Network Cable Types and Specifications

To connect two or more computers or networking devices in a network, network cables are
used. There are three types of network cables; coaxial, twisted-pair, and fiber-optic.

Coaxial cable
This cable contains a conductor, insulator, braiding, and sheath. The sheath covers the braiding,
the braiding covers the insulation, and the insulation covers the conductor.

The following image shows these components.

Sheath
This is the outer layer of the coaxial cable. It protects the cable from physical damage.

Braided shield
This shield protects signals from external interference and noise. This shield is built from the
same metal that is used to build the core.

Insulation
Insulation protects the core. It also keeps the core separate from the braided shield. Since both
the core and the braided shield use the same metal, without this layer, they will touch each
other and create a short-circuit in the wire.

Conductor
The conductor carries electromagnetic signals. Based on conductor a coaxial cable can be
categorized into two types; single-core coaxial cable and multi-core coaxial cable.
A single-core coaxial cable uses a single central metal (usually copper) conductor, while a multi-
core coaxial cable uses multiple thin strands of metal wires. The following image shows both
types of cable.

Coaxial cables in computer networks

The coaxial cables were not primarily developed for the computer network. These cables were
developed for general purposes. They were in use even before computer networks came into
existence. They are still used even their use in computer networks has been completely
discontinued.

At the beginning of computer networking, when there were no dedicated media cables available
for computer networks, network administrators began using coaxial cables to build computer
networks.

Because of its low cost and long durability, coaxial cables were used in computer networking for
nearly two decades (the 80s and 90s). Coaxial cables are no longer used to build any type of
computer network.

Specifications of coaxial cables

Coaxial cables have been in use for the last four decades. During these years, based on several
factors such as the thickness of the sheath, the metal of the conductor, and the material used
in insulation, hundreds of specifications have been created to specify the characteristics of
coaxial cables.

From these specifications, only a few were used in computer networks. The following table lists
them.
 Type Ohms AWG Conductor Description

RG-6 75 18 Solid copper Used in cable network to provide cable Internet service and cable TV over

RG-8 50 10 Solid copper Used in the earliest computer networks. This cable was used as the backb
topology. In Ethernet standards, this cable is documented as the 10base5

RG- 50 24 Several thin This cable is thinner, easier to handle and install than the RG-8 cable. This
58 strands of copper connect a system with the backbone cable. In Ethernet standards, this cab
10base2 Thinnet cable.

RG- 75 20 - Solid copper Used in cable networks to provide short-distance service.

59 22

 Coaxial cable uses RG rating to measure the materials used in shielding and conducting cores.
 RG stands for the Radio Guide. Coaxial cable mainly uses radio frequencies in transmission.
 Impedance is the resistance that controls the signals. It is expressed in the ohms.
 AWG stands for American Wire Gauge. It is used to measure the size of the core. The larger the
AWG size, the smaller the diameter of the core wire.

Twisted-pair cables
The twisted-pair cable was primarily developed for computer networks. This cable is also known
as Ethernet cable. Almost all modern LAN computer networks use this cable.

This cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires. Every two wires are twisted
around each other to form pair. Usually, there are four pairs. Each pair has one solid color and
one stripped color wire. Solid colors are blue, brown, green, and orange. In stripped color, the
solid color is mixed with the white color.

Based on how pairs are stripped in the plastic sheath, there are two types of twisted-pair cable;
UTP and STP.

In the UTP (Unshielded twisted-pair) cable, all pairs are wrapped in a single plastic sheath.

In the STP (Shielded twisted-pair) cable, each pair is wrapped with an additional metal shield,
then all pairs are wrapped in a single outer plastic sheath.

Similarities and differences between STP and UTP cables

 Both STP and UTP can transmit data at 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10Gbps.
 Since the STP cable contains more materials, it is more expensive than the UTP cable.
 Both cables use the same RJ-45 (registered jack) modular connectors.
 The STP provides more noise and EMI resistance than the UTP cable.
 The maximum segment length for both cables is 100 meters or 328 feet.
 Both cables can accommodate a maximum of 1024 nodes in each segment.

The following image shows both types of twisted-pair cables.

To learn how twisted-pair cables are used in the LAN network, you can check the following
tutorial.

Twisted-pair cabling

This tutorial explains how the twisted-pair cable works and how it is used to connect different
networking devices in a network.

The TIA/EIA specifies standards for the twisted-pair cable. The first standards were released in
1991, known as TIA/EIA 568. Since then, these standards have been continually revised to cover
the latest technologies and developments of the transmission media.
 The TIA/EIA 568 divides the twisted-pair cable into several categories. The following table lists
the most common and popular categories of twisted-pair cable.

Category/name of Maximum Bandwidth/support Ethernet Description

the cable supported signals rate standard
speed

Cat 1 1Mbps 1MHz Not used for This cable contains only two pairs (4
data wires). This cable was used in the
telephone network for voice
transmission.

Cat 2 4Mbps 10MHz Token Ring This cable and all further cables have
a minimum of 8 wires (4 pairs). This
cable was used in the token-ring
network.

Cat 3 10Mbps 16MHz 10BASE-T This is the first Ethernet cable that
Ethernet was used in LAN networks.

Cat 4 20Mbps 20MHz Token Ring This cable was used in advanced
Token-ring networks.

Cat 5 100Mbps 100MHz 100BASE-T This cable was used in advanced (fast)
Ethernet LAN networks.

Cat 5e 1000Mbps 100MHz 1000BASE-T This cable/category is the minimum

Ethernet requirement for all modern LAN
networks.

Cat 6 10Gbps 250MHz 10GBASE-T This cable uses a plastic core to

Ethernet prevent cross-talk between twisted-
pair. It also uses a fire-resistant plastic
sheath.

Cat 6a 10Gbps 500MHz 10GBASE-T This cable reduces attenuation and

Ethernet cross-talk. This cable also potentially
removes the length limit. This is the
recommended cable for all modern
Ethernet LAN networks.

Cat 7 10Gbps 600MHz Not drafted This cable sets a base for further
yet development. This cable uses multiple
 twisted-pair and shields each pair by
its plastic sheath.

 Cat 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are outdated and not used in any modern LAN network.
 Cat 7 is still a new technology and not commonly used.
 Cat 5e, 6, 6a are the commonly used twisted-pair cables.

Fiber optic cable

This cable consists of a core, cladding, buffer, and jacket. The core is made from thin strands of
glass or plastic that can carry data over a long distance. The core is wrapped in the cladding; the
cladding is wrapped in the buffer, and the buffer is wrapped in the jacket.

 Core carries the data signals in the form of light.

 Cladding reflects light back to the core.
 Buffer protects the light from leaking.
 The jacket protects the cable from physical damage.

Fiber optic cable is completely immune to EMI and RFI. This cable can transmit data over a long
distance at the highest speed. It can transmit data up to 40 kilometers at the speed of 100Gbps.

Fiber optic uses light to send data. It reflects light from one endpoint to another. Based on how
many beams of light are transmitted at a given time, there are two types of fiber optical cable;
SMF and MMF.
SMF (Single-mode fiber) optical cable
This cable carries only a single beam of light. This is more reliable and supports much higher
bandwidth and longer distances than the MMF cable. This cable uses a laser as the light source
and transmits 1300 or 1550 nano-meter wavelengths of light.

MMF (multi-mode fiber) optical cable

This cable carries multiple beams of light. Because of multiple beams, this cable carries much
more data than the SMF cable. This cable is used for shorter distances. This cable uses an LED
as the light source and transmits 850 or 1300 nano-meter wavelengths of light.