) of the circle x2 + y2  4x  8y + 7 = 0 touches the circle
x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y = 0 and also find its point of contact.
8. Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2  4x + 6y  12 = 0 which are parallel to
x + y  8 = 0.
9. Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2 + 2x  2y  3 = 0 which are perpendicular to
3x  y + 4 = 0.
10. Find the equation of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2  4x  6y + 3 = 0 which makes an angle 450 with
X-axis.
11. Find the equation of the circle passing through (1, 0) and touching x + y  7 = 0 at (3, 4).
12. Find the equations of circles passing through (1, 1), touching the lines 4x + 3y + 5 = 0 and
3x  4y  10 = 0.
13. Show that x + y + 1 = 0 touches the circle x2 + y2  3x + 7y + 14 = 0 and find its point of contact.
1.4 Chord of contact and polar
1.4.1 Theorem : If P(x1, y1) is an exterior point of the circle.

S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
then there exist two tangents from P to the circle S = 0 (see Fig. 1.36).
Proof : Let C be the centre and r be the radius of the circle (1). Then C = (g, f ) and r  g 2  f 2  c . Let
m be the slope of a tangent passing through (x1, y1). By Note 1.3.4 (iii) the equation of the tangent with slope
m is
Circle 45
P(x1, y1)
( y  f )  m( x  g )  r 1  m 2 Y
T2
If it passes through (x1, y1), we have
( y1  f )  m( x1  g )  r 1  m 2
C
or [(y1 + f )  m(x1 + g)]2 = r2 (1 + m2) T1
or m2 [(x1 + g)2  r2]  2m (x1 + g) (y1 + f ) + (y1 + f )2  r2 = 0 ... (2)

X
O
The discriminant of (2) is Fig. 1.36
4(x1 + g) (y1 + f )  4[(x1 + g)  r ] [(y1 + f )  r ]
2 2 2 2 2 2
or 4r 2 [ x12  y12  2 gx1  2 fy1  c] (' r 2  g 2  f 2  c)

or 4r2 S11
Since P(x1, y1) is an exterior point to the circle S = 0, we have S11 > 0.
 The discriminant of (2) is positive and hence we have two real and distinct values of m say m1 and m2.
For these two values we have two tangents from P(x1, y1) to the circle (1).
1.4.2 Note
(i) If the discriminant of (2) is zero then the roots of equation (2) coincide and hence the tangents
described above coincide. This situation arises when the point is on the circle.
(ii) When P(x1, y1) is a point in the interior of the circle S = 0 then S11 < 0 and hence the discriminant of
(2) is negative so that equation (2) has no real roots and hence there are no tangents passing
through P to the circle.
(iii) If  is the angle between the tangents through a point P(x1, y1) to the circle S = 0 then
 r
tan   
2 S11 where r is the radius of the circle. Y
T P
For if PT and PT are two tangents to the circle
S = 0 through P (which is an exterior point with respect
C
to the circle S = 0) then the triangles  PTC,
 P T  C are identical (see Fig. 1.37) T
X
O
 TP̂C  T P̂C  /2 Fig. 1.37
   TC r
 tan    
2 PT S11
1
(iv) The area of the triangle  PTC as shown in the Fig. 1.37 is .r S11 .
2

1. Problem : Find the condition that the tangents drawn from the exterior point (g, f) to
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are perpendicular to each other.
Solution : If the angle between the tangents drawn from P(x1, y1) to S = 0 is  then
 r
tan    (by Note 1.4.2 (iii))
2 S11
where r is the radius of the circle S = 0.

Here (x1, y1) = (g, f)
2 2
 S11 = g2 + f + 2g2 + 2f + c
2
i.e., S11 = 3g2 + 3f + c
0  90  g2  f 2  c
  90  tan   
 2 3g 2  3 f 2  c
 3g2 + 3f 2 + c = g2 + f 2  c
 2g2 + 2f 2 + 2c = 0
 g2 + f 2 + c = 0.
Thus the tangents drawn from (g, f ) to the circle S = 0 are perpendicular if and only if g2 + f 2 + c = 0.
In this case note that c < 0.
2. Problem : If 1, 2 are the angles of inclination of tangents through a point P to the circle x2 + y2 = a2
then find the locus of P when cot 1 + cot 2 = k.
Solution: The equation of the tangent to x2 + y2 = a2 having the slope m is
y  mx  a 1  m 2 ... (1)
Let P(x1, y1) be a point on the locus. If the tangents (1) passes through P then
y1  mx1  a 1  m 2
or y1  mx1   a 1  m 2
or ( y1  mx1 )2  a 2 (1  m2 )
or m 2 ( x12  a 2 )  2mx1 y1  y12  a 2  0.
If m1, m2 are the roots of the above equation then
2x y
m1  m2  tan 1  tan 2  2 1 12 ... (2)
x1  a
y12  a 2
and m1 m2  tan 1. tan 2  ... (3)
x12  a 2
Circle 47
Given that cot 1  cot 2  k

tan 2  tan 1
 k
tan 1 tan 2
2x1 y1
k (from (2) and (3))
y12  a 2
or k (y12  a 2 )  2 x1 y1 ... (4)
Also, conversely if P(x1, y1) satisfies the equation (4) then it can be shown that cot 1 + cot 2 = k,
thus the locus of P is k(y2  a2) = 2xy.
Y
A
1.4.4 Chord of Contact P
If the tangents drawn through P(x1, y1) to a

C
circle S = 0 touch the circle at points A and B then the
secant AB is called the chord of contact of P with B
Chord of contact of P
respect to S = 0 (see Fig. 1.38). O X
Fig. 1.38
1.4.5 Theorem : If P(x1, y1) is an exterior point to the circle
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 then the equation of the chord of contact of P with respect to
S = 0 is S1 = 0.
Proof: Let the tangents drawn from P(x1, y1) to the circle S = 0 touch at A(x2, y2) and B(x3, y3).
The equation of tangent at A(x2, y2) is xx2 + yy2 + g(x + x2) + f(y + y2) + c = 0.
Similarly the equation of tangent at B(x3, y3) is xx3 + yy3 + g(x + x3) + f(y + y3) + c = 0.
These two tangents are passing through P(x1, y1)
 x1x2 + y1y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f(y1 + y2) + c = 0 ... (1)
and x1x3 + y1y3 + g(x1 + x3) + f(y1 + y3) + c = 0 ... (2)
Thus the two points A(x2, y2) and B(x3, y3) satisfy the following linear equation in x and y
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0. ... (3)
Note that equation (3) can be written as
x(x1 + g) + y(y1 + f ) + (gx1 + fy1 + c) = 0. ... (4)
Clearly equation (4) represents a straight line. Equations (2) and (3) show that the points
A(x2, y2) and B(x3, y3) are satisfying equation (4) (hence equation (3)).
The equation of the chord of contact AB is given by (3) i.e., S1 = 0.
1.4.6 Note
(i) If the point P(x1, y1) is on the circle S = 0 then the tangent itself can be defined as the
chord of contact.
(ii) If the point P(x1, y1) is an interior point of the circle S = 0 then the chord of contact does
not exist.

1. Problem : Find the chord of contact of (2, 5) with respect to the circle
x2 + y2  5x + 4y  2 = 0 .
Solution : Here (x1, y1) = (2, 5). By Theorem 1.4.5 the required chord of contact is
5
xx1 + yy1  (x + x1) + 2(y + y1)  2 = 0.
2
Substituting x1 and y1 values, we get
5
x(2) + y(5)  (x + 2) + 2(y + 5)  2 = 0
2
i.e., x  14y  6 = 0.
2. Problem : If the chord of contact of a point P with respect to the circle
x2 + y2 = a2 ... (1)
cut the circle at A and B such that AÔB  90 0 then show that P lies on the circle
x2 + y2 = 2a2.
Solution : Let P(x1, y1) be a point and let the chord of contact of it cut the circle in A and B such that
AÔB  90 0 . The equation of the chord of contact of P(x1, y1) with respect to (1) is
xx1 + yy1  a2 = 0 ... (2)
The equation to the pair of lines OA and OB is given by
2
2 2  xx  yy 
2
x  y  a  1 2 1  0
 a 
or a2(x2 + y2)  (xx1 + yy1)2 = 0
or x 2 ( a 2  x12 )  2 x1 y1 xy  y 2 ( a 2  y12 )  0 ... (3)
Since AÔB  90 0, we have the coefficient of x2 in (3) + coefficient of y2 in (3) = 0
 a 2  x12  a 2  y12  0
i.e., x12  y12  2a 2

Hence the point P(x1, y1) lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 2a2.
Circle 49
1.4.8 Pole and polar A
Let S = 0 be a circle and P be any point in

the plane other than the centre of S = 0. If any Y
line drawn through the point P meets the circle in Q R
R1 P
two points Q and R, then the locus of the points of Q1 R2
R3
intersection of tangents drawn at Q and R is a Q2 C R4
Q3
line, called polar of P and P is called pole of the Q4
polar (see Fig. 1.39). Polar of P
X
O Fig. 1.39
1.4.9 Theorem : The equation of the polar of P(x1, y1) with respect to S = 0 is S1 = 0.
Proof: Let QR be any chord drawn through P(x1, y1) and let the tangents at Q and R meet at the point A(, ).
Then QR is a chord of contact of A(, ).
 The equation of QR is
x + y + g(x + ) + f(y + ) + c = 0.
It is passes through P(x1, y1), therefore
x1 + y1 + g(x1 + ) + f(y1 + ) + c = 0
  A( , ) satisfies S1 = 0.
 The equation of polar of P(x1, y1) is S1 = 0.
1.4.10 Note
(i) Suppose a point A(, ) which lies outside or on the circle satisfies the equation
S1  xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0.
Then x1 + y1 + g(x1 + ) + f(y1 + ) + c = 0 so that the point P(x1, y1) lies on the straight line
x + y + g( + x) + f( + y) + c = 0 which is the chord of contact of A(, ) of the circle S = 0. i.e.,
A( ) is a point on the polar of the point P(x1, y1).
Thus every point A(, ) on the line S1 = 0 which is outside or on the circle is the intersection of the
tangents at the points of intersection of a line viz.
Y
x + y + g(x + ) + f( + y) + c = 0
through P(x1, y1) and the circle. P
(ii) If P(x1, y1) is an exterior point of C
the circle then the chord of contact

of P will be the polar of P (see
X
O
Fig. 1.40). Polar of P
Fig. 1.40
(iii) If P(x1, y1) lies on the circle then the Y
polar of P coincides with the tangent

at P(x1, y1) (see Fig.1.41). C
R
Q Polar of P
P
X
O
Fig. 1.41
(iv) If P(x1, y1) is inside the circle then

the polar of P does not intersect the Y
Q1
circle. (see Fig. 1.42). Q
Polar of P
P R1
C
R
X
O
Fig. 1.42
(v) If C is the centre of the circle then the polar of P has slope  ( x1  g ) and hence it is perpendicular to
( y1  f )
(y  f )
CP (whose slope is 1 ).
( x1  g )
(vi) If P is the centre of a circle S = 0 then the polar of P does not exist i.e., the polar of P(g, f ) of
the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 does not exist.
(vii)
P(x1, y1) Tangent Chord of Polar of P
at P contact at P
Interior of Does not Does not S1 = 0
the circle exist exist P is different
from centre
on the circle S1 = 0 S1 = 0 S1 = 0
Exterior Does not
of the circle exist S1 = 0 S1 = 0
1.4.11 Theorem : The pole of lx + my + n = 0 (n  0) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is

 a 2l a 2m 
 ,  .
 n n 
 
Proof : Let P(x1, y1) be the pole of
lx + my + n = 0 ... (1)
Circle 51
with respect to the circle

x2 + y2 = a2 ... (2)
By Theorem 1.4.9, the polar of P with respect to the circle (2) is
xx1 + yy1  a2 = 0 ... (3)
The equations (1) and (3) represent the same straight line
x1 y a2
  1 
l m n
2
a l  a 2m
Hence x1  , y1  .
n n
  a 2l  a 2 m 
Therefore the pole of lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the circle (2) is  , .

 n n 
1.4.12 Note
The pole of lx + my + n = 0 with respect to S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
 lr 2 mr 2 
  g  ,  f 
l g  mf  n l g  mf  n 
where r is the radius of the circle if lg + mf  n  0.

1. Problem : Find the equation of the polar of (2, 3) with respect to the circle
x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y  96 = 0.
Solution : Here (x1, y1) = (2, 3) and S  x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y  96 = 0. Hence by Theorem 1.4.9, the equation of
polar is x(2) + y(3) + 3(x + 2) + 4(y + 3)  96 = 0 i.e., 5x + 7y  78 = 0.
2. Problem : Find the pole of x + y + 2 = 0 with respect to the circle
x2 + y2  4x + 6y  12 = 0.
Solution: Here lx + my + n = 0 is x + y + 2 = 0 and S = 0 is S  x2 + y2  4x + 6y  12 = 0. Therefore,
l = 1; m = 1; n = 2; g = 2; f = 3; and radius of the circle r  4  9  12  5. By Note 1.4.12, the pole of
lx + my + n = 0 with respect to S = 0 is
 lr 2 mr 2 
  g  ,  f  .
l g  mf  n l g  mf  n 
 The pole of x + y + 2 = 0 with respect to the circle x2 + y2  4x + 6y  12 = 0 is
 (1) (5) 2 (1) (5) 2 
2  ,  3  
 (1) ( 2 )  (1)(3)  2 (1) (  2 )  (1) (3)  2 
 
i.e., (2  25, 3 25)
i.e., (23, 28)
 The pole of x + y + 2 = 0 with respect to the given circle is (23, 28).
3. Problem : Show that the poles of the tangents to the circle

x2 + y2 = a2 ... (1)
with respect to the circle
(x + a)2 + y2 = 2a2 ... (2)
2
lie on y + 4ax = 0.
Solution : Let P(x1, y1) be the pole of the tangent to the circle (1) with respect to the circle (2). Then the polar
of P with respect to the circle given by (2) is a tangent to the circle given by (1). Now, the polar of P with respect
to (2) is
xx1 + yy1 + a (x + x1)  a2 = 0
i.e., x(x1 + a) + yy1 + (ax1  a2) = 0. ... (3)
This line is a tangent to circle (1)
0  0  ax1  a 2
 a
( x1  a)2  y12
i.e., y12  4ax1  0 .
 The poles of the tangents to circle (1) with respect to (2) lie on the curve
y2 + 4ax = 0.
1.4.14 Theorem : The polar of P(x1, y1) with respect to the circle S = 0 passes through Q(x2, y2)  the
polar of Q passes through P.
Proof : Suppose that the polar of P(x1, y1) with respect to the circle
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
passes through Q(x2, y2).
We shall prove that the polar of Q(x2, y2) passes through P.
The polar of P with respect to (1) is S1 = 0. If it passes through Q(x2, y2) then
S12 = 0 ... (2)
Now the polar of Q(x2, y2) with respect to the circle (1) is
S2 = 0. ... (3)
It passes through P if S12 = 0. In view of (2) the condition S12 = 0 is satisfied. Hence the polar of P passes
through Q. Then the polar of Q with respect to the circle S = 0 passes through P. Similarly the converse part can
be proved.
1.4.15 Conjugate points

Two points P and Q are said to be conjugate points with respect to the circle S = 0 if Q lies on the
polar of P (observe that if Q lies on the polar of P then P lies on the polar of Q).
Circle 53
1.4.16 Note
The condition that the two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are conjugate points with respect to the circle
S = 0 is S12 = 0.
1.4.17 Conjugate lines
If P and Q are conjugate points with respect to the circle S = 0 then the polars of P and Q are called
conjugate lines with respect to the circle S = 0.
1.4.18 Theorem : Let S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
be a circle with radius r and l1x + m1y + n1 = 0, ... (2)
l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 ... (3)
be two straight lines. Then the following statements are equivalent.
(i) l1x + m1y + n1 = 0, l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 are conjugate lines with respect to the circle (1)
(ii) r2 (l1l2 + m1m2) = (l1 g + m1f  n1) (l2g + m2 f  n2)
Proof : (i)  (ii)
Suppose that the lines given by (2) and (3) are conjugate. Then the pole of (2) i.e.,
 l1r 2 m1r 2 
 g  ,  f  
 l g  m f  n l g  m f  n 
 1 1 1 1 1 1
lies on (3). Here r is the radius of the circle (1). Since (2) and (3) are conjugate, this point lies on (3).
 l1r 2   m1r 2 
 l2  g    m2  f    n2  0
 (l1g  m1 f  n1 )   (l1 g  m1 f  n1 ) 
(l1l2  m1m2 ) r 2
i.e. (l2 g  m2 f  n2 )  0
(l1 g  m1 f  n1 )
i.e., r2 (l1 l2 + m1 m2) = (l1 g + m1f  n1) (l2g + m2f  n2).

Thus (i)  (ii) is proved. Now we prove (ii)  (i)
Suppose r2(l1 l2 + m1m2) = (l1g + m1f  n1) (l2 g + m2f  n2)
r 2 (l1l2  m1m2 )
  l2 g  m2 f  n2
l1 g  m1 f  n1
 l1 r 2   m1 r 2 
 l 2  g    m2   f    n2  0
 (l1 g  m 1 f  n )
1   (l1 g  m1 f  n )
1 
 The pole of (2) lies on (3)

 The lines given by (2) and (3) are conjugate.
1.4.19 Note
Two lines l1x + m1 y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 are conjugate with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = a2
if and only if a2(l1 l2 + m1m2) = n1n2.

1. Problem : Show that (4, 2) and (3, 6) are conjugate with respect to the circle x2 + y2  24 = 0.
Solution : Here (x1, y1) = (4, 2) and (x2, y2) = (3, 6) and S  x2 + y2  24 = 0. Two points (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2) are conjugate with respect to the circle S = 0 if S12 = 0. In this case
x1x2 + y1y2  24 = 0.
For the given points S12 = (4) (3) + (2) (6)  24 = 0.
 The given points are conjugate with respect to the given circle.
2. Problem : If (4, k) and (2, 3) are conjugate points with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = 17 then find k.
Solution : Here (x1, y1) = (4, k), (x2, y2) = (2, 3) and S  x2 + y2  17 = 0. Since the given points are conjugate,
we have S12 = 0.
i.e., x1x2 + y1y2  17 = 0
i.e., (4) (2) + (k) (3)  17 = 0
 k = 3.
3. Problem : Show that the lines 2x + 3y + 11 = 0 and 2x  2y  1 = 0 are conjugate with respect to the
circle x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y  12 = 0.
Solution: Here l1 = 2, m1 = 3, n1 = 11; l2 = 2, m2 = 2, n2 = 1 and g = 2, f = 3, c = 12. Further the radius of the
circle r  4  9  12  1 . By Theorem 1.4.18, we have l1x + m1y + n1 = 0,
l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 are conjugate with respect to S = 0 if
r2(l1 l2 + m1m2) = (l1g + m1f  n1) (l2g + m2f  n2) ... (1)
L.H.S. of (1) = (1)2 [(2) (2) + (3) (2) = 2
R.H.S. of (1) = (4 + 9  11) (4  6 + 1) = 2
 Condition (1) is satisfied by the given lines with respect to the given circle. Hence they are conjugate
lines.
4. Problem : Show that the area of the triangle formed by the two tangents through P(x1, y1) to the circle.
r (S11 )3 / 2
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and the chord of contact of P with respect to S = 0 is where r
S11  r 2
is the radius of the circle.
Circle 55
Solution : Let PA and PB be two tangents through P

to the circle S = 0 and  be the angle between these A
Y
two tangents. We know that
P
 r 
tan   
2 S11 (By Note 1.4.2(iii))
Required area (see Fig. 1.43) B
= APB area O
X
Fig. 1.43
1
= PA . PB. sin 
2

1 2 tan ( )
 S11 S11 . 2
2 2 
1  tan ( )
2
 r 
S11  
 S 
  11 
2
r
1
S11
r ( S11 )3 / 2
 .
S11  r 2
1.4.21 Definition
Let C be the centre and r be the radius of the circle S = 0. Two points P and Q are said to be
inverse points with respect to the circle S = 0 if C, P, Q are collinear such that P, Q are on the same
side of C and CP. CQ = r2.
1.4.22 Theorem : Let C be the centre and r be the radius of the circle S  x2 + y2  r2 = 0. Two points
P and Q are inverse points if and only if Q is the point of intersection of the polar of P with respect to
S = 0 and the line joining P and C.
Y
Proof: Suppose that P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are the inverse P
points. Then
(i) CP. CQ = r2
Q
(ii) C, P, Q are collinear X
C
From (i), we get Polar of P
( x12  y12 ) ( x22  y22 ) r 4
... (1)
O
From (ii), we get CPQ area = 0
i.e., x1y2  x2y1 = 0 ... (2) Fig. 1.44
Equation (1) is equivalent to

x12 x22  y12 y22  x12 y22  x22 y12  r 4
x12 x22  y12 y22  ( x1 y2  x2 y1 ) 2  2 x1 x2 y1 y2  r 4
( x1 x2  y1 y2 ) 2  0  r 4 (by (2))
x1x2  y1y2 = + r2
Since P, Q lie on the same side of C, we get x1 x2 > 0, y1 y2 > 0.
 x1x2  y1y2 = r2.
Thus P, Q are conjugate points.
 Q lies on the polar of P.
Thus Q is the intersection of CP and the polar of P.
Conversely suppose Q is the intersection of the polar of P and CP. We shall prove that CP.CQ = r2
Equation of polar of P is xx1  yy1  r2 = 0
0  0  r2 r2
CQ  
x12  y12 x12  y12
r2
Thus CP . CQ = x12  y12 .  r2 .
x12  y12
Hence P and Q are inverse points.
1.4.23 Note
The inverse of the point P with respect to the circle S = 0 is the foot of the perpendicular from the centre of
the circle S = 0 to the polar of P.
1.4.24 Example
Let us find the inverse point of (2, 3) with respect to the circle x2 + y2  4x  6y + 9 = 0.
Let P = (2, 3) and C be the centre of the circle. Then C = (2, 3). The polar of P is
x(2) + y(3)  2 (x  2)  3(y + 3) + 9 = 0
i.e., x = 1.
The equation of the line CP is

33
y 3  ( x  2)
2 1
i.e., y = 3.
From (1) and (2), we get the common point of x = 1 and y = 3 as (1, 3).
 The inverse point of (2, 3) is (1, 3).
Circle 57
1.4.25 Equation of chord with given middle point

Now, we derive the equation of chord when the middle point of it is known.
1.4.26 Theorem : If P(x1, y1) is the mid - point of a chord AB (other than the diameter) of the circle
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 then the equation of secant AB is S1 = S11.
Proof : Let C be the centre of the circle S = 0. Then C = (g, f )  (x1, y1). We know that AB is
perpendicular to CP (see Fig. 1.45). We may suppose that y1   f.
Slope of AB Y
1
= 
Slope of CP
(x  g) C
=  1
( y1  f )
A P B
Thus the equation of AB is given by
(x  g) X
O
y  y1   1 ( x  x1 ) Fig. 1.45
( y1  f )
i.e., (y  y1) (y1 + f ) + (x  x1) (x1 + g) = 0
i.e., xx1 + yy1 + gx + fy
= x12  y12  gx1  fy1
Adding gx1 + fy1 + c on both sides to the above equation, we obtain
S1 = S11.
Note that if y1 = f then the equation of secant is x = x1.

1. Problem : Find the mid point of the chord intercepted by
x2 + y2  2x  10y + 1 = 0 ... (1)
on the line x  2y + 7 = 0. ... (2)
Solution : Let P(x1, y1) be the mid-point of the chord intercepted by the circle (1) on the line given
by (2).
The equation of secant along the chord is S1 = S11
2 2
i.e., xx1 + yy1  (x + x1)  5(y + y1) + 1 = x1  y1  2 x1  10 y1  1
2 2
i.e., x(x1  1) + y(y1  5)  ( x1  y1  x1  5 y1 ) = 0 ... (3)
Equations (2) and (3) represent the same chord
x1  1 y1  5  ( x12  y12  x1  5 y1 )
   = K(say)
1 2 7
x1 = K + 1 ... (4)
y1 = 2K + 5 ... (5)

x12  y12  x12  5 y1  7 K ... (6)
Substituting (4) and (5) in (6) we get
(K + 1)2 + (2K + 5)2  (K + 1)2  5(2K + 5) =  7K
i.e., 5K2  2K = 0
2
 K = 0 or K = .
5
For K = 0, the point (x1, y1) = (1, 5) which is not a point on the chord x  2y + 7 = 0. Hence K = 0
rejected.
2  7 21 
For K = , the point (x1, y1) =  , 
5 5 5 
 7 21 
 Mid point of the chord is  , .
5 5 
Other Method
Let C be the centre of the circle. Then C(1, 5). Let P(x1, y1) be mid point of the chord intersected by (2)
on the circle (1). Then (x1, y1) is the foot of the perpendicular of C to the chord given by (2).
We have (by a result proved in Intermediate Mathematics - IB Text Book) that
x1  1 y1  5  (1  10  7)
 
1 2 (1  4)
x1  1 y1  5 2
i.e.,  
1 2 5
7 21
 x1  , y1 
5 5
 7 21 
Thus  ,  is the mid point of the given chord.
5 5 
2. Problem : Find the locus of mid-points of the chords of contact of x2 + y2 = a2 from the points lying on
the line lx + my + n = 0.
Solution : Let P(x1, y1) be a point on the locus. Then the point P is the mid-point of a chord of the circle
x2 + y2 = a2 ... (1)
and this chord is chord of contact of a point lying on
lx + my + n = 0 ... (2)
Circle 59
i.e., the pole of this chord is on the line given by (2). The equation of the chord of the circle (1) having
P(x1, y1) as its midpoint is
2 2
xx1 + yy1 = x1  y1
2 2
i.e., xx1 + yy1  ( x1  y1 ) = 0 ... (3)
The pole of (3) with respect to the circle (1) is
  a 2 x1  a 2 y1 
 
  (x2  y2 ) ,  (x2  y2 )  (by Theorem 1.4.11)
 1 1 1 1 
 a 2 x1 a 2 y1 
 2 
i.e.,  x  y 2 , x2  y2 
 1 1 1 1 
This point lies on the line given by (2)
a 2 x1 a 2 y1
 l 2 m 2 n  0
x1  y12 x1  y12
 a 2 (lx1  my1 )  n( x12  y12 )  0

Hence the locus of P is a2(lx + my) + n(x2 + y2) = 0.
Exercise 1(d)
I. 1. Find the condition that the tangents drawn from (0, 0) to
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 be perpendicular to each other.
2. Find the chord of contact of (0, 5) with respect to the circle x2 + y2  5x + 4y  2 = 0.
3. Find the chord of contact of (1, 1) to the circle x2 + y2 = 9.
4. Find the polar of (1, 2) with respect to x2 + y2 = 7.
5. Find the polar of (3, 1) with respect to 2x2 + 2y2 = 11.
6. Find the polar of (1, 2) with respect to x2 + y2  10x  10y + 25 = 0.
7. Find the pole of ax + by + c = 0 (c  0) with respect to x2 + y2 = r2.
8. Find the pole of 3x + 4y  45 = 0 with respect to x2 + y2  6x  8y + 5 =0
9. Find the pole of x  2y + 22 = 0 with respect to x2 + y2  5x + 8y + 6 = 0.
10. Show that the points (6, 1) and (2, 3) are conjugate points with respect to the circle
x2 + y2  2x + 2y + 1 = 0.
11. Show that the points (4, 2) and (3, 5) are conjugate points with respect to the circle
x2 +y2  3x  5y + 1 = 0.
12. Find the value of k if kx + 3y  1 = 0, 2x + y + 5 = 0 are conjugate lines with respect to the circle
x2 + y2  2x  4y  4 = 0.
13. Find the value of k if x + y  5 = 0 and 2x + ky  8 = 0 are conjugate with respect to the circle
x2 + y2  2x  2y  1 = 0.
14. Find the value of k if the points (1, 3) and (2, k) are conjugate with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = 35.
15. Find the value of k if the points (4, 2) and (k, 3) are conjugate points with respect to the circle
x2 + y2  5x + 8y + 6 = 0
II. 1. Find the acute angle between the tangents drawn from (3, 2) to the circle x2 + y2  6x + 4y  2 = 0.
2. Find the acute angle between the pair of tangents drawn from (1, 3) to the circle
x2 + y2  2x + 4y  11 = 0.
3. Find the acute angle between the pair of tangents drawn from (0, 0) to the circle x2 + y2  14x + 2y +
25 = 0.
4. Find the locus of P if the tangents drawn from P to x2 + y2 = a2 include an angle .
5. Find the locus of P if the tangents drawn from P to x2 + y2 = a2 are perpendicular to each other.
6. Find the slope of the polar of (1, 3) with respect to the circle
x2 + y2  4x  4y  4 = 0. Also find the distance from the centre to it.
7. If ax + by + c = 0 is the polar of (1, 1) with respect to the circle
x2 + y2 + 4x + 2y + 1 = 0 and H.C.F. of a, b, c is equal to one then find a2 + b2 + c2.
III. 1. Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of tangents at the points where
x + 4y  14 = 0 meets the circle x2 + y2  2x + 3y  5 = 0.
2. If the polar of the points on the circle x2 + y2 = a2 with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = b2 touches the circle
x2 + y2 = c2 then prove that a, b, c are in Geometrical progression.
3. Tangents are drawn to the circle x2 + y2 = 16 from the point P(3, 5). Find the area of the triangle
formed by these tangents and the chord of contact of P.
4. Find the locus of the point whose polars with respect to the circles x2 + y2  4x  4y  8 = 0 and
x2 + y2  2x + 6y  2 = 0 are mutually perpendicular.
5. Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to any chord of the circle
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 which subtends a right angle at the origin.
1.5 Relative Positions of two circles

The number of common tangents that can be drawn to two given circles depend on their relative positions.
We shall describe the various possible relative positions of two circles. First, let us recall that any two intersecting
common tangents of two circles and the line joining the centres of the circles are concurrent, equivalently the
point of intersection of two common tangents (if exists) of two circles and the centres of these two circles are
collinear. In this section we learn the different possible relative position of two circles and the number of common
tangents exists in each case.
Circle 61
1.5.1 Definition Y
A straight line L is said to be a Common tangent

common tangent to the circles S = 0 and
S' = 0 if it is tangent to both S = 0 and
S' = 0 (see Fig. 1.46). S=0
S' = 0
X
O
Fig. 1.46
1.5.2 Definition
Two circles are said to be touching each other if they have only one common point (see
Fig. 1.47(a), 1.47(b))
Y
Y
X
O X
O
Fig. 1.47(a) Fig. 1.47(b)
1.5.3 Relative positions of two circles

Let C1, C2 be the centres and r1, r2 be the radii of two Y
circles S = 0 and S' = 0 respectively. Further let C1C 2 represents

the line segment from C1 to C2. The following cases arise with
regard to the relative position of two circles. C1
C2
(i) C1C2 > r1 + r2
In this case the two circles will be apart X
O
i.e., one will be away from the other Fig. 1.48
(see Fig.1.48). Y
(ii) C1C2 = r1 + r2
r2
In this case the two circles touch each other externally r1 C2
(see Fig.1.49). C1 P
O X
Fig. 1.49
(iii) |r1  r2| < C1C2 < r1 + r2 Y
In this case the two circles intersect in two distinct

points (see Fig.1.50). C1 C2
X
O
Fig. 1.50
Y
(iv) C1C2 = |r1  r2|
The two circles touch each other internally (see
P
Fig.1.51) in this case. C1 C2
X
O
Fig.1.51
(v) C1C2 < |r1  r2|
Y
In this case the two circles do not intersect / touch
and one circle will be completely inside the other (see C1
Fig. 1.52).
C2
X
O
Fig. 1.52
1.5.4 Note Y
If C1C2 = 0 then the centres of the two circles coincide

and they are concentric circles (see Fig. 1.53). C1
C2
X
O
Fig. 1.53
Before the discussion on the number of common tangents in the above cases, we give a proof of a useful
result. In the next two sections the figures are drawn without drawing the axes for convenience.
1.5.5 A useful result

Let (i) C1 and C2 be the centres of two circles (ii) r1 and r2 are radii of these circles (iii) one pair of
common tangents meet C1C 2 in P and other pair meet in Q (see Fig. 1.54). Let these common tangents meet the
circles at T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 as shown in Fig. 1.54. Then PC1T1 and PC2T2 are similar triangles.
Circle 63
T6
T3
T5
C1 T2
r1 r2
P
C2
T1 T4
Q
T7 T8
Fig. 1.54
C1T1 CP
  1
C 2 T2 C2P
r1 CP
 1
r2 C2P
Similarly QC1T7, QC2T8 are similar,
C1T7 CQ
  1 .
C 2 T8 C2Q
r1 CQ
 1 .
r2 C 2Q
 The points P and Q divide C1 C2 in the ratio of the radii (i.e., r1 : r2).
1.5.6 Common tangents, Centre of similitude

Now we discuss the number of common tangents that exist for the cases specified in the section 1.5.3
Case (i) : Each of the given pair of circles lies in the exterior of the other i.e., C1C2 > r1 + r2.
Subcase (i) : r1  r2 (r1, r2 are radii of the circles)
C1
P
C2
Q
Fig. 1.55
In this case, there is a possibility of having two pairs of common tangents. The pair of common
tangents intersecting at a point on the line segment C1C 2 is called transverse pair of common tangents
and the pair of common tangents intersecting at a point not in C1C 2 (see Fig. 1.55) is called as direct
pair of common tangents. The points P, Q are collinear with the centres C1 and C2 of given circles. The
point of intersection of transverse pair of common tangents P is called the internal centre of similitude and
the point of intersection of direct pair of common tangents Q is called external centre of similitude. Note
that P divides C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 internally and Q divides C1C 2 in the same ratio externally. Also note
that C1C2 > r1 + r2. In this case the number of distinct common tangents is 4.
subcase (ii) : C1C 2 > r1 + r2 and r1 = r2. In this case the direct common tangents are parallel and the
external centre of similitude doesnt exist. (see Fig. 1.56).
C1 C2
Fig. 1.56
To find the equations of parallel common tangents, suppose the tangent equation as y = mx + c. The
slope m = slope of C1C2. From this fact the value of m is known.
m( g1 )  f1  c
r1  (radius is equal to perpendicular distance)
1  m2
Using the above equation we can find c. In this case the number of common tangents is 4.
Case (ii) : C1C 2 = r1 + r2
Given circles touch each other externally (see Fig. 1.57).
P
Q
C1 C2
Fig. 1.57
In this case the internal centre of similitude P is the point of contact of two given circles. At P there is only
one common tangent. Through Q, there will be two common tangents. In this case the number of common
tangents is 3.
Case (iii) : |r1  r2 | < C1C 2 < r1 + r2
(i.e., Given circles intersecting each other)
Circle 65
Q
C1 C2
Fig. 1.58
In this case the internal centre of similitude does not exist.

Only two common tangents through Q can be drawn (see Fig.1.58)
Case (iv) : C1C2 = |r1  r2 |
(i.e., Given circles touch each other internally)
In this case internal centre of similitude does not exist P
C1 C2
and the external centre of similitude Q is the point of contact
of the two circles. Only one common tangent exists at Q.
Thus the number of common tangents in the present case is
one (see Fig.1.59)
Fig.1.59
case (v): C1C 2 < |r1  r2 |

(i.e., one circle lies entirely in the interior of the other circle) C1
In this case the number of common tangents is zero
(see Fig. 1.60). C2
Fig. 1.60

1. Problem : Show that four common tangents can be drawn for the circles given
by x2 + y2  14x + 6y + 33 = 0 ... (1)
and x + y  30x  2y + 1 = 0
2 2
... (2)
and find the internal and external centres of similitude.
Solution : Centres of the given circles are C1 = (7, 3) and C2 = (15, 1) and radii of given circles are
r1 = 5, r2 = 15.
Now C1C 2  (7  15) 2  (3  1) 2  10 5 .

r1 + r2 = 20
 C1C2 > r1 + r2 (' C1C 2  500 , r1  r2  400 )
 Four common tangents exist for the given circles (by 1.5.6 sub case(i))
Now r1 : r2 = 5 : 15 = 1 : 3.
The internal centre of similitude
 (3) (7)  (1)(15) (3) (3)  (1) (1) 
  , 
 3 1 3 1 
3 
  ,  2
2 
The external centre of similitude
 (3) (7)  (1) (15) 3(3)  (1) (1) 
  , 
 3 1 3 1 
= (18, 5).
2. Problem : Prove that the circles
x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21 = 0
and x2 + y2  2y  15 = 0
have exactly two common tangents. Also find the point of intersection of those tangents
Solution : Let C1, C2 be the centres and r1, r2 be the radii of circles given by (1) and (2) respectively. Then
C1 = (4, 3), C2 = (0, 1); r1 = 2 and r2 = 4.
 C1C 2  20  2 5
|r1  r2| = |2  4| = 2 and r1 + r2 = 6.
|r1  r2| < C1 C2 < r1 + r2 (' 4  20  36 )
 Given circles intersect each other and have exactly two common tangents.
Now r1 : r2 = 2 : 4 = 1 : 2.
The external centre of similitude is
 8  0 6 1 
 ,   (8,5) .
 2 1 2 1 
Thus the point of intersection of common tangents is (8, 5).
3. Problem : Show that the circles x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0 ... (1)
and x2 + y2  6x  18y  26 = 0 ... (2)
touch each other. Also find the point of contact and common tangent at this point of contact.
Solution : Let C1, C2 be the centres of the circles (1) and (2) and r1, r2 be the radii of these circles. Then
C1 = (2, 3), C2 = (3, 9); r1 = 5, r2 = 8.
Circle 67
Now C1C 2  ( 2  3) 2  (3  9) 2  13
r1 + r2 = 5 + 8 = 13
 C1C 2  r1  r2 .
 The given circles touch each other externally.
The point of contact P(x1, y1) divides C1C 2 in the ratio r1 : r2 = 5 : 8.
 16  15 24  45 
 P( x1 , y1 )   , 
 85 85 
 1  21 
  , 
 13 13 
The common tangent at this point of contact is
1  21   1  21 
x    y    2 x    3 y    12  0
 13   13   13   13 
i.e., 5x + 12y + 19 = 0.
4. Problem : Show that the circles x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0. ... (1)
and 5(x + y )  8x  14y  32 = 0
2 2
... (2)
touch each other and find their point of contact.
4 7
Solution : Here the centres of (1) and (2) are C1 = (2, 3), C2 =  ,  . The radii of (1) and (2) are r1 = 5,
5 5
r2 = 3 and C1C 2 = 2.
Note that C1C 2 = |r1  r2|
Hence the circles (1) and (2) are touch each other internally. The point of contact P divides C1C 2 in the
ratio 5 : 3 externally.
 4 7
 (3) (2)  5  (3)(3)  5  
P 5, 5
 35 35 
 
 
= (1, 1).
Thus the point of contact of the given circles is (1, 1).
Now we shall derive the combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle.
1.5.8 Theorem : The combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from an external point P(x1, y1)
to the circle S = 0 is SS11 = S12 .
Proof Y
Suppose that the tangents drawn from A

P to the circle S = 0 touch the circle at A and B
(see Fig. 1.61). P
The equation of AB is S1 = 0.
B
Q(x2, y2)
X
O
Fig. 1.61
i.e. xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0 ... (1)
Let Q(x2, y2) be any point on these tangents. Now the locus of Q will be the equation of pair
of tangents drawn from P.
The segment PQ is divided by the line AB (whose equation is S1 = 0) in the ratio S11 : S12
 PB : QB =  S11 : S12 or S11 : S12
according as S11 S12 < 0 or S11 S12 > 0
PB S
  11 ... (2)
QB S12
But PB  S11 and QB  S22 (lengths of tangents from P and Q)
PB S11
  ... (3)
QB S22
From (2) and (3), we get
2
S11 S
2
 11
S12 S22
S11 S22 = S12
2
Hence the locus of Q(x2, y2) is

2
S11 S = S1 .

1. Problem : Find the equation of the pair of tangents from (10, 4) to the circle x2 + y2 = 25.
Solution : Here (x1, y1) = (10, 4). By Theorem 1.5.8, the equation of the pair of tangents is
given by (100 + 16  25) (x2 + y2  25) = (10x + 4y  25)2
i.e., 9x2 + 80xy  75y2  500x  200y + 2900 = 0.
Circle 69
2. Problem : Find the equations to all possible common tangents of the circles
x2 + y2  2x  6y + 6 = 0 ... (1)
and x2 + y2 =1 ... (2)
Solution : Let C1, C2 be the centres and r1, r2 be the radii of the circles given by (1) and (2). Then
C1 = (1, 3); C2 = (0, 0); r1 = 2 ; r2 = 1. Here C1C2  10 , r1 + r2 = 3, |C1C2| > r1 + r2 and r1  r2.
1 
Here there exist four common tangents. The centres of similitudes are  , 1 and (1, 3). The
3 
required common tangents are given by
2
1  x 
( x 2  y 2  1)   1  1    y  1 ... (3)
9  3 
and (x2 + y2  1) (1 + 9  1) = (x  3y  1)2 ... (4)
Equation (3) is equivalent to
4y2 + 3xy  3x  9y + 5 = 0
i.e., (y  1) (4y + 3x  5) = 0 ... (5)
Now equation (4) can be expressed as
(x + 1) (4x  3y  5) = 0 ... (6)
From equations (5) and (6), we get the equations of common tangents as y  1 = 0,
3x + 4y  5 = 0, x + 1 = 0 and 4x  3y  5 = 0.
Exercise 1(e)
I. 1. Discuss the relative position of the following pair of circles

(i) x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0, (ii) x2 + y2 + 6x + 6y + 14 = 0,
x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0 x2 + y2  2x  4y  4 = 0
(iii) (x  2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9, (iv) x2 + y2  2x + 4y  4 = 0
(x + 1)2 + (y  3)2 = 4 x2 + y2 + 4x  6y  3 = 0
2. Find the number of possible common tangents that exist for the following pairs of circles.
(i) x2 + y2 + 6x + 6y + 14 = 0, (ii) x2 + y2  4x  2y + 1 = 0,
x2 + y2  2x  4y  4 = 0 x2 + y2  6x  4y + 4 = 0
(iii) x2 + y2  4x + 2y  4 = 0 (iv) x2 + y2 = 4,
x2 + y2 + 2x  6y + 6 = 0 x2 + y2  6x  8y + 16 = 0
(v) x2 + y2 + 4x  6y  3 = 0
x2 + y2 + 4x  2y + 4 = 0.
3. Find the internal centre of similitude for the circles
x2 + y2 + 6x  2y + 1 = 0 and x2 + y2  2x  6y + 9 = 0
4. Find the external centre of similitude for the circles
x2 + y2  2x  6y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2 = 4.
II. 1. (i) Show that the circles x2 + y2  6x  2y + 1 = 0, x2 + y2  2x  8y + 13 = 0 touch each other.
Find the point of contact and the equation of common tangent at their point of contact.
(ii) Show that x2 + y2  6x  9y + 13 = 0, x2 + y2  2x  16y = 0 touch each other. Find the point
of contact and the equation of common tangent at their point of contact.
2. Find the equation of the circle which touches the circle x2 + y2  2x  4y  20 = 0 externally at (5, 5)
with radius 5.
3. Find the direct common tangents of the circles x2 + y2  22x  4y  100 = 0 and
x2 + y2  22x  4y + 100 = 0.
4. Find the transverse common tangents of the circles x2 + y2  4x  10y + 28 = 0 and
x2 + y2  4x  6y + 4 = 0.
5. Find the pair of tangents from (4, 10) to the circle x2 + y2 = 25.
6. Find the pair of tangents drawn from (0, 0) to x2 + y2  10x  10y + 40 = 0.
III. 1. Find the equation of the circle which touches x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0 at (1, 1) internally with a
radius of 2.
2. Find all common tangents of the following pairs of circles.
(i) x2 + y2 = 9 and x2 + y2  16x  2y + 49 = 0
(ii) x2 + y2 + 4x + 2y  4 = 0 and x2 + y2  4x  2y + 4 = 0.
3. Find the pair of tangents drawn from (3, 2) to the circle x2 + y2  6x  4y  2 = 0.
4. Find the pair of tangents drawn from (1, 3) to the circle x2 + y2  2x  4y  11 = 0 and also find the angle
between them.
5. Find the pair of tangents from the origin to the circle x2 + y2  2gx  2fy + c = 0 and hence deduce a
condition for these tangents to be perpendicular.
6. From a point on the circle x2 + y2  2gx  2fy + c = 0 two tangents are drawn to the circle
x2 + y2  2gx  2fy + c sin2 + (g2 + f 2) cos2 = 0 (0 <  < /2). Prove that the angle between them
is 2.
Circle 71
Key Concepts
v The locus of a point in a plane such that its distance from a fixed point in the plane is always the same is
called a circle.
v The equation of a circle with centre (h1k) and radius r is (x  h)2 + (y  k)2 = r2
v The equation of a circle in standard form is x2 + y2 = r2
v The equation of a circle in general form is x2 + y2 + 2gx  2fy  c = 0 and its centre is (g, f ), radius
is g 2  f 2  c.
v The intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx  2fy  c = 0
(i) on X-axis is 2 g 2  c if g2 > c
(ii) on Y-axis is 2 f 2  c of f 2 > c.
v If the extremities of a diameter of a circle are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) then its equation is
(x  x1) (x  x2) + (y  y1) (y  y2) = 0
v The equation of a circle passing through three non- collinear points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is
x1 y1 1 c1 y1 1 x1 c1 1 x1 y1 c1
x2 y 2 1 ( x 2  y 2 )  c2 y2 1 x  x2 c2 1 y  x2 y2 c2  0.
x3 y3 1 c3 y3 1 x3 c3 1 x3 y3 c3
where ci   ( xi2  yi2 )

v The centre of the circle passing through three non- collinear points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is
 c1 y1 1 x1 c1 1 
 
 c2 y 2 1 x2 c2 1 
 c3 y3 1 x3 c3 1 
 , 
 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 
 
 (2) x2 y2 1 (2) x2 y 2 1 
 x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1 
 
v The parametric equations of a circle with centre (h, k) and radius (r > 0) are given by
x = h + r cos 
y = k + r sin  0 <  < 2
v A point P(x1, y1) is an interior point or on the circumference or an exterior point of a circle
S = 0  S11  0.

v The power of P(x1, y1) with respect to the circle S = 0 is S11.
v A point P(x1, y1) is an interior point or on the circumference or exterior point of the circle S = 0  the
power of P with respect to S = 0 is negative, zero and positive.
v If a straight line through a point P(x1, y1) meets the circle S = 0 at A and B then the power of P is equal
to PA . PB.
v The length of the tangent from P(x1, y1) to S = 0 is S11 .
v The straight line L = 0 intersects, touches or does not meet the circle S = 0 according as
l < r, l = r or l > r where l is the perpendicular distance from the centre of the circle to the line L = 0
and r is the radius.
2
v For every real value of m the straight line y = mx + r 1  m is a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = r2.
v If r is the radius of the circle S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 then for every real value of m the straight
line
y + f = m(x + g) + r 1  m 2
will be a tangent to the circle.
v If P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are two points on the circle S = 0 then the secants ( PQ ) equation is
S1 + S2 = S12.
v The equation of tangent at (x1, y1) of the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0.
v If 1, 2 are two points on S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 then the equation of the chord joining the
points 1, 2 is
        
( x  g ) cos  1 2   ( y  f ) sin  1 2   r cos 1 2 
 2   2   2 
v The equation of the tangent at  of the circle S = 0 is (x + g) cos  + (y + f ) sin  = r.
v The equation of normal at (x1, y1) of the circle
S = 0 is (x  x1) (y1  f )  (y  y1) (x1 + g) = 0.
v The chord of contact of P(x1, y1) (exterior point) with respect to S = 0 is S1 = 0.
v The equation of the polar of a point P(x1, y1) with respect to S = 0 is S1 = 0.
Circle 73
v P(x1, y1) Tangent at P Chord of contact at P Polar of P

Interior Does not Does not exist S1 = 0
of the circle exist (not defined) (P is different from
the centre of the circle)
on the circle S1 = 0 S1 = 0 S1 = 0
Exterior of Does not
the circle exist S1 = 0 S1 = 0
v The pole of lx + my + n = 0 with respect to S = 0 is
 lr 2 mr 2 
  g  lg  mf  n ,  f  lg  mf  n 
where r is the radius of the circle.

v The polar of P(x1, y1) with respect to S = 0 passes through Q(x2, y2)  the polar of Q with respect to
S = 0 passes through P.
v The points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are conjugate points with respect to S = 0 if S12 = 0.
v Two lines l1x + m1y + n1 = 0, l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 are conjugate with respect to
x2 + y2 = a2  a2(l1l2 + m1m2) = n1n2.
v Two points P, Q are said to be inverse points with respect to S = 0 if CP. CQ = r2 where C is the centre
and r is radius of the circle S = 0.
v If (x1, y1) is the mid-point of a chord of the circle S = 0 then its chord equation is S1 = S11.
v The pair of common tangents to the circles S = 0, S = 0 touching at a point on the line segment C1C 2
(C1, C2 are centres of the circles) is called transverse pair of common tangents.
v The pair of common tangents to the circles S = 0, S = 0 intersecting at a point not in C1C 2 is called as
direct pair of common tangents.
v The point of intersection of transverse (direct) common tangents is called internal (external) Centre of
similitude.
v Situation No.of common tangents
1. C1C 2 > r1 + r2 4
2. r1 + r2 = C1C 2 3
3. |r1  r2 | < C1C 2 < r1 + r2 2
4. C1C2 = |r1  r2 | 1
5. C1C2 < |r1  r2 | 0
v The combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from an external point P(x1, y1) to the circle
S = 0 is SS11 = S12.
Historical Note
It is not easy to trace the origin of the studies on circle. Babylonians, ancient Egyptians, Greeks,
Chinese and Indians contributed to the studies on circle to begin with.
Probably the first writings about the circle and the circular shapes are in Rigveda. For construction of
Yagna Vedikas - sacrifical altars, many geometrical shapes were in use. These are referred to in sulbasutras.
Ever since the shape of a circle was identified there were attempts to find the circumferences and areas of
the circles.
Answers
Exercise 1(a)
I. 1. (i) x2 + y2  4x + 6y  3 = 0 (ii) x2 + y2  2x  4y  20 = 0
(iii) x2 + y2  2ax + 2by  2ab = 0 (iv) x2 + y2  2ax + 2by b2 = 0

(v) x2 + y2  2x cos  2y sin  = 0 (vi) x2 + y2  14x + 6y  42 = 0
(vii) 4x2 + 4y2  4x + 72y  225 = 0 (viii) 36x2 + 36y2  180x + 96y  1007 = 0
(ix) 4x2 + 4y2  8x  56y  175 = 0 (x) x2 + y2  81 = 0
2. x2 + y2  8x + 6y = 0 3. x2 + y2  4x  6y  3 = 0
4. x2 + y2  13 = 0 5. x2 + y2  6x  8y  11 = 0
6. a = 2, radius = 21 / 4
 5 1
7. a = 3; b = 0; radius = 65 / 6 , center =  ,   .
6 3
8. g =  2; f = 3; radius = 5 9. g = 4; f = 3; radius = 5
10. c = 23
5 
11. (i) centre = (2, 4); radius = 61 (ii) centre =  , 1 ; radius = 13 / 6
6 
4
(iii) centre = (1, 2) ; radius = (iv) centre = (3, 4); radius = 11
3
Circle 75
 3 19 3 1 21
(v) centre = 1,   ; radius = (vi) centre  ,   ; radius =
 2 2 4 2 4
 c mc 

(vii) centre =  ,  ; radius = c
2 
 1 m 1  m2 
(viii) centre = (a, b); radius = a.
12. (i) x2 + y2  5x  8y + 16 = 0 (ii) x2 + y2  x  y  24 = 0
(iii) x2 + y2  9x  8y + 20 = 0 (iv) x2 + y2  5x  7y + 14 = 0
(v) x2 + y2  10x  2y + 6 = 0 (vi) x2 + y2  3x  1 = 0
(vii) x2 + y2  8x  5y = 0 (viii) x2 + y2  5x  8y + 13 = 0.
13. (i) x = 2cos , y = 2 sin , 0 <  < 2
3 3
(ii) x = cos ; y  sin , 0 <  < 2
2 2
7 7
(iii) x  cos , y  sin , 0 <  < 2
2 2
(iv) x = 3 + 8 cos , y = 4 + 8 sin , 0 <  < 2
(v) x = 2 + 5 cos , y =  + 5 sin , 0 <  < 2
(vi) x = 3 + 5 cos , y = 2 + 5 sin , 0 <  < 2
II. 1. x2 + y2  2ax  2py  (b2 + q2) = 0 2. (i) (1, 3) (ii) (5, 12)
3. x2 + y2  2x  2y  23 = 0 4. x2 + y2  6x  8y  15 = 0
5. x2 + y2  6x  4y  156 = 0 6. 3(x2 + y2)  14x  67 = 0
III. 1. (i) x2 + y2  4x  6y  11 = 0 (ii) x2 + y2  22x  4y  25 = 0
(iii) x2 + y2  x  12y  5 = 0 (iv) 3(x2 + y2)  29x  19y + 56 = 0
(v) x2 + y2  2x  2y = 0
2. (i) x2 + y2  4x  3y = 0 (ii) x2 + y2  6x  4y = 0
14
4. c =
3
5. (i) x2 + y2  17x  19y  50 = 0 (ii) x2 + y2  12x  12y  7 = 0
(iii) 49(x2 + y2)  280 x  259y  245 = 0 (iv) x2 + y2  24x  16y  52 = 0.
Exercise 1(b)
I. 1. (i) interior (ii) exterior (iii) exterior (iv) exterior

2. (i) 44 (ii) 0 (iii) 10 (iv) 24
3. (i) 2 (ii) 5 (iii) 34
II. 1. k = 5 (2) k = 2
III. 1. 5(x2 + y2)  60x  126y  212 = 0 2. 4x + 6y + 9 = 0
Exercise 1(c)
I. 1. (i) 4x  3y  43 = 0 (ii) 4x  3y  7 = 0
(iii) 2x  3y  39 = 0 (iv) x  y  7 = 0
2. (i) xy1=0 (ii) 2x  y  11 = 0
(iii) 11x  13y + 28 = 0 (iv) y = 2
II. 1. 4 6 2. 2 7
3. 2 a 2  p 2 4. x2 + y2  4x  6y  12 = 0
5. x2 + y2  6x  8y  16 = 0 6. x = 4  5 , x = 4  5
7. x + 3y  10 = 0
x  3y  10 = 0
a 2b 2 1 1 1
III. 1. AB  2 c 2  2 2
condition is 2  2  2
(a  b ) a b c
3. x2 + y2  4x  6y  8 = 0 4. 5x + y  17 = 0, x  5y  7 = 0
Circle 77
5. 2x  y  1 = 0 ; x + 2y  3 = 0
6. (5, 1) 7. (1, 1) 8. x + y + 1 + 5 2 = 0
9. x + 3y  2 + 5 2 = 0 10. x  y  + 2 5 = 0 11. x2 + y2  2x  4y  3 = 0
12. x2 + y2  2x  4y  4 = 0 or 25(x2 + y2)  26x + 68y + 44 = 0
13. (2, 3)
Exercise 1(d)
I. 1. g2 + f 2 = 2c 2. 5x  14y  16 = 0 3. x + y  9 = 0
4. x + 2y  7 = 0 5. 6x  2y = 11 6. 4x + 7y  30 = 0
  ar 2  br 2 
7.  c , c  8. (6, 8) 9. (2, 3)
 
12. 2 13. 2 14. 11
28
15. .
3
7 7 
II. 1. Cos 1 ( ) 2. Cos 1 ( ) 3.
8 25 2
4. x2 + y2 = a2 cosec2(/2) 5. x2 + y2  2a2 = 0
6. Slope = 1, distance = 6 2 7. 29
 109 9  108 2
III. 1.  ,  3.
 76 38  17
4. x2 + y2  3x + y  4 = 0 5. 2(x2 + y2) + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Exercise 1(e)
I 1. (i) touch each other (ii) each lies on the exterior of the other
(iii) touch each other (iv) Cut each other in two points
2. (i) 4 (ii) 2 (iii) 3
(iv) 3 (v) 0
5
3. (0, ) 4. (2, 6)
2
 3 14 
II. 1. (i)  ,  , 4x  3y + 6 = 0 (ii) (5, 1), 4x  7y  13 = 0
5 5 
2. x2 + y2  18x  16y  120 = 0
3. 3x + 4y  50 = 0, 7x  24y  250 = 0
4. x  1 = 0, 3x + 4y  21 = 0
5. 75x2  9y2  80xy + 200x + 500y  2900 = 0
6. 3x2  10xy + 3y2 = 0.
III. 1. 5x2  5y2  2x + 6y  18 = 0
2. (i) 4x  3y  15 = 0, 12x + 5y  39 = 0
y  3 = 0, 16x + 63y  195 = 0
(ii) y  2 = 0, 4x  3y  10 = 0
x  1 = 0, 3x  4y  5 = 0
3. x2  15y2  6x + 60y  51 = 0
1  7 
4. 9x2  16y2  18x + 96y  135 = 0, Cos  
 25 
5. (gx + fy)2 = c(x2 + y2); g2 + f 2 = 2c.

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Th e Gover n m en t of In di a vowed to r em ove t h e edu cat i on al di spar i ti es

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Con st r u ct i ve su ggest i on s fr om t h e academ i c fr at er n i t y ar e wel com e

1.1 Equation of a circle, standard form, centre and radius ................................. 2

1.2 Position of a point in the plane of a circle - ..................................... 24

1.3 Position of a straight line in the plane of a circle ..................................... 31

1.4 Chord of contact and polar ..................................... 44

1.5 Relative Positions of two circles ..................................... 60

2. System of Circles 79 - 102

2.1 Angle between two intersecting circles ..................................... 79

2.2 Radical axis of two circles ..................................... 89

3. Parabola 103 - 130

Introduction ..................................... 103

3.1 Conic Sections ..................................... 103

3.2 Equation of tangent and normal at a point ..................................... 117

Introduction ..................................... 131

5. Hyperbola 161 - 176

Introduction ..................................... 161

6. Integration 177 - 260

Introduction ..................................... 177

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