1

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies that have

relevance to the current research. This review of related literature and studies gives

the researchers valuable information and insights that support and give meaning

to their study. and provides definitions of terms with significant relevance to the

current research.

Related Literature

Acar et al. (2022) cited the problem of not having enough water for crops.

The situation enabled them to develop a smart watering system using advanced

technology. The article focused on automatic watering systems to make farming

easier, by employing a sensor in the ground that detects when the soil is dry which

will automatically enable pumping water to the plant. This way, they use water

more wisely, avoid wasting it, and save a lot of energy. This shows that their smart

watering system is better than the old-fashioned ways, saving a bunch of water

and making plants grow better.

Furthermore, according to Chukwu Agu et al. (2023), automatic watering or

irrigation control system achieved two satisfactory performances meeting specified

requirements. It utilized easily accessible and cost-effective components for

reliable operation, addressing manual challenges associated with irrigation control,

and aiding in water conservation. This article emphasized the potential impact on

agricultural production costs and industry competitiveness, with a focus on

sustainability. The result showed a direct correlation between soil dryness and
 2

irrigation duration across three soil types, suggesting a promising application for

enhancing irrigation efficiency and resource management in agriculture.

In addition, according to Kanhe et al. (2021), an automated irrigation system

utilizes sensor technology and a variety of electronic components, serving as an

intelligent switch to detect soil moisture levels and efficiently water plants. The

authors underscore the simplicity of assembling such a system by connecting

electronic elements and materials, making it an economical option for household

applications. To validate the system's functionality, the experimental setup

involved linking all necessary materials as detailed in the article. This emphasized

the potential of these automated systems as sustainable solutions for challenges

in agriculture and medicine.

Additionally, Athina et al. (2023), states that an automated plant watering

system was designed to replace manual watering with a more efficient and precise

approach. By incorporating components such as a relay, soil moisture sensor, DC

pump motor, and Arduino UNO, this system detects soil moisture levels and

dispenses the necessary amount of water based on predefined values

programmed for specific plant requirements. The automated watering system

reduces human efforts and ensures timely watering, contributing to water

conservation. Whether applied in gardens, farms, or large agricultural fields, this

advanced watering system facilitates optimal plant growth, allowing vegetation to

reach its full potential.

Also, according to Sherpa et al. (2022), automatic plant watering system

can provide indoor plants with the right amount of water without needing people
 3

around. The automatic plant watering prototype achieves this goal by supplying

necessary water for plant growth. Additionally, it includes a handy alert system that

lets users know when the water tank is running low. Enhance the care of indoor

plants, ensure their health, ensuring their health and illustrating the potential for

practical and user-friendly automated plant maintenance. To develop an

autonomous plant watering system that can provide enough water to a plant

without requiring the presence of a human in an indoor space within a reasonable

amount of time.

Similarly, Rathod et al. (2023) cited the critical issue of overwatering in

agricultural practices, emphasizing the importance of minimizing water waste. It

introduces a solution by integrating precise soil moisture sensors with the Arduino

Uno R3 microcontroller, along with additional sensors for moisture and

temperature. This technology streamlines the monitoring process and enables the

systematic recording of soil moisture variations. By measuring and analyzing

temperature, the system provides valuable information about the soil's moisture

status over specific durations. The Arduino Uno processes the sensor data,

triggering water supply when the soil moisture reaches a predetermined threshold,

a crucial factor for optimizing plant growth and ensuring a fruitful yield. Maintaining

an ideal soil moisture level, preventing potential harm to crops. Utilizing a center

pivot irrigation system, this initiative proves highly practical for farmers and nursery

professionals seeking to replace traditional manual irrigation methods with a more

efficient and sustainable approach.

 4

Moreover, according to Muñoz-Carpena et al. (2019), improving irrigation

efficiency is critical for cutting costs in vegetable production. The possibility of

maintaining or raising average yields with appropriate irrigation is highlighted in the

article, with soil water sensors being used to enable autonomous system operation.

This strategy minimizes the negative environmental effects of excessive water

usage and agrichemical leaching, which boosts business competitiveness while

simultaneously advancing sustainability. One method for attaining ideal soil water

conditions in the root zone and promoting better plant growth is the incorporation

of technology, especially soil water sensors.

Apart from this, Kishore et al. (2019), mentioned the prevalent issue of

neglecting plant care in today's busy lifestyles. This situation enabled them to

design a solution for watering indoor potted plants on a flat surface. Central to this

system is a mobile robot equipped with a temperature-humidity sensing module,

ensuring adaptability to diverse environments. The module effectively gauges the

plants' watering needs, enabling the robot to autonomously locate and water them

without human intervention. The authors delve into the hardware architecture,

emphasizing wireless communication between the robot and sensing module. A

predefined path guides the robot to the target plant, and the paper provides a

detailed account of the system's implementation, complemented by

comprehensive circuitry information. The literature concludes with an evaluation of

system performance, analyzing factors such as water-carrying capacity and time

requirements for watering a set of plants.

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Along with the literature of Prasojo et al. (2020), an automated watering

system utilizes a programmed microcontroller chip to regulate watering based on

soil moisture levels detected by a domestic soil moisture sensor. This removes the

need for manual watering, as it can discern whether the soil is dry, offering a

valuable solution for farmers. Beyond agricultural applications, this proves versatile

and can be installed in various settings such as plantations, seedbed nurseries,

urban parks, hotels, offices, and homes with gardens or plants requiring consistent

watering. This system not only streamlines irrigation processes but also enhances

efficiency and sustainability across diverse sectors, contributing to resource

optimization and environmental conservation.

Aside from this, Cahyono et al. (2019) cited how modern technology has

enhanced human productivity, particularly in routine occupations such as farming.

The focus is on addressing manual challenges associated with plant maintenance,

especially regarding watering plants. The automated irrigation system, proposed

as part of the solution, aims to alleviate the task of watering plants by utilizing soil

moisture sensors. The integration of Arduino, a microcontroller, in controlling the

water pump highlights the technological sophistication of this approach. This

innovation aims to simplify agricultural processes by offering a practical, efficient,

and time-saving method of plant watering.

Related Studies

The related studies have provided insights into the development and

application of automated plant watering systems. These studies demonstrate how

to build dependable and effective watering systems using Arduino technology, IoT
 6

architecture, and sensors. They emphasized the importance of keeping an eye on

the moisture level of the soil and using intelligent irrigation strategies to maximize

water use and encourage plant development. These studies will serve farmers and

advance the general health of plants by aiding in the development of sustainable

agricultural methods and providing workable solutions for bridging the dry and rainy

seasons.

A study entitled “Automatic Plants Watering System for Small Garden” by

Astutiningtyas et al. (2021) designed an automated plant watering system that

describes an Internet of Things architecture for tiny gardens inside houses utilizing

wireless networks and sensors. Various systems were used to control the watering

system by Arduino Uno. The data on soil moisture required for plants in automated

watering plants. Sensors are the gadgets used to utilized in smart agriculture. The

proposed application design aims to enhance plant watering systems by

incorporating smartphones as an interface for control and monitoring purposes.

The findings are used to create small gardens with automated plant watering

systems. Numerous studies have been conducted about the agriculture sector. The

progress of technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) enables this design to

provide plant care while also contributing to efforts against climate change.

Like the current study, sensors were used to monitor environmental

conditions, including humidity, temperature, and weather. The efficiency of the

automation hinges on the responsiveness of the watering system. Nevertheless,

the current does not integrate smartphones as a control and monitoring interface.

A similar study conducted by Prasojo et al. (2020) entitled “Design of Automatic

 7

Watering System Based on Arduino” developed an automated plant watering

gadget utilized a soil moisture sensor developed based on the coded Arduino Uno

Board technology. A microcontroller chip is configured to autonomously control

irrigation based on soil moisture. This focuses to farmers who still rely on the rainy

season to cultivate. This might make the production of agricultural goods

unreliable, manually. During the dry season, farmers who wish to perform farming

must spend more work and expenditures on watering. The study found out that the

automatic watering plant works for both dry and rainy season with the help of the

programmed based on the detection of agricultural soil moisture sensors.

Aligned with the current study, this also seeks to provide practical solutions

that bridge the gap between the dry and wet seasons, benefiting farmers and

promoting the overall well-being of plants. The functions used to design the

automated watering system are all controlled by the Arduino Uno which highlights

the goal of developing efficient and dependable systems for monitoring and

managing plant growth.

Aside from this, Bansal et al. (2022) entitled “A Literature Review on

Automatic Watering of Plants” performed a study that highlights the importance of

measuring soil moisture content to regulate the water's flow when irrigating plants.

The primary operational principle of the system involves the connection of the soil

moisture sensor, previously integrated into the plant, to the Arduino microcontroller.

Result was found in the next 30 days, the operation of the system and the overall

behavior of the plant were studied, yielding excellent results as anticipated and

desired. The observations led to the conclusion that the plant maintained its
 8

homeostasis in a desirable, consistent, and healthy manner without any indications

of deficiencies. The study gives important insights into the consequences of

climate change on agriculture as guidelines should be prepared for people who

should conduct this agricultural to ensure water quality. The prototype emphasizes

soil moisture content measuring to regulate the flow of water when watering plants.

The goal of this study is to demonstrate that the plant watering system can

manage the amount of water required by the plants depending on soil moisture.

While the current study, with the help of the drip irrigation and soil moisture, it can

signal when the plant requires water over time.

A study by Bwambale et al. (2023) entitled “Data-Driven Modelling of Soil

Moisture Dynamics for Smart Irrigation Scheduling” conducted a study with a data

driven approach that was employed to analyze the soil moisture dynamics of drip

irrigated tomatoes in an open field agricultural system using system identification.

Smart irrigation has the potential to increase water efficiency in precision

agriculture. Traditionally, irrigation systems depend on heuristic strategies for

scheduling irrigation that result in either over-irrigation or under- ` irrigation.

Irrigation control deals with applying what will keep the soil moisture between that

threshold at the set time with precision. A comprehensive dataset comprising 9674

samples was collected using a ATMOS41 weather station, TERROS 12 soil

moisture sensor and a YFS-201 for analysis. The final model performs

exceptionally well when it comes to statistical assessment criteria and is a state

space model.
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The study and current study underline how soil moisture may aid in

monitoring and managing irrigation when it is necessary over time. Soil moisture

sensor and smart irrigation works together to help and maintain the plant’s growth.

However, this uses system identification throughout the study while the current

does not.

Similarly, a study that was conducted by Rosado et al. (2020) entitled

“Prototype Design of Automatic Plant Watering Equipment with Soil Moisture

Detection System based on Arduino Uno Microcontroller: Case Study of Chili Plant”

designed a prototype that focuses on sensor soil moisture that functions to

measure the soil’s water content. Watering chili plants depending on soil moisture

was one method of appropriately treating chili plants. The basis of this sensor soil

moisture is based on the functioning of two sensors, where if the two plates are in

contact, the sensor detects moisture when touching the water content medium.

Furthermore, water requirements during the planting phase have a significant

impact on the growth of these plants, with plants thrive when they receive adequate

watering. Watering, on the other hand, is frequently delayed especially throughout

the summer, resulting in dead or poorly developing plants.

The study and the current study underline how soil moisture may aid in

monitoring and managing irrigation when it is necessary. Soil moisture is critical for

plant growth since it has a direct influence on the health of the field and the roots

of plants, which are the first to absorb water.

Another study by Reghukumar et al. (2021) entitled “Smart Plant Watering

System with Cloud Analysis and Plant Health Prediction” designed a watering
 10

system status for the health of the plants. Its goal is to design a watering system

to monitor the statues of the plant. It displays the current moisture content as well

as the temperature of the surrounding environment, which impacts whether the

plant will release water. Until the user manually shuts down the system, the

recorded sensor values stay in the system. This gives farmers access to real-time

crop analytics via a cloud platform and uses machine learning techniques as an

extra means of prediction. A cheap system has been suggested to make it

accessible to everybody. Then, the data is converted into visual depiction that can

be easily observed. The sensor values are assessed using the Arduino code. The

system effectively saves water by irrigating the plants without the need for constant

human monitoring.

Similarities can be found as both seek to automate the plant's ability to

discharge water as necessary and to monitor its condition. Irrigating the plants is

done without human supervision or assistance. Though, the current study cannot

forecast the health of the plants or save data to a cloud, but the method can assist

in monitoring the plants' condition.

Additionally, a study that was conducted by Youn et al. (2021) entitled

“Effects of Shade and Planting Methods on the Growth of Heracleum moellendorffii

and Adenophora divaricata in Different Soil Moisture and Nutrient Conditions”

performed an experiment that shows the impact of shade and planting methods

interacting on the development and competitive abilities of two understory plants.

During the process, a completely randomized design was utilized. A two-way

analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for each species to examine the
 11

impact of shade and planting methods on their growth under different soil moisture

and fertilization conditions. The analysis focused on evaluating the main effects

and interactions of these factors on the growth of the species. The result shows

the height growth of H. moellendorffii was increased by shade, regardless of

planting methods. In contrast, shading had a significant suppressive effect on the

aboveground biomass of A. divaricata, particularly when it was planted with the

other species without fertilizer.

The study showed that the shade and planting method affected the height

growth of the plants. Similar to the current study, the function of the retractable

shade protects the plant within hot temperatures to prevent dryness. However,

different plants were used in the study and to the prototype.

Also, Gimpel et al. (2021) conducted a study entitled “Designing Smart and

Sustainable Irrigation: A Case Study” presented how to determine, illustrate, and

assess the design possibilities for a smart irrigation system for urban trees. The

study contributes to smart urban irrigation research and practice. The technology

is designed to provide demand-oriented and resource-efficient watering that

protects urban trees without increasing water scarcity situations. In the case of

withering trees, they believe that a smart city should consider installing smart

irrigating systems. Early analysis of the data collected in tin pilot region reveals

promising results. It is suggested that water distribution could potentially be

reduced by up to one million liters during a single spring irrigation cycle,

considering the presence of 5000 young trees.

 12

In the current study and the study, both seek to maximize water distribution

and enhance plant development by using automated technologies. Both studies

emphasize how plant watering may be done sustainably and with the potential to

save water.

Caya et al. (2019) also conducted related entitled “ET-Based Smart

Irrigation System with Irrigation Postponement Algorithm for Lycopersicon

Esculentum or Tomato plant” with a proposed automated irrigation system that

delays watering Lycopersicon Esculentum, or tomato plants, by utilizing the

principle of evapotranspiration and implementation on smart gardening can affect

the plant growth and water consumption. In the study, Raspberry Pi equipped were

utilized with the Hargreaves-Samani equation for evapotranspiration and a basic

postponement algorithm. Two planters containing two tomato seeds each were

planted; one planter was grown using the conventional farming approach, while

the other planter was produced with the help of the suggested methodology. The

obtained data was interpreted using a two-tailed T-Test. It is demonstrated by the

statistical analysis that when the suggested method is put into place, there is a

76.86 percent decrease in water usage and no discernible impact on plant growth.

Since the primary goal of the current study is to avoid water waste using

drip irrigation, there is a direct correlation between the two studies. Water efficiency

is just as important as measurement when choosing an irrigation system for your

home or garden, and farmers need to protect their agricultural water source to

lower the possibility of water waste and misuse.

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Furthermore, another study was conducted entitled “Integrated Urban Water

Management with Micro Storages Developed as an IoT-based Solution – The

smart rain barrel” by Oberascher et al. (2021) presented a smart rain barrel (SRB)

as an Internet of Things (IoT)-based solution for enhanced rainwater collection.

The primary goal of rainwater harvesting is to retain tiny pollutants in rainwater

runoff, such as those from roof surfaces, in decentralized rainwater systems

storage tanks used to replace potable water in nonportable water applications such

as irrigation. The SRB prototype is run on a rechargeable battery and solar panel,

indicating that there is no need for a separate power source. The program

"Smartin" was created to analyze the effects of the SRB idea that was given on the

urban water infrastructure. It installs micro storage units in a certain number of

buildings, each having a single connection to the water supply and urban drainage

systems. As a result, through the reduction of combined sewage overflow and the

management of drinking water demand, a straightforward coordinated control

method enhances the performance of the integrated system. The study

emphasizes the smart rain barrel concept's capacity for extensive applications as

well as its function in facilitating coordinated system-wide control tactics.

In the current study, rainwater collection system is also applied. It serves as

a vital component of sustainable agricultural practices, enhancing water resource

management in agriculture. Rainwater collection, in addition to drip irrigation

systems, is essential to sustainable farming techniques. It aids to resource

efficiency by utilizing natural rainwater for irrigation, lowering reliance on traditional

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water sources. However, the rainwater collection is collected from the shade of the

prototype to a container where it will be stored for irrigation system.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

The review of related literature and studies presented several topics

anchored to the present study. These were presented both in a local and foreign

setting. The synthesized information was discussed in the subsequent sections to

provide insights into the topic.

The synthesis of the provided related literature and studies revolves around

the common theme of automated plant watering systems, smart irrigation, and

sustainable agricultural practices. Researchers such as Acar et al. (2022), Chukwu

Agu et al. (2023), and Kanhe et al. (2021) contribute valuable insights into the

development of smart irrigation systems, emphasizing the use of ground sensors

and automated control for efficient and cost-effective water management. Their

collective findings suggest a significant leap toward sustainable agricultural

practices by addressing issues of water scarcity and cost-effectiveness.

Building on these advancements, Athina et al. (2023) and Sherpa et al.

(2022) introduce innovative solutions with automated plant watering systems,

incorporating components like relays, soil moisture sensors, and Arduino

microcontrollers. These studies focus on enhancing the precision and autonomy of

plant care and ensuring optimal water supply without human intervention. Rathod

et al. (2023) tackle overwatering concerns through the integration of accurate soil

moisture sensors and microcontrollers, aiming to optimize plant growth and yield

while conserving water resources. This study provides information on advanced

 15

automated plant watering systems, emphasizing the integration of relays, soil

moisture sensors, and Arduino microcontrollers, contributing insights to enhance

precision and autonomy in plant care, optimizing water supply, and addressing

concerns related to overwatering.

Muñoz-Carpena et al. (2019) and Kishore et al. (2019) shift the focus to

broader aspects of agricultural technology, with Muñoz-Carpena et al. emphasizing

the importance of soil water sensors in improving irrigation efficiency for cost

reduction in vegetable production. Kishore et al.'s work introduces a fully

autonomous system for watering indoor potted plants, demonstrating the potential

of smart technology in addressing challenges related to neglecting plant care in

busy lifestyles. These studies provide valuable information on leveraging soil water

sensors for improved irrigation efficiency and the potential of fully autonomous

systems in addressing challenges related to plant care, which can inform and

enhance the current study's approach to sustainable and efficient plant watering.

Prasojo et al. (2020) and Cahyono et al. (2019) further contribute to the

discourse by delving into the development of automated watering systems,

emphasizing the role of technology in addressing challenges related to soil

moisture and plant care in various settings, including tiny gardens and household

applications. Their work highlights the versa tility and adaptability of automated

systems for different environments and applications. The knowledge gained from

these studies enhances the current study by providing insights into the versatility

and adaptability of automated watering systems, particularly in addressing

challenges related to soil moisture and plant care in various settings, offering
 16

valuable guidance for the development of an effective and versatile plant watering

solution.

Astutiningtyas et al. (2021) and Prasojo et al. (2020) explore Internet of

Things (IoT) architecture for tiny gardens, showcasing how wireless networks and

sensors contribute to smart agriculture. Bansal et al. (2022) stress the importance

of water quality norms and smart watering in combating the effects of climate

change on agriculture. Bwambale et al. (2023) focus on data-driven modeling of

soil moisture dynamics for intelligent irrigation scheduling, aligning with the broader

theme of precision agriculture. These studies offer crucial insights into the

utilization of data-driven models for precise and efficient plant watering, providing

valuable knowledge to improve the current study's exploration of automated

irrigation systems.

Rosadi et al. (2020) and Reghukumar et al. (2021) present prototypes

integrating soil moisture sensors and Arduino microcontrollers for effective plant

watering, contributing to the overall understanding of how technology can enhance

irrigation efficiency and resource management. Youn et al. (2021) and Gimpel et

al. (2021) provide insights into the impact of light, soil nutrients, and moisture on

plant development, aligning with the studies' focus on avoiding plant dryness and

maximizing natural light utilization. These details support the researchers' efforts

by providing insights into the effective integration of soil moisture sensors and

Arduino microcontrollers for precise plant watering, as well as understanding the

influence of light, soil nutrients, and moisture on plant development, aligning with

the study's emphasis on avoiding plant dryness and optimizing natural light
 17

utilization.

In addition, Caya et al. (2019) explore smart irrigation systems for urban

trees, emphasizing the importance of technology in preserving finite resources and

improving water efficiency. Oberascher et al. (2021) introduce a smart rain barrel

as an IoT-based solution for enhanced rainwater collection, highlighting its role in

sustainable water resource management in agriculture. These insights help in

developing a more comprehensive and sustainable automated plant watering

system by incorporating insights from smart irrigation systems for urban trees and

utilizing IoT-based solutions, such as smart rain barrels, to enhance rainwater

collection and resource management.

These studies provide valuable insight into the design and implementation

of automatic plant watering systems for various applications. The knowledge can

be applied to developing efficient and practical automatic plant watering systems

that enhance resource conservation, improve agricultural sustainability, and

address specific challenges associated with soil moisture and plant care. By

considering the diverse technological approaches and innovations presented in

these studies, researchers and practitioners can contribute to the advancement of

precision agriculture and smart irrigation practices.

Gap Bridged by the Study

This study bridges a gap in research by developing an automatic watering

system using innovative materials and technologies. It addresses the issue of

inefficient water management and labor-intensive manual watering practices in

agriculture.
 18

Astutiningtyas et al.'s study, titled "Automatic Plant Watering System for

Small Garden," bears similarities with the current study in functions such as the

use of automation technology, and the integration of modern technologies into

agricultural practices for enhanced efficiency and sustainability. They differ in

materials, as the current study opts for wood due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of

access, user-friendly construction, and consideration for environmental

sustainability, while the past study used different materials.

Prasojo et al.'s study, titled "Automated Watering System with

Microcontroller," shares similarities with the current study in terms of materials,

such as the use of Arduino microcontroller to regulate watering based on soil

moisture levels. Both studies aim to provide a valuable solution for farmers by

eliminating the need for manual watering. However, differences may exist in the

specific implementation details and components employed in each system.

Bansal et al.'s study, titled "A Literature Review on Automatic Watering of

Plants," bears similarities to the current study in terms of materials utilized. Both

studies employ an Arduino microcontroller and soil moisture sensor. However, they

differ in functionality. The previous study solely focused on an automatic watering

system, while the current study extends its scope to include a shading system and

rainwater collection system.

Bwambale et al.'s study, titled "Designing Smart and Sustainable Irrigation:

A Case Study," shares similarities with the current study in terms of functionality,

as both studies implemented an automatic watering system. However, they differ

in terms of materials. The previous study solely utilized a soil moisture sensor,
 19

while the current study incorporates additional components such as temperature

sensors, servo motors, and others.

Rosadi et al. (2020) employed an Arduino microcontroller and a soil

moisture sensor, similar to the current study. However, the current study extends

further by incorporating plywood, servo motor, stepper motor, a shading system,

and rainwater collection.

Reghukumar et al. used both a soil moisture sensor and a temperature

sensor, similar to the components employed in the current study. Nonetheless, the

current study differs by incorporating a shading system, rainwater collection

system, plywood microcontroller, servo motor, and stepper motor.

Youn et al. share similarities with the current study, using a stepper motor,

temperature sensor, and soil moisture sensor. On the other hand, the current study

differs by using an Arduino microcontroller and a servo motor, and also includes an

automatic plant watering system and rainwater collection.

Gimpel et al. also used a temperature sensor, soil moisture sensor, and

automatic watering system, similar to the current study. In contrast, the current

study is different because it includes plywood, an Arduino microcontroller, servo

motor, stepper motor, shading system, and rainwater collection.

Caya et al. similarly included a soil moisture sensor and automatic plant

watering system. However, the current study stands out by including plywood, an

Arduino microcontroller, temperature sensor, servo motor, stepper motor, shading

system, and rainwater collection system.

 20

Oberascher et al.'s study, titled "Integrated urban water management with

micro storages developed as an IoT-based solution – The smart rain barrel," shares

a common focus on rainwater collection as an integral component of sustainable

water resource management, particularly for applications like irrigation. However,

specific design features set the current study apart. In the current study, a

deliberate emphasis is placed on incorporating an overflow outlet in the jag, serving

as a preventive measure to avoid overflowing when the jag reaches full capacity.

Additionally, the current study implements a filtration system to enhance water

quality.

Previous studies focused on basic automated plant watering systems. In

contrast, the current study adopted a more comprehensive approach by integrating

an automated irrigation system, shading mechanism, and rainwater collection

system. Significant changes in design and functionality were implemented, such

as opting for wood construction for cost-effectiveness, incorporating an overflow

outlet to prevent flooding, and introducing a filtration system for water quality

improvement. Additional features, such as a roller mechanism on the shading

system and a gravity-fed system, were also included. These enhancements enable

the regulation of soil moisture, accurate water distribution, waste minimization, and

overall improvement in plant care. The current study introduces innovative

concepts, such as combining multiple functions into one system, which were not

previously explored. This demonstrates how the research fills an important gap in

the existing literature.

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Theoretical Framework

This study anchors on the use of Auto-watering systems as an efficient

alternative to manual watering. By implementing a prototype on auto-watering

systems, such as sprinklers or drip emitters, plants can be watered when needed,

optimizing irrigation timing and quantity. This system is applicable to various

settings, from small gardens to large crop fields, and offers benefits such as water

conservation and improved plant health. The automation of the watering process

reduces the reliance on manual labor and ensures consistent and appropriate

irrigation, contributing to efficient water management practices. (Mayuree et. al.,

2019)

According to the theory of Kadyampakeni and Morgan (2020). Drip irrigation

involves placing tubing with emitters on the ground alongside the plants. The

emitters slowly drip water into the soil at the root zone. Because moisture levels

are kept at an optimal range, plant productivity and quality improve, ensuring

optimal plant growth with minimized water use.

The theory Smart irrigation technology, as studied by Vallejo-Gómez and

Hincapié (2023), utilizes weather data and soil moisture data to determine the

irrigation needs of the landscape. By integrating these data sources, smart

irrigation systems aim to maximize irrigation efficiency and reduce water waste,

while simultaneously maintaining plant health and quality. The theory aligns with

the growing need for sustainable water management practices and offers a data-

driven approach to address the challenges associated with traditional irrigation

methods.
 22

Based on the theories of the auto-watering system, drip irrigation, and the

smart irrigation technology, the use of auto-watering systems can implement a

prototype. Drip Irrigation has an optimal plant growth with minimized water use.

Integrating weather and soil moisture data, smart irrigation systems maximize

efficiency while maintaining plant quality.

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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Auto-Watering Implementing a Effective watering

System Theory prototype on auto- system
watering systems

Placing tubing
Drip Irrigation with emitters on Optimal plant
Theory the grounad growth with
alongside the minimized water
plants useOptimal plant
growth with
Utilizes weather Maximized
minimized water
Smart Irrigation data and soil efficiency
use and
Technology theory moisture data to maintained plant
determine the quality
irrigation needs of
the landscape

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

 24

Conceptual Framework

The study entitled The Level of Functionality of a Plant Automated Watering

System aims to determine the functionality of a prototype plant automated watering

system that can be designed in terms of materials used, design, features, and

functions. The study will assess the effectiveness of the automated watering

systems in accurately monitoring plant needs, ensuring optimal plant care, and

adjusting watering schedules accordingly. The user's acceptance level of the

automated watering systems in terms of usability, design, and overall functionality

will also be evaluated.

In making the product, the foundation of any automated watering system

lies in the precision of its moisture sensors. Next is the irrigation scheduling; the

system's ability to accommodate diverse plant species and their unique watering

requirements is pivotal. This can be achieved by monitoring the water requirements

of different plant species and adjusting the watering schedules accordingly.

Efficient water distribution is a hallmark of a well-designed automated watering

system. A user-friendly interface is paramount for the successful integration and

operation of the system. Lastly, the reliability of the automated watering system

under various environmental conditions is a critical factor.

In this study, the level of functionality of a plant automated watering system

integrates these dimensions, forming a comprehensive evaluation model. The

study would also provide insights into the system's effectiveness in accurately

monitoring plant needs and its ability to adjust watering schedules accordingly. This

model provides a holistic perspective, ensuring that the system not only automates
 25

the watering process but does so with precision, adaptability, efficiency, user-

friendliness, and reliability for optimal plant care. This study also helps future

researchers develop high-quality and functional devices.

 26

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Plant monitoring
Assembling
data
The effectiveness
and acceptance
Watering schedule Data collection level of automated
plant watering
system
User feedback Testing

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

 27

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined both

by their general dictionary meanings and within the specific context of this

research.

Arduino Uno. A microcontroller board utilized in electronic projects for

controlling various sensors and devices. In this study, it serves as the specific

microcontroller model used to regulate sensor inputs and automate plant watering.

Automatic Plant Watering System An advanced system designed to

efficiently supply water to plants based on factors such as soil moisture levels,

incorporating sensors and microcontrollers. In this study, it serves to autonomously

water plants by adjusting water delivery according to predefined conditions.

Filtration System. The process in which solid particles in a liquid or

gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to

pass through but retains the solid particles. In this study, it is a component that is

used to enhance water quality by removing impurities and contaminants, ensuring

that the supplied water meets optimal standards for plant growth.

Functionality. The quality of being useful, practical, and appropriate for the

intended purpose. In this study, it pertains to the effectiveness and efficiency of the

automated system in providing optimal water supply to plants based on predefined

criteria, ensuring practical and useful operation for plant care and growth.

Gravity-fed System. A gravity-fed water system uses the natural force of

gravity to transport water from a higher location, such as a hill or reservoir, to a

 28

lower area. In this study, this term refers to the gravitational force for water

movement, eliminating the necessity for a pump and enhancing cost-effectiveness.

Overflow Outlet. Any device or structure that conducts excess water or

sewage from a conduit or container. In this study, this term refers to preventing

flooding by enabling excess water to escape when the water reservoir reaches full

capacity.

Rainwater Collection System. The process or technology used to

conserve rainwater by collecting, storing, conveying and purifying of rainwater that

runs off from rooftops, parks, roads, and others for later use. In this study, it refers

to collecting and saving rainwater to use later for watering plants, helping to

manage water sustainably.

Shading System. It prevents the penetration of solar radiation into the

building in summer, while allowing the needed solar gains in winter, which leads to

a better thermal comfort with significant energy savings. In this study, it protects

plants from excessive sunlight or heat, thereby fostering the overall health and

growth of plants.

Smart Irrigation. Smart irrigation technology uses weather data or soil

moisture data to determine the irrigation need of the landscape. In this study,

technologies such as sensors, microcontrollers, and data-driven algorithms are

employed to optimize water usage, conserve resources, and enhance agricultural

productivity.
 29

Soil Moisture Sensor. Soil moisture sensors measure or estimate the

amount of water in the soil. In this study, it is a tool used to measure the moisture

content of the soil, providing real-time data to determine the water needs of plants.
 30

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