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    Question 5 and 6

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    tony frank
    The document describes the water balance of a 100 km2 catchment under original conditions. It provides information on rainfall, infiltration, evapotranspiration, runoff and other components. The summary is: (1) The catchment receives 800 mm of annual rainfall. 50% infiltrates and 12.5% recharges groundwater. Evapotranspiration is 340 mm/year. (2) Capillary rise to the root zone is 40 mm/year. Seepage from groundwater is 60 mm/year. Direct evaporation from interception is 113 mm/year. (3) Total evapotranspiration in the catchment is 453 mm/year. A planned well

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    Question 5 and 6

    Uploaded by

    tony frank
    39 views7 pages
    The document describes the water balance of a 100 km2 catchment under original conditions. It provides information on rainfall, infiltration, evapotranspiration, runoff and other components. The summary is: (1) The catchment receives 800 mm of annual rainfall. 50% infiltrates and 12.5% recharges groundwater. Evapotranspiration is 340 mm/year. (2) Capillary rise to the root zone is 40 mm/year. Seepage from groundwater is 60 mm/year. Direct evaporation from interception is 113 mm/year. (3) Total evapotranspiration in the catchment is 453 mm/year. A planned well

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    Hydrology Quiz

    Original Title

    question 5 and 6

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    The document describes the water balance of a 100 km2 catchment under original conditions. It provides information on rainfall, infiltration, evapotranspiration, runoff and other components. The summary is: (1) The catchment receives 800 mm of annual rainfall. 50% infiltrates and 12.5% recharges groundwater. Evapotranspiration is 340 mm/year. (2) Capillary rise to the root zone is 40 mm/year. Seepage from groundwater is 60 mm/year. Direct evaporation from interception is 113 mm/year. (3) Total evapotranspiration in the catchment is 453 mm/year. A planned well

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views7 pages

    Question 5 and 6

    Uploaded by

    tony frank
    The document describes the water balance of a 100 km2 catchment under original conditions. It provides information on rainfall, infiltration, evapotranspiration, runoff and other components. The summary is: (1) The catchment receives 800 mm of annual rainfall. 50% infiltrates and 12.5% recharges groundwater. Evapotranspiration is 340 mm/year. (2) Capillary rise to the root zone is 40 mm/year. Seepage from groundwater is 60 mm/year. Direct evaporation from interception is 113 mm/year. (3) Total evapotranspiration in the catchment is 453 mm/year. A planned well

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    5. A catchment has a size of 100km2.

    In its original condition, the average annual total runoff


    from the catchment is 1.1 m3/s. the average annual rainfall is 800 mm/year. In an average year,
    50% of the rainfall infiltrates and 12.5% of the rainfall reaches the groundwater. Tests have
    turned out that the average annual evapotranspiration from the unsaturated zone amounts to
    340 mm/year. Evapotranspiration in this case is the sum of transpiration and the bare soil
    evaporation. Assume that storage effects are small and therefore can be neglected.

    i. Using a well-illustrated diagram show all the water balance components for this
    catchment

    Answer:
    ii. How much water, in mm/year, reaches the root zone through capillary rise in an average
    year?

    Answer:

    Water balance of the root zone:

    Consider the continuity equation mainly used in hydrological studies (i.e. water balance equation):

    ∆𝑆
    𝐼 (𝑡 ) − 𝑂 (𝑡 ) =
    ∆𝑡

    𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠

    𝑂(𝑡) = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑤𝑠

    ∆𝑆
    = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝
    ∆𝑡

    Inflows into the root zone:

    50
    𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐼) = 50% 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = × 800 = 400 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
    100

    𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 (𝐶𝑅) = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

    Outflows from the root zone:

    𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝐸𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 ) = 340 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    12.5
    𝑅𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑅) = 12.5% 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = × 800 = 100 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
    100

    The change in storage = 0 i.e. the storage effects are small.

    The water balance of the root zone can be written as:

    𝐼 + 𝐶𝑅 − 𝐸𝑇 − 𝑅 ≈ 0 ∴. 400 + 𝐶𝑅 − 340 − 100 = 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑅 = 40𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟


    iii. How much water, in mm/year, seeps out from the groundwater to the surface water in an
    average year?

    Answer:

    Consider the continuity equation applied in 1 (i):

    Water balance of the groundwater system

    Inflows into the root zone:

    12.5
    𝑅𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑅) = 12.5% 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = × 800 = 100 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
    100

    Outflows from the root zone:

    𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 (𝐶𝑅) = 40𝑚𝑚/ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖 ) 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

    𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚(𝑄𝑏 ) = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

    The change in storage = 0 i.e. the storage effects are small.

    The water balance of the groundwater system can be written as:

    𝑅 − 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑄𝑏 ≈ 0 ∴ 100 − 40 − 𝑄𝑏 = 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑄𝑏 = 60𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    iv. How much water, in mm/year, evaporates directly from interception in an average
    year?

    Consider the continuity equation applied in 1 (i):

    Water balance of the interception zone

    Inflows into the root zone:

    𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝑃) = 800 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    Outflows from the root zone:

    𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑃𝑠 )


    = 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝐼 ) + 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 (𝑄𝑠 )

    𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑄𝑇 ) = 𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒(𝑄𝑏 ) + 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (𝑄𝑠 )


    = 1.1.× 86400 × 365/(100 × 106 ) = 0.347𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 347𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    ∴ 𝑄𝑠 = 347 − 60 = 287 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑠 = 400 + 287 = 687 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸𝑖 ) = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

    The change in storage = 0 i.e. the storage effects are small.

    The interception water balance can be written as:

    𝑃 − 𝐸𝑖 − 𝑃𝑠 ≈ 0 ∴ 800 − 𝐸𝑖 − 687 = 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐸𝑖 = 113 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    Alternative solution

    𝑃 − 𝐸𝑖 − 𝐸𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑄𝑇 ≈ 0

    Where ETsaturated zone = Evapotranspiration from the saturated zone =340 mm/year

    ∴ 800 − 𝐸𝑖 − 340 − 347 = 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐸𝑖 = 113 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟


    v. How much, in mm/year, is the total evapotranspiration in the catchment in an average
    year?

    𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸𝑇) =

    𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝐸𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒)

    +𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝐸𝑖)

    𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸𝑇) = 340 + 113 = 453𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟


    6. For the same catchment in Question 1(a), there is a plan to install a well field that will
    withdraw 0.16 m3/s from the catchment for drinking water consumption elsewhere. As a
    result, the groundwater level is expected to go down and capillary rise into the root zone will
    no longer be possible. The percolation, is expected to remain the same.

    i. With a well-illustrated diagram, list and explain the components of the hydrologic cycle
    that will be affected by this groundwater withdrawal.

    Pumping will affect the groundwater reservoir. The water balance components of the
    groundwater zone are: Inflows: Recharge and outflows: Evapotraspiration from the saturated
    zone (ETsaturated zone), Seepage (Qb), Capillary rise (CR) and Pumping discharge (Qe). However, only
    the outflows from the groundwater system are likely to affected. In addition, CR is controlled by
    the characteristics of the soil media and not by the hydrological flows. Therefore, the water
    balance components that will be affected are ETsaturated zone and Qb.Ultimately, ETsaturated zone affects
    the total evapotranspiration while Qb affects the total runoff.
    ii. What will be the effect of this withdrawal on the components in Question1b (i) above?
    Quantify in mm/year

    After including pumping, water balance of the groundwater system becomes:

    𝑅 − 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑄𝑏 − 𝑄𝑒 ≈ 0

    𝑄𝑒 = 0.16 𝑚3 /𝑠 = 0.16 × 86400 × 365/(100 × 106 ) = 0.05 𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 50𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    The seepage rate, considering the pumping is calculated thus:

    100 − 0 − 𝑄𝑏 − 50 = 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑄𝑏 = 50 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓, 𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑏 = 287 + 50 = 337𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 10 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    Similarly, the water balance of the groundwater system becomes:

    𝐼 + 𝐶𝑅 − 𝑅 − 𝐸𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 ≈ 0

    The 𝐸𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 , considering the pumping is calculated thus:

    400 + 0 − 100 − 𝐸𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 0 ∴ 𝐸𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 300 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    𝐸𝑇𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 40 𝑚𝑚/ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸𝑇) = 𝐸𝑇𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 + 𝐸𝑖

    𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐸𝑇) = 300 + 113 = 413 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

    As a result of groundwater extraction, evapotranspiration and runoff decreased

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