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Developing a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino

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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18760.49920

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International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2018, PP 31-39
ISSN : 2349-476X

Developing a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino

Sharmin Akter1, PinkiRani Mahanta1, Maliha Haque Mim1, Md Rakib Hasan1, Raziun Uddin
Ahmed2*, Md Mostasim Billah3
1
Department of Agricultural and Industrial Engineering, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and
Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
3
Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
*Corresponding Author: Raziun Uddin Ahmed, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering,
Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
Current global technology plays an important role in the field of agriculture. Automation is the technology
with which a procedure or process is executed without human assistance. The main objective of this work is
to determine how a person can use the automatic irrigation system of his own moderately economical
facilities in a few hours to connect some electronic components and other materials. An automatic
irrigation system based on sensor-based systems has been designed and implemented as one of the most
widely used and advantageous automatic systems. This will help people in their daily activities, thus saving
them time and hard work. This system uses sensor technology with the microcontroller, relay, DC motor
and battery. Behave as an intelligent switching system that detects the soil moisture level and irrigates the
plant if necessary. The ON / OFF motor will automatically be based on the dryness level of the soil. Sensor
readings are transmitted to a computer to generate graphs for analysis. This type of irrigation system is
easily controlled and controlled using a computer. In general, this system applies automatically for small
and large gardens, nurseries, greenhouses and green roofs. This will also save time and energy, as well as
minimize water loss. It will also help the farmer to benefit from the plantation without solving irrigation
planning problems.
Keywords: Smart irrigation, agriculture, engineering, intelligent switching, sensor-based systems.

INTRODUCTION 2015; Keswani et al, 2018. Jiang, 2018; Dobbs,

et al,2014 Ososanya, 2015 Kinjal et al., 2018).
Irrigation is the artificial application of water for
the success of crop production in the field. The irrigation system is the smart climate
Irrigation has been a central feature of monitoring system, soil conditions, evaporation,
agriculture for over 5,000 (five thousand) years using plant water and automatic irrigation
worldwide (Shanan, 1987). In the field of program (Kinjal et al., 2018). Intelligent
irrigation has reached a rapid development of irrigation systems beautify watering schedules
mechanization. In modern times, irrigation and automatically running times to meet the
efficiency has become important because of specific needs of the landscape (Caetano et al,
groundwater depletion (Haider et al., 2015). 2015; Houstis et al, 2017). The controllers
Therefore, adequate planning for irrigation is significantly improve the efficiency of outdoor
required. In Bangladesh, the flood irrigation water use (Sarker et al., 2017). There are several
method was selected mainly for its simplicity options for smart irrigation controllers, such as
(Sarker, 2016b). But in this method, water is climate-based soil moisture sensors (ETs) and
wasted about 50% to 60% in evapotranspiration, on the site. The right solution depends on the
infiltration, infiltration and percolation (S & P), geographical solution and the landscape
dead storage, additional water consumption of environment (Prodhan et al., 2017). Time Based
weeds (Ali et al., 2015). To improve irrigation controllers also known as evapotranspiration
efficiency, an intelligent irrigation system has (ET) controllers, using local meteorological data
been introduced (Gutiérrez et al., 2013). In to regulate irrigation schedules (Sarker, 2017).
recent days, smart irrigation is the subject of Evapotranspiration is the combination of soil
popular discussion for researchers (Reche et al, surface evaporation and the transpiration of

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V6 ● I1 ● 2019 31

Developing a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino

plant materials (Sarker& Sultana, 2017; Islam et population each year, while the estimated annual
al., 2018; Sarker et al, 2015; Sarker, 2016a; reduction of agricultural land is about 0.08
Islam et al., 2015). These drivers collect local million hectares (Ziauddin & Zia, 2014). That's
weather information (Sarker et al, 2018. Sarker why we need to increase food production every
et al., 2018. Sarker&Jie, 2017. Sarker et al, year, but our amount of land is not enough for
2019) and make irrigation water adjustments to this purpose. Smart technology is the best
the landscape receive the right amount of water solution for this problem. By using intelligent
(Islam et al. 2015; Sarker et al, 2016; Islam et technology, it is possible to increase the
al., 2018; Sarker et al., 2007; Sarker, 2016c). efficiency of each irrigation site and save the
Forecast evaporation data use four economy. Now days, roof gardening and
meteorological parameters such as temperature, greenhouse plants are the most popular for
wind, solar radiation and humidity. It is the most growing exotic fruits, flowers and vegetables,
accurate way to calculate the climatic needs of which are a very mild climate in Bangladesh. In
the landscape. There are three basic forms of these cases, the system based on control is very
these ET drivers based on time. The user's efficient. In irrigation systems, most of the
signal-based controller uses weather data from important things that are taken into account is
an available audience. The source and value of the drainage system, but like this system of
ET are calculated for a grassy area at the site. drainage of small plants, the waste of the arable
The ET data is sent to the controller via a land and water make the system of irrigation
wireless connection. Historical ET controllers intelligent / systems Automatic irrigation
use a pre-programmed water usage curve based systems save both, and this technology gains
on historical water usage in different regions. popularity all over the world. The automation of
The curve can be adjusted for temperature and the large-scale water system structure refers to
solar radiation. Those responsible for on-site the operation of the structure with fewer manual
climate measurement use the climatic data intercessions (Kadam et al., 2017)A picture of
collected on the site to calculate the continuous the entire controlled water system is one that
measurements of ET and water accordingly simplifies the single distribution to improve the
(Sahu and Behera, 2015). When buried in the cost-benefit ratio. The mechanization of the
root area of the lawn, trees or shrubs, the sensor structure of the small-scale water system
accurately determines the level of moisture in includes an understanding of the planning of the
the ground and transmits this reading to the water system. The automated plant irrigation
controller. Two different systems are available systems estimate and measure the existing plant
based on soil moisture sensors: suspended cycle and therefore provide the desired amount of
irrigation systems configured as traditional water from the plant. Minimizes the excessive
timers, with irrigation programs, start time and use of water and keeps the plants healthy. The
duration. The difference is that the system will economy is mainly based on agriculture and the
interrupt the next irrigation program when there climatic conditions are isotropic and the full use
is enough moisture in the ground. The water of agricultural resources. The main reason is the
system on request does not require the lack of rain and the scarcity of water from the
scheduling of the irrigation duration. It has a terrestrial tank. It is very essential to use
user-defined lower and upper threshold, which resources appropriately. Therefore, a system is
initiates irrigation when soil moisture level does required to manage this activity automatically
not reach those levels (Reche et al., 2015; (Senpinar,2018).This document is based on the
Keswani et al., 2018). From today, in the age of project which is an integrated system consisting
advanced electronic technology, the life of the of Arduino UNO and a system of soil moisture
human being should be simpler and more sensors. Arduino UNO is processing and
convenientMany automated systems are needed controlling the units of this system that receives
that can replace or reduce human effort in their and processes sensor data. The sensor will be
daily activities. The automatic system of placed on the ground to measure the degree of
irrigation of plants or intelligent irrigation dryness of the soil. If the drying speed is equal
systems is one of the best examples of electronic to or higher than the indicated value, the engine
technology in the field of agriculture that makes will start and irrigation will start. When it
the best use of water in plants (Dobbs et al., reaches a saturated condition, the motor will
2014). In Bangladesh, agricultural land stop automatically. Intelligent irrigation or
decreases day by day due to population growth. irrigation automation is also the most important
Almost 0.2 million people are added to the total for the hydrophone system. Where all the works

32 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V6 ● I1 ● 2019

Developing a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino

are controlled by different sensors and the plants 3.3v.13 and 6 analog pins. This type of pin
grow in water. The current reality is one in allows you to connect the hardware to the UNO
which everything can be controlled and worked board of Arduino externally (Senpinar, 2018).
in a natural way. However, there are still a Simply connect the electronic devices and
couple of vital segments in our nation where sensors to the plugs that correspond to each of
computerization has not been received or has these pins and are ready to work.
not been used for unquestionable use and may
Moisture Sensor
be due to some of the reasons why one of these
reasons is being spent. One of these fields is The humidity sensor is used to measure the
agriculture. Agriculture has been one of the water content (moisture) of the soil. This sensor
essential occupations of men after just-in-time reminds the user to irrigate their plants and also
development. In addition to this development, controls the moisture content of the soil. It has
irrigation plays an important role. The objective been widely used in agriculture, irrigation and
of this study is to design and implement an the land botanical garden (Shahidul Islam et al.,
automatic irrigation system with microcontroller 2015). The ground moisture operating voltage is
to increase irrigation efficiency, saving time and 5 V, the current required is less than 20 mA, the
energy for farmers. interface is analog type sensors and operate
between 10 and 20℃. The soil moisture sensor
MATERIALS AND METHODS uses capacitance to measure the dielectric
Equipment Required permittivity of the surrounding soil. In the soil,
dielectric permittivity is a function of water
Arduino UNO board content. The sensor creates a voltage
Arduino is a single card microcontroller proportional to the dielectric permittivity and,
designed to make the application more therefore, to the water content of the soil. The
appreciable, that is interactive objects and the sensor calculates the average water content over
surrounding environment. The UNO board of the entire length of the sensor. The soil moisture
Arduino is a microcontroller based on sensor is used to measure the loss of moisture
ATmega328. It has 14 digital input and output over time due to evaporation and plants.
pins in which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, a Monitor soil moisture content to control
16 MHz ceramic resonator, an ICSP header, a irrigation in greenhouses and improve bottle
USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power biology experiments. The hardware and
connector and a reset button. Contains all the software needed for the soil moisture sensor is
necessary support controller required (Baraka et Arduino IDE (Senpinar 2018) humidity sensor
al., 2013). It is presented by ATmega16U2 software, and the Arduino Uno board. The soil
(Atmega8U2 up to R2 version) programmed as moisture brings connected to the VCC% v of
USB serial converter. It is a simple USB Arduino UNO, GND soil moisture and
interface system. This allows the interface. This interconnected sensor Arduino UNO and the last
allows the USB interface since it is like a series. door of the A0 sensor connected to the 0
The chips on the card connect directly to the Arduino analogue board (Baraka et al., 2013).
USB port and are compatible with the computer
The program will generate the sensor value as
as a virtual serial port. The advantage of this
output. Take different types of terrain and insert
configuration is that serial communication is an
the sensor into the ground. As a result, you will
extremely simple protocol that has been proven
get the value of moisture present in the soil. For
over time and that USB connects to modern
demonstration purposes, the user can keep the
computers and makes it comfortable (Sahu and
sensor on the ground. On the serial monitor.
Behera, 2015). It is easy to find the
Note that the sensor will read the moisture on
microcontroller brain that is the Atmega328
the floor and show the output.
chip. It is an open source project and there is an
advantage to be open source, since it has a large int sensorpin = A0; // select the item
community of people who use it and solve it. pin for the potentiometer
This facilitates the help in debugging projects. It sensor value int = 0; // variable to store the value
is very convenient to manage the energy inside coming from the sensor
and has an integrated voltage regulation void setup ()
function. This can also be powered directly from {
a USB port without an external power supply. It Serial begin (9600);
is connected to an external power supply up to }
12 V and adjusts the digital pins of the 5v and Void loop ()

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V6 ● I1 ● 2019 33

Developing a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino

{ distribution systems (Sethumathavan et al.,

Sensor value = analogue read (sensorpin); // 2016). Some rotors carry magnets and the stator
Read the sensor value: grabs the conductors. The supports are used to
delay (1000); allow the rotor to rotate continuously towards its
serial.print ("sensor ="); axis (Reshma and Babu, 2016).
serial.printin
Jump Wire
(sensor value);
} A jump cable is used to connect the test plate,
the prototype or the internal circuit with other
To connect the FC-28 humidity tester in digital
non-joined instruments.
mode, connect the digital output of the Arduino
digital pin sensor. The LM393 comparator Arduino IDE Software
compares the sensor output value and the The Arduino Integrated Development
threshold value and then exits through the
Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform
digital pin which will give 5V and the display in application (for Windows, MacOS, Linux)
the sensor will turn on when the sensor value is written in the Java programming language. It is
lower than this threshold value, the digital pin used to write in the java programming language.
will it will give 0V and the light will go down. It is used to write and load programs on the
Relay Arduino board. The source code for the IDE is
published under the GNU General Public
A relay is an electrical main voltage switch.
License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports
This means that it can be turned on or off,
the C and C ++ language using special code
letting the current flow or not. Controlling a
structuring rules (Souza et al., 2017). The
relay with Arduino is as simple as controlling an
Arduino IDE provides a software library of the
output like a motor (Senpinar, 2018). There are
wiring project, which provides many input and
many types of modules, such as single channels,
output procedures (Reche et al., 2015).
double channels, four channels and eight
channels (Souza et al., 2017). A type of relay Block Diagram of Automatic Irrigation using
able to handle the high power required to Arduino UNO
directly control an electric motor or other loads The required connection of the automatic
called contractors. Relays with calibrated irrigation system is (1) indicates the power
operating characteristics and sometimes supply, (2) indicates the relay module, (3)
multiple operating coils are used to protect indicates microcontroller, (4) indicates the soil
electrical circuits from overloads or failures. In moisture sensor, (5) indicates the humidity
relation to the mains voltage, the relays have 3
probes of the soil, (6) indicates the plant in the
possible connections. There is a common pin pot, (7) indicates the water pump and (8)
(COM), usually a pin (NO) and a normally indicates the water container or the water
closed pin (NC). There is no contact between source. In the first cable of 3 bridges connected
the common pin and the normally open (NO) to the soil moisture sensor, 3 jumper cables, one
pin. We activate the relay to connect the COM connected to GND, one connected to the VCC
pin and the power supply is supplied to a load. and the last one connected to the A0 port.
There is a contact between the COM pin and the Therefore, another part of the jumper cables
NC pin. A connection between the COM and connected to the Arduino board, i.e. the VCC of
NC pins is always required, even when the relay the bridge cable is connected to the Arduino 5v,
is switched off. When we activate the relay, the the GND connected to the GND and the ground
circuit opens and there is no power supply for a moisture sensor port A0 is connected to the
load (Reche et al., 2015). All the pins of the analog port 0 of the Arduino board. These
forwarding. The connection between the relay connections are shared between the soil
module and the arduino is really simple. The moisture sensor and the Arduino board.
GND of the relay goes to ground. IN1 relay port Therefore, the connection between the relay
connected to the Arduino digital pin. Check the module and the Arduino board has been
first channel of the relay. established. The GND port of the relay goes to
Water Pump (DC, 12V) ground. The first IN port is connected to an
Arduino digital pin and this connection controls
For this study a water pump is required, which
the first relay channel. When we connect the
must be DC, 12V. The DC motor is the
battery to the relay, a supply is supplied to a
commonly used motor and has DC power
load. There is always a connection between the

34 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V6 ● I1 ● 2019

Developing a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino

COM pin and the NC pin even when the relay is pump is automatically shut down.
switched off. After connecting all the
equipment, the main operation begins. The RESULT AND DISCUSSION
measurement of soil moisture is carried out by Design and Implementation
the sensor that sends the information and
Figure 1 shows the results of our experiment in
parameters relating to soil moisture to the
the form of a general representation of our
microcontroller that controls the pump. If the
automatic irrigation system tested on the basis
soil moisture levels fall below a certain value,
of the microcontroller and the Arduino sensor
the microcontroller sends the signals to the relay
technology. When the program was loaded onto
module, which then drives a pump and a certain
the Arduino, the soil moisture sensor began to
amount of water is delivered to the system
show the value of soil dryness (Chavan and
(Chavan and Karande, 2014). Once the water
Karande, 2014).
has been delivered to the system, the water

Figure 1. Automatic Plant Watering System

If the drying value is higher than the given value we see that more water than sensor-based is
400, the pump will turn on and start to irrigate in needed. Here we can see that when we placed
the system, when the value is equal to or lower sensor in the soil the dryness value is 669 and
than the given value, the pump will switch off watering started as dryness value excess the
and irrigation in the field will be completed. If maximum dryness level we defined in the
we want to flood the system or the field, the program. After watering 1min when it fulfills
humidity sensor remains at a higher level or the the demand the motor was stopped
programming value must be lower than the automatically then few seconds later
previous fixed value. The graph shows that surrounding of the plant was dry and the dryness
when the dry value is higher, the engine starts to value was 420 the motor again started and
irrigate and, sometimes later, in a saturated watering few seconds then stopped
state, the engine switches off to reach a balanced automatically and given a constant value (Figure
position. Previous humidity sensor system, 2).
connected to Arduino and humidity sensor
If we want to a water level in the plant then we
(Parameswaran and Sivaprasath, 2016). At the
need to change the defined value 400 to 250 in
beginning, we measure the specific volume of
the program. The first dryness value was 680
water from the measuring cylinder that the water
then watering 2min it fulfills the demand of
in a vessel in which we place the engine. Before
saturating water level then we need to change
starting to irrigate in the plant, we must observe
the defined value 400 to 250. Then the motor
the time by means of a stopwatch to see the time
will be started again and watering the plant
difference between automatic irrigation and
1min and meet the demand of flooding water
manual irrigation in the plant. Therefore, as
level then the motor will be stopped
soon as the engine starts at the same time, we
automatically (Figure 3). Few seconds later
start to see the time on the stopwatch after 3.23
when the dryness value exceed the defined value
minutes, the plant reference point will be
then the motor started again and watering few
satisfied. So we stopped watering the plant. So,

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V6 ● I1 ● 2019 35

Developing a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino

seconds then again stopped and given a constant before and after obtained from an Excel file.
value. Irrigation in the plant. The moisture value

Figure 2. Graphical representation of dryness level of soil for saturation watering

Data Calculation Total discharge by saturation, Q1 = [V (volume)
/ T (time)] ml / sec.= 7.67 ml / sec
From the previous calculation, we observed that
the water requirement is high when we irrigate Total discharge for flood, Q2 = 7.42 ml / sec.
the plant manually. But when we use the sensor,
Here we find that when we put the sensor on the
we save 300ml of water and can save about 21
ground, the dryness value is 669 and irrigation
seconds. The efficiency of irrigation is greater
started as a drying value higher than the
when we use the pump sensor due to the
maximum dry level we defined in the program.
reduction of water loss (Reddy and Rao, 2016).
After irrigating 1 minute when it satisfied the
In the Arduino-based sensor system, the extra
demand, the engine stopped automatically,
water does not go to the stove because the
therefore, a few seconds later, the plant
engine switches off when a quantity of vital
environment was dry and the drought was 420,
water is flushed.
the engine restarted and irrigation stopped
Calculation for Sensor-Based Watering System automatically and a constant value has been
given (Figure 2).
Area of the circular vessel (tank of the plant), =
πr2 = 0.045 m2

Figure 3. Graphical representation of dryness level of soil for flooding water level
If we want a flooded water level in the plant, we will restart and irrigate the plant for 1 minute
must change the defined value from 400 to 250 and will meet the flood-level demand. The
in the program. motor will stop automatically (Figure 3).
The first drying value was 680 and then the 2 A few seconds later, when the drying value
minute irrigation meets the water level exceeds the defined value, the engine resumes
saturation request, so we have to change the irrigation for a few seconds, then stops again
defined value from 400 to 250. Then, the motor and is assigned a constant value.

36 International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V6 ● I1 ● 2019

Developing a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino

Calculation of Manually Water Required Just irrigation applications and to design economic
with Pump strategies for irrigation management (Gutiérrez
et al.,2013). The uses of water production
About 1350ml of water is needed in the
functions and methods of analysis depend on the
automatic irrigation system, but 1650ml of
circumstances for which water planning is
water is needed in the manual irrigation system.
carried out.
There were water leaks in the manual irrigation
system. So, if we adopt the plant's automatic CONCLUSION
irrigation system, we save water and even time.
Most farmers in our country do not have In this study, an intelligent irrigation system
sufficient knowledge of irrigation and think that based on a microcontroller was developed. The
more water means more agricultural production, microcontroller circuit has been made with few
but in reality, it does not happen. components and the circuit is highly reliable.
This circuit consisted of Arduino UNO, relay,
All crops need an optimal level of water for soil moisture sensor, motor (12 v) and battery.
agricultural production, but they cannot find the We guarantee the success of this project after
optimal point. But the automated irrigation checking the soil dryness data shown on the
system will help the farmer find the optimal computer. This system uses information from
spot. The relationship between crop yield and soil moisture sensors to irrigate the soil, which
water is linear to curvilinear. helps prevent excessive irrigation and
This means that when we start to water the insufficient irrigation. This system works as a
plant, the yield of the first harvest increases with potential solution to the problems faced in
the application of water. But rarely later, there is manual irrigation in the plant. This intelligent
a point where crop production does not increase. irrigation system was designed for flood
saturation and irrigation. Both operations were
This point is called the maximum irrigation performed on clayey and sandy soil in a pot.
requirement for maximum performance. In the From the result, for the saturation, the total
sensor-based system, we can find this point but water required for0.045m2 was 7.67 ml / sec
in the manual system we cannot find this point, and for the irrigation from full the water needed
so the additional water is applied in the field that for the same area was 7.42 ml / sec and the time
is the loss of water. Performance with respect to required was 3.02 min. But every time the water
the irrigation function represents firm decisions applied manually in the same vessel with the
on the choice of the soil, the system and the same total capacity of the engine was found in
operating procedures as well. Optimal irrigation 8.12 ml / s and the time required was 3.23
planning will provide a basis for optimizing minutes. Total water losses were 0.70 ml / s and
seasonal irrigation / acre levels in terms of time losses were 23 seconds. This study
maximizing water use efficiency, net gain or revealed that the sensor-based irrigation system
other objectives (Figure 4). required less water and less time than the
manual irrigation system. Increased irrigation
efficiency. The sensor-based irrigation system is
the most reliable system and has worked
automatically without help. It makes the system
more efficient and convenient. The main
limitation of this study is that it is tested on a
small scale; further studies are needed for large-
scale agriculture.
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Citation: Sharmin Akter, PinkiRani Mahanta, Maliha Haque Mim, Md Rakib Hasan, Raziun Uddin Ahmed,
Md Mostasim Billah" Developing a Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino", International Journal of
Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 31-39, 2019.
Copyright: © 2019 Raziun Uddin Ahmed.. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V6 ● I1 ● 2019 39

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