48 The Poem about the Prophet’s Death in Mozambique
role in their endeavour to reform. They created a vast network of
Arabic texts that spread far and wide, following trade routes across the Indian Ocean, as Anne Bang shows in her study.10 Following a preconceived form of da‘wa, their programme of spreading Islam, in which texts and textual practices played an important role, involved the idea of reaching out to widely different locations along the coast. First it was the Lamu archipelago, already an established centre of textual production, and later, Zanzibar, a centre of learning under Omani rule, that attracted the most erudite Hadrami scholars in the nineteenth century. Then, the Hadrami scholars made their entry into northern Mozambique, where entire population groups converted to Islam in the nineteenth century. These scholars did not only produce Arabic texts, but also a growing body of written Swahili texts, mostly poetry, adapted from Arabic traditions.11 While oral practices of translating and commenting on Arabic texts to a Swahili-speaking audience in the context of teaching are older, these highly educated scholars with their reform agenda systematically explored Swahili written poetry, in particular, as a vehicle to popularize moral guidelines but also Islamic historiography, partly “supplementing earlier orally rendered forms.”12 The manuscript culture, whose evidence largely dates back to that time, has had an enduring effect on both the local and academic understanding of Swahili poetry as such; in other words, Swahili poetry as we think of it, came into being at that time. And while Swahili poetry has largely grown into a field of literature in its own right, much of the relationship between Arabic “sources” and Swahili adaptations still remains to be explored. The following article summarises only a few aspects that provide a vital context/framework to any discussion on Swahili poetry in Mozambique. Early on, while they were “leading an Islamic revival and counter-
10 Bang, Sufi Networks, 9.
11 Bang, Sufi Networks, 111. 12 Randall Pouwels, “Swahili Literature and History in the Post-Structuralist Era,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 25, 2, 1992, 261–283: 270.