Sol.

1 (B, D) This shows that the given system of non-

Available in your course homogeneous equations has a unique solution.
Sol.2 (A) Hence, the correct option is (A).
Given : Sol.3 (C)
The system of equations are,  4 2
Given : A   
x1  x2  x3  3  4 3
x1  x2  0 The characteristic equation is given by,
x1  x2  x3  1 A  λI  0
It is in the form of a non-homogeneous equation is 4 2
given by, 0
4 3
AX  B
(4   )(  3)  8  0
1 1 1   x1 
 2    20  0
Where, A  1 1 0 , B   x2 
 
    1  4,  2   5
1 1 1   x3 
For any eigen vector [ X ] for a matrix [ A]
Number of unknowns ( n )  3 .
corresponding to eigen value  , the following
The augmented matrix is given by,
matrix equation satisfies,
1 1 1 : 3
 A  I  X   0
 A : B   1 1 0 : 0
1 1 1 : 1 For 1  4 ,

By elementary transformation   8 2   x1 
 4 1  x   0
R2  R2  R1 and R3  R3  R1 ,   2

1 1 1 : 3  8 x1  2 x2  0
 A : B   0 2 1 : 3 8 x1  2 x2
0 2 0 : 2  Let x1  K ,
R3  R3  R2 , x2  4 x1  4 K
1 1 1 : 3
 x1  1 
 A : B   0 2 1 : 3  x   4 K
 2  
0 0 1 : 1
 1
There exists three non-zero rows, Thus, X    is an eigen vector corresponding to
So, ( A)  3, ( A : B )  3  4
the eigen value   4 .
( A)  ( A : B )  n  3
 2 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

For  2   5 , Then, (V )  ( XX T )  min ( X ), ( X T ) 

1 2   x1  (V )  min (1, 1)
4 8  x   0
  2 (V )  1  (V ) = 0 or 1
x1  2 x2  0 But, it is given that V is the product of two non-
x1   2 x2 zero n-tuple matrices,
(V )  0
Let x1  2 K ,
So, (V )  1
 x 2 K
x2  1  Example :
2 2
Let n  3, x1  1, x2  2 and x3  3
 x1   2 
 x    1 K 1 
 2  
X  [1, 2, 3]T   2 
 2
Thus, X    is an eigen vector corresponding to  3 
 1
Then, X  1 2 3
T
the eigen value    5 .
Hence, the correct option is (C). 1  1 2 3
Sol.4 (A) V  X . X   2  1 2 3   2 4 6 
T 
Given :  3   3 6 9 
For a 2  2 matrix A (Let), Elementary row transformation,
Eigen values are 1  8 and  2  4 R2  R2  2 R1 and R3  R3  3R1
1  1 1 2 3 
Eigen vectors are v1    and v2    .
1  1 V  0 0 0 
By the property of eigen values, 0 0 0 
1   2  8  4  12 = Trace of matrix A Rank (V) = Number of non-zero rows = 1
and 1   2  8  4  32  A Therefore, n  n matrix V has rank 1.
By checking all options, only option (A) has sum Hence, the correct option is (B).
of diagonal elements equal to 12. Sol.6 (C)
Hence, the correct option is (A). Available in your course
Sol.5 (B) Sol.7 (A)

Given : X   x1 x2 ..... xn 
T Given :
(i) A (5  6) matrix Q.
X is an n-tuple non-zero vector.
(ii) (Q)  4
A vector is a matrix with only one row/column
Rank is defined as the number of linearly
and therefore, it also contains of only one
independent rows/columns in a matrix.
independent row/column.
So, matrix Q has 4 linearly independent rows and
So, ( X )  1
columns.
The rank of X T is also equal to 1 i.e., Hence, the correct option is (A).
( X )  1
T
Sol.8 (B)
According to the question, Given : The system of equations,
V  XX T x yz 6
GATE ACADEMY ® Linear Algebra 3

x  4 y  6 z  20  33   3'  125
x  4 y  z   An Eigen vector corresponding to Eigen value
(  5) is 1 2 1 .
T
It is in the form of a non-homogeneous equation
given by,
Then an Eigen vector of matrix M 3 will be
AX  B
1 2 1
T
corresponding to the Eigen value
1 1 1  6
where, A  1 4 6  and B   20  125 because matrix M and M k have same Eigen
   
1 4      vectors.
Hence, the correct option is (B).
The augmented matrix is given by,
Sol.10 (B)
1 1 1 : 6 
5 3
[ A : B]  1 4 6 : 20  Given : A   
1 3
1 4  :  
The characteristic equation is given by,
By elementary transformation,
A  I  0
R3  R3  R2
5 3
1 1 1 : 6  0
 1 3
[ A : B ]  1 4 6 : 20 
0 0   6 :   20   5    3     3  0
If no solution exists then,  2  8  12  0
( A)  [ A : B] 1  2,  2  6

It is possible only if   6  0 For any Eigen vector [ X ] for a matrix [A]

Hence,   6 corresponding to Eigen value  , the following
( A)  2 equation satisfies,
[ A  I ][ X ]  0
and if   20
For 1  2 ,
Then [ A : B]  3
( A)  [ A : B] 5  2 3   x1  0 

Thus, for no solution   6 and   20 .
 1
 3  2  x2  0 

In other case, if we take   20 and   6 , then 3 3  x1  0 

1 1  x   0 
both the matrices A and AB will have same ranks   2  
of 3 giving a unique solution to the problem. x1  x2  0
Hence, the correct option is (B).
x1   x2
Sol.9 (B)
 2 2 3  x   1
So, Eigen vector is, X 1   1    
Given : M   2 1 6   x2    1
 1 2 0  Magnitude of Eigen vector,
Eigen values of [M ] are  3,  3,5 . X 1  (1)2  (1)2  2
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, every square matrix Normalized Eigen vector is given by,
satisfies its own characteristic equation.  1 
Therefore, Eigen value of M 3 will be, X1  2 
 
13  1'   27 X 1  1 
 2 
 32   2'   27
Hence, the correct option is (B).
 4 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

Sol.11 (D) 2 x  3 y  3z  b
1 1  5x  9 y  6z  c
Given : A 
1 1 22 It is in the form of a non-homogenous equation
and is given by,
Then Eigen values of A is
AX  B
1   1 
A  I   0 1 2 3 a 
 1 1   
where, A   2 3 3  , B   b 
 
 (1  ) (1  )  1  0  5 9 6   c 
12   2  1  0 The augmented matrix is given by,
 20
2
1 2 3 : a 
 2  A : B    2 3 3 : b 
Hence Eigen value of A19 is  5 9 6 : c 
14   ( 2)19   512 2 By elementary transformation,
R2  R2  2 R1 , R3  R3  5 R1
Sol.12 (D)
Given : AX  B  1 2 3 : a 

1 1 2   x1  1 
 A : B   0 1 9 : b  2a 


1 2 3   x    2  0 1 9 : c  5a 
  2  
1 4 a   x3   4  R3  R3  R2

Consider augmented matrix  A:B 1 2 3 : a 

 A : B   0 1 9 : b  5a 

1 1 2 : 1 
0 0 0 : c  b  3a 
[A:B]  1 2 3 : 2  
R1  (R 2  R1 ) and

R 3  (R 3 - R1 )
( A : B)  2
1 4 a : 4 
For system to be consistent,
1 1 2 : 1 ( A : B )  ( A)
0 1 1 : 1  
R 3 (R 3 3R 2 )

 The above condition is only possible if
 0 3 a  2 : 3 (c  b  3a )  0
1 1 2 : 1 3a  b  c  0
0 1 1 : 1 
Hence, the correct option is (B).
 Sol.14 (D)
 0 0 a  5 : 0 
 1 1 
To have unique solution , a  5  0  2 0 2
 
 For all values of a except a  5, the system Given : P   0 1 0 
will have unique solution.  1 1 
 0 
To have unique solution the determinant of  2 2 
coefficient matrix must be non-singular.
Checking from the options,
1 1 2 From option (A) :
i.e. 1 2 3  0 a 5  0, a  5 Determinant of P is equal to 1.
1 4 a 1 1
0
Sol.13 (B) 2 2
Given : P  0 1 0 1
The system of equations are, 1 1
 0
x  2 y  3z  a 2 2
GATE ACADEMY ® Linear Algebra 5

So, option (A) is true. Sol.16 (D)

From option (B) : Available in your course
P is orthogonal. Sol.17 (C)
The given matrix P is a rotation matrix as shown Available in your course
below, Sol.18 (C)
Given : M 4  I
 cos  0 sin  
M  I , M 2  I and M 3  I .
P   0 1 0 
  sin  0 cos  Then, M 4 k  I k
M 4k  I [I k  I ]
where,   45 .0

Or M 4( k 1)  I 4  I
By the properties of rotation matrices, every
Multiplying M 1 on both sides,
rotation matrix is orthogonal.
M 1  M 4( k 1)  M 1  I
So, option (B) is true.
M 4 k 3  M 1
From option (C) :
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Inverse of P is equal to its transpose. Sol.19 (C)
P 1  P T If the eigen values of a matrix are distinct, then it
This represent an orthogonal matrix. will have linearly independent eigen vectors.
So, option (C) is true. Number of distinct eigen value = Number of
From option (D) : independent eigen vectors.
All Eigen values of P are real numbers. If the matrix is invertible then A  0
The characteristic equation is given by, Product of eigen values is equal to determinant of
P  I  0 A, since A  0
It implies that all eigen values are non zero. For a
1 1
 0 invertible matrix, eigen values can be repeated as
2 2 2, 2, 4, 4.
0 1  0 0 Hence, the correct option is (C).
1 1
 0  Sol.20 (A)
2 2 Available in your course
 1 Sol.21 (A)
 1
2

(1  )      0 Sol.22 (B)

 2  2 
Available in your course
(1   )[ 2  2  1]  0 Sol.23 (8, 2, 2)
Available in your course
1
1  1,  2  (1  i ) Sol.24 (–5)
2
Adj (A)  BT where B is a cofactor matrix and all
1
and 3  (1  i ) the elements of B are cofactors of the elements of
2
A
Here, the Eigen values  2 and  3 are complex Finding the value of adj (A) is the finding the
numbers. cofactor of an element a23  1
So, option (D) is false. 1 2
23
 k  A 23  (1) M 23  (1)  (5)   5
Hence, the correct option is (D). 0 5
Sol.15 (A) Where A 23 is a cofactor of a23 and M 23 is a minor
Available in your course
of a23 .
 6 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

Sol.25 (7/20)
1 
2  0.1 a
Given : A   and A  2
1

0 3   
0 b
Inverse of matrix A is given by,
Adj A
A 1 
A

3 0.1
Adj A    and A  6
0 2 
1 
11  3 0.1  a
So, A    2
6  0 2   
0 b
By comparing both sides,
0.1 1
a and b 
6 3
1 1 21 7
a + b   
60 3 60 20
Sol.26 (88)
Available in your course
Sol.27 (14)
Sol.28 (2)
Available in your course


Sol.1 (C) Sol.3 (A)
Available in your course y  2 y  101 y  10.4e x
Given : 
Sol.2 (A) Initial conditions :
d y 2
dy y (0)  1.1 and y (0)   0.9
Given : 2
 3  2 y  5cos x
dt dx ( D 2  2 D  101) y  10.4e x
( D 2  3D  2) y  5cos x This is in the form of a non-homogeneous linear
This is in form of a non-homogenous differential differential equation.
equation. [ f ( D )] y ( x )  ( x )
[ f ( D)] y  ( x) The auxiliary equation is given by,
Particular integral is given by, f (m)  0

P.I. 
1
 ( x) m 2  2m  101  0
f  D 2  4  404
m
1 2
P.I.  5cos x
D  3D  2
2
m1   1  j 10 , m2   1  j 10
Put D   (1)  1,
2 2
The roots are a pair of complex number.
5 1 So, complementary function is given by,
P.I.  cos x
 1  3D  2 C.F.  e ax (C1 cos bx  C2 sin bx )

P.I. 
5
 cos x C.F.  e  x (C1 cos10 x  C2 sin10 x )
3D  1 The Particular integral (P.I.) is given by,
By rationalization, 1
P.I.   ( x )
 5 3D  1  f ( D)
P.I.     cos x
 3D  1 3D  1  1
P.I.  10.4e x
5(3D  1) D  2 D  101
2
P.I.   cos x
9D2  1 The function ( x) is in the form of Keax .
Again put D 2  1, So, D  a  1
5(3D  1) 1
P.I.   cos x P.I.  10.4   ex
 9 1 1  2  101
1 P.I.  0.1 e x
P.I.  (3D  1)  cos x 
2 The complete solution is given by,
P.I.   1.5( sin x )  0.5 cos x y  C.F.  P.I.
P.I.  1.5sin x  0.5cos x y  e  x (C1 cos10 x  C2 sin10 x)  0.1e x
Hence, the correct option is (A). …(i)
 8 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

Differentiating both sides of above equation, Using boundary conditions :

x
y '  e (  10C1 sin10 x  10C2 cos10 x ) (i) When x  0, n( x)  K
 e  x (C1 cos10 x  C2 sin10 x ) K  C1  C2
0.1e x
(ii) When x   , n( x)  0 ,
….(ii)
0  C1e   C2 e e  0, e   
Using boundary condition,
(i) When x  0, y  1.1 0  C2 e 
From equation (i), Only possible when C2  0 ,
0
1.1  e (C1  0)  0.1
C1  K and C2  0
C1  1 1
x x
(ii) When x  0, y '   0.9 So, n ( x )  Ke L  K exp  
 L 
From equation (ii), Hence, the correct option is (D).
 0.9  e 0
0  10 C2   e C1  0  0.1
0
Sol.5 (D)
1  10C2  C1 dy
Given :  2y  0
C1  1 dx
C2  0
10 dy
 2 y
Put the values of C1 and C2 in equation (i), dx
y  e  x cos10 x  0.1 e x dy
  2dx
y
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Sol.4 (D) Integrating on both sides,
dy
Given :
d 2 n( x ) n( x )
 2 0  y 
 2dx
dx 2 L
 2 1  ln y  2 x  C
 D  2  n( x )  0
 L  y  e 2 x C  eC e 2 x  C1e 2 x (C1  eC )
This is in form of a homogeneous linear …(i)
differential equation. Using boundary condition :
 f ( D )  n( x )  0 When x  1, y  5
The auxiliary equation is given by,
5  C1e 2
f ( m)  0
5
1 C1   36.95
m  2 0
2
e 2
L
Put the value of C1 in equation (i),
1 1
m1  , m2  
L L y  36.95 e 2 x
The roots are real and distinct. So, the Hence, the correct option is (D).
complementary function is given by, Sol.6 (A)
C.F. = C1e m1x  C2 e m2 x Available in your course
Particular integral (P.I.) is 0, because it is a Sol.7 (A)
homogeneous equation. Available in your course
The complete solution is, Sol.8 (C)
1 1
Given : z  xy ln  xy 
x x
n( x)  C1e L
 C2 e L
GATE ACADEMY ® Differential Equation 9

Partially differentiating z with respect to x, Using boundary conditions :

z  xy  (i) At t  0, x(0)  20
 y ln  xy     y
x  xy  x(0)  C1  C2  20
z
 y ln  xy   y C1  C2  20 … (i)
x
10
Multiplying x on both sides, (ii) At t  1, x(1) 
e
z
x  xy ln  xy   xy … (i) 10
x  C1e 1  C2 e 2
e
z
Similarly,  x ln  xy   x C1e  C2  10e
y … (ii)
Multiplying y on both sides, By solving equation (i) and (ii),
z 10e  20
y  xy ln  xy   xy … (ii) C1   4.18
y e 1
From equation (i) and (ii), C2  15.82
z z x(t )  4.18e  t  15.82e 2t
x y So,
x y
For t  2,
Hence, the correct option is (C).
x(2)  4.18e 2  15.82e 4  0.86
Sol.9 (0.86)
Given : The differential equation is, Hence, the value of x (2) is 0.86.
d 2 x(t ) dx(t ) Sol.10 (B)
2
3  2 x(t )  0
dt dt d2y
Given : y
Initial conditions : dx 2
x(0)  20, x(1)  10 / e ( D 2  1) y  0
( D 2  3D  2) x  0 This is in the form of a homogeneous linear
This is in form of a homogeneous linear differential equation.
differential equation. [ f ( D )] y  0
 f ( D) x  0 The auxiliary equation is given by,
The auxiliary equation is given by, f ( m)  0
f ( m)  0
m2  1  0
m  3m  2  0
2
m1  1, m2   1
m1  1, m2  2
The roots are real and distinct.
The roots are real and distinct. So the
The complementary function is given by,
complementary function is given by,
C.F.  C1e m1x  C2 e m2 x
C.F.  C1e m1t  C2 e m2t
C.F.  C1e  t  C2 e 2t C.F.  C1e x  C2 e  x

Particular integral (P.I.) is 0 since it is a Particular integral (P.I.) is 0, since it is a

homogeneous equation. homogeneous equation.
The complete solution is given by, The complete solution is given by,
x(t )  C.F.  P.I. y  C.F.  P.I.
x(t )  C1e  t  C2 e 2t y  C1e x  C2 e  x …(i)
 10 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

1   D2  4D   D2  4D 
Using boundary conditions : 2

(i) The given point passes through origin (0, P.I.  1    
3   3   3 
0).
When x  0, y  0  D2  4D 
3

   ..... (2t  3t )
2

0  C1  C2  C2   C1  3  
 3 1 1
(ii) Also, point passes through  ln 2,  . P.I.  (2t  3t 2 )  {D 2 (2t  3t 2 )
 4 3 3
3 1
When x  ln 2, y  4 D(2t  3t 2 )}  {D 4 (2t  3t 2 )
4 9
3  16 D 2 (2t  3t 2 )  8D3 (2t  3t 2 )}.....
 C1eln 2  C2 e  ln 2
4
1 1
3 C P.I.   (2t  3t 2 )  {6  4(2  6t )}
 2C1  1 3 3
4 2
1 
3 3 1  {0  16(6)  0}
 C1  C1  9 
4 2 2
1 1
1 P.I.   2t  3t 2  (  6  8  24t )
Therefore, C2  C1  3 3
2
1 
Put the value of C1 and C2 in equation (i),  ( 96) 
9 
1
y  (e x  e  x ) 1 14 96 
2 P.I.   2t  3t 2  8t   
3 3 9
e x  e x
y 1
2 P.I.   3t 2  6t  6 
3
Hence, the correct option is (C).
P.I.  t 2  2t  2  ( 2  2t  t 2 )
Sol.11 (A)
P.I.  ( 2  2t  t 2 )
Given : y " 4 y ' 3 y  2t  3t 2
Hence, the correct option is (A).
( D 2  4 D  3) y  2t  3t 2
Sol.12 (D)
The particular integral is given by, Available in your course
1
P.I.  (2t  3t 2 ) Sol.13 (B)
f ( D) Available in your course
1 Sol.14 (A)
P.I.  (2t  3t 2 )
D  4D  3
2
Available in your course
1 Sol.15 (C)
P.I.  (2t  3t 2 )
 D  4D 
2
Available in your course
3 1  
 3  Sol.16 (C)
1 Available in your course
1  D2  4D 
P.I.  1   (2t  3t 2 ) Sol.17 (C)
3 3  Available in your course
 By binomial expansion:  Sol.18 (1)
 
 (1  x)  n  1  nx  n(n  1) x 2  Sol.19 (–3)
 2!  Given :
 n(n  1)(n  2) 3 
  x  .... d2y dy
 3!  (i) 2
 5  6y  0
dt dt
GATE ACADEMY ® Differential Equation 11

(ii) Initial conditions : Sol.20 ( 5e 2 )

1  3e Given :
y (0)  2 and y (1) 
 e3 d2y dy
(i) 2
2  y 0
This is in form of a homogeneous linear dt dt
differential equation. (ii) Initial conditions : y (0)  1 , y (1)  3e 1
 f ( D) y(t )  0 This is in the form of a homogeneous linear
The auxiliary equation is given by, differential equation.
f ( m)  0  f ( D) y(t )  0
m 2  5m  6  0 The auxiliary equation is given by,
m1   2, m2   3 f ( m)  0
The roots are real and distinct. So, the m 2  2m  1  0
complementary function is given by, ( m  1) 2  0
C.F.  C1e m1 t  C2 e m2 t
m1  1, m2  1
 2t  3t
C.F.  C1 e  C2 e The roots are real and equal. So, the
Particular integral (P.I.) is 0, because it is a complementary function is given by,
homogeneous equation. C.F.  (C1t  C2 ) e  t
The complete solution is,
Particular integral (P.I.) is 0, because it is a
y (t )  C.F.  P.I. homogeneous equation.
y (t )  C1e  2 t  C2 e  3t …(i) The complete solution is,
Using boundary conditions : y (t )  C.F.  P.I.
y (0)  2 y  (C1t  C2 )e  t …(i)
C1  C 2  2 …(ii) Using boundary conditions :
 1  3e  (i) At t  0, y (0)  1
Also, y (1)    3 
 e  1  (0  C2 )e 0
C1 C2  1  3e  C2  1
 3   3 
 e 
2
e e
(ii) At t  1, y (1)  3e 1
eC1  C2  3e  1 …(iii)
3e 1  (C1  1  1) e 1
Now solving equation (ii) and (iii),
C1  3 , C 2   1
C1  2

From equation (i), From equation (i),

y ( t )  3e  2 t  e  3t y (t )  (2t  1) e  t  (2  2  1) e  2  5e 2

dy Hence, the correct option is (B).

Now,   6e  2 t  3e  3t Sol.21 (3)
dt
 dy  Available in your course
   6  3  3
 dt  t 0
dy
Hence, the value of (0) is – 3. 
dt
Sol.1 (C) y 
2   1  y

y2 y
At x   1 , u  
I  a 2  xe ax dx , y 2 
Given :
0
 1
2 2 2
Let  ax  t  dt   a dx y dy
When x  0, t  0 and x  , t    Also, v  dv 
2 2
   t  t dt dy  2dv
Therefore, I  a 2   e
0
 a  a On changing the limits,

I  te dt  [e (t  1)]
t t 
0 1 At, y  0  v  0
0

Hence, the correct option is (C). At, y  8  v  4

Sol.2 (B) Then, the integral I reduces to,
( x  1) sin( x  1)
2
Given : I   I     2u du  dv
2 4 1
dx
0 ( x  1)2  cos( x  1) 0  0 
Let, ( x  1)  t Hence, the correct option is (B).
x  (t  1) Sol.4 (A)
At x  0, t  1 1
(sin 1 x ) 2
Given : I   dx …(i)
At x  2, t  1 0 1  x2
1  t sin t 
2
I   2  dt Let sin 1 x  t
1 t  cos t
  1
dx  dt
[ (t sin t ) / (t  cos t ) is an odd function, therefore
2 2
1  x2
integral is 0]
2
When x  0 , t  sin 1 0  0
t sin t
1
I  dt  0 
t  cos t
1 2 When x  1 , t  sin 1 1 
2
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Sol.3 (B) From equation (i),

Given : 2

 ( y /2) 1  2 x  y  
8 I   t 2 dt
(i) I      dx  dy 0
0
 y /2  2  
/ 2
t3  1    
3
2x  y y I         03 
(ii) u  u  x  and du  dx
2 2  3 0 3  2  
On changing the limits,
1  3 3
2y I  
y 3 8 24
y
At x  , u  2 0 Hence, the correct option is (A).
2 2
GATE ACADEMY ® Integral & Differential Calculus 13

Sol.5 (D) From Green’s theorem,


   
 1  tan x 
Given : I   
4

 dx
 (dx  dy)    x  y  dx dy
  
C S
0
1 tan x
…(i)
 sin x  Comparing equation (i) with given integral,
4
 1  cos x 
I    y 2  2 xy and   x 2  2 xy
sin x 
dx
0  1
 cos x   
So,  2 x  2 y and  2 y  2x
 x y
 cos x  sin x 
4
I    dx Put the above values in equation (i),
0
cos x  sin x 
 (dx  dy)
Let cos x  sin x  t , ( sin x  cos x)dx  dt C

Changing the limits,    2 x  2 y   (2 x  2 y )  dx dy

S
x  0  t 1
  (dx  dy)  0
x t  2 C
4
Hence, the value of integral is 0.
2
1
 t dt
Then, I  Sol.8 (B)
1 Available in your course
1
I  [ln t ]1 2  ln( 2)  ln(1) 
 e  y y 2 dy is________.
3
Q.9 The value of
0
1
1
I  ln 2  ln(2)  ln 2 2
2
1 
Hence, the correct option is (D). Sol.9  
3 
Sol.6 (D) 1

Given : I   e  y y 2 dy
3
 dx 
Given : I     tan 1 x  0
 1 x 2 
Putting y 3  t
1 1
I  tan ()  tan ( )
Differentiating both the sides with respect to t,
 
I   3 y 2 dy  dt
2  2 
1
1 23 1 1
Hence, the correct option is (D). y 2 dy  y dt  t 2 dt
3 3
Sol.7 (0)
 1 1
Given : I   ( y  2 xy ) dx  ( x  2 xy ) dy
2 2 I   e  t t 2 dt
0 3
C
y Using the property of gamma function,


(3, 0)  0
e t t n 1dt  n

1 1
Here, n  1   n
2 2
x 1
(3, 0) I  n
3
Equation x 2  y 2  9 , is given for circle in the first 1 1 1
quadrant. I   
3 2 3
 14 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

Sol.10 ( 2 x cos x 2 )
Sol.11 (13.5)
3 x
I    (6  x  y ) dx dy
0 0

3
x 
I     (6  x  y ) dy dx
0 0 
x
3
 y2 
I    6 y  xy   dx
0
 2 0
3
 x2 
I   6 x  x 2  dx
0
 2
3
 x 2 x3 1 x3 
I  6     
 2 3 2 3 0
 32 33 1 33 
I  6     
 2 3 2 3
9
I  27  9   18  4.5  13.5
2


Sol.1 (D) At point P (8, 8) ,
Sol.2 (C)
2 − 
1
ˆj  2 × (8) 3 
−
1

Given : I =  xydy − y dx =  − y dx + xydy

2 2 ∇f = iˆ  × (8) 3  +
3  3 
C C

Y 2 1 ˆj  2 × 1 
∇f = iˆ  ×  +
3 2 3 2
1 1
y=1 ∇f = iˆ + ˆj
3 3
y P(8, 8)
X
0 x=1
x
 ∂F ∂F  y=
I =  F1dx + F2 dy =   2 − 1  dxdy
 ∂x ∂y 
x
O(0, 0)
I =  F1dx + F2 dy =  [ y − (−2 y )] dxdy 
1 1 1 1
A vector a along y = x from O(0, 0) to P(8, 8) is
I=   3 ydxdy = 3  dx ⋅ 
x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0
ydy given as,
 
OP = a = 8iˆ + 8 ˆj
1
 y2 
I = 3[ x]10 ⋅   8iˆ + 8 ˆj
 2 0 aˆ =
82 + 82
1 3 
I = 3[1 − 0]   = Directional derivative in the direction of vector a
2 2
is given by,
Hence, the correct answer is (C)
Sol.3 (A)  iˆ ˆj   8iˆ + 8 ˆj
(∇f ) ⋅ aˆ =  +  ⋅ 
( ) 

 3 3   (8) + (8) 
2 2 2 2
Given : f = x + y 3 3

Gradient of function f is given by, 8 8 1

(∇f ) ⋅ aˆ =  +  ×
∂f ˆj ∂f + kˆ ∂f 3 3 2 ×8
∇f = iˆ +
∂x ∂y ∂z 2
(∇f ) ⋅ aˆ =
d  2 2
 3
∇f = iˆ  x3 + y3
dx Hence, the correct option is (A).
d  2 2
 Sol.4 (A)
+ ˆj x3 + y3   
dy Given : A vector A such that A = kr n
d  3 
2 2
ˆ
+ k  x + y 3  where, r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 …(i)
dz 
The direction of vector A is radially outward
2 −31 ˆ 2 −31
∇f = ˆi x +j y from the origin.
3 3
 16 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

. Method 1 : Gradient of a scalar function φ is given by,

In vector form,  ∂ ∂ 
  ∇φ =  iˆ + ˆj  ( x 2 + y 2 )
A = Kr n −1 r  ∂x ∂y 

A = Kr n −1 ( xaˆ x + yaˆ y + zaˆ z ) ∇φ = 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ
 At point (1, 1),
∇⋅ A = 0 [Given]
∇φ (1, 1) = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj
 ∂ ∂ ∂  n −1
 aˆ x + aˆ y + aˆ z   kr ( xaˆ x + yaˆ y + zaˆ z )  = 0
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  Hence, the correct option is (B).
Here x, y and z are similar, so Sol.6 (–5.175)
∂ Sol.7 (D)
 K ∂x (r n −1
. x) = 0  
If A and B are perpendicular then :
Differentiating with respect to x,  
A⋅ B = 0
 x     
K   x ⋅ (n − 1)r n − 2 ⋅ + r n −1  = 0
 r 
( )(
A+ B ⋅ A− B = 0 )
 2  2
K   x 2 (n − 1)r n −3 + r n −1  = 0 A − B =0

Expanding for y and z,  2  2

A = B
K (n − 1) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )r n −3 + 3r n −1  = 0  
A= B
K  r 2 r n −3 (n − 1) + 3r n −1  = 0  
The magnitude of A and B are equal.
K  r n −1 (n − 1 + 3)  = 0 Hence, the correct answer is (D).
n = −2 Sol.8 (C)
Hence, the correct option is (A). Sol.9 (C)

. Method 2 : Given : u = e x cos yiˆ + e x sin yjˆ
From the concept of electromagnetic theory, the 
Divergence of vector u is given by,
divergence of a vector in spherical coordinate is
  ∂ ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ
given by, ∇ ⋅ u =  iˆ + j+ k
 1 ∂ 2 n  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
1 ∂
∇⋅ A = 2 (r kr ) = 2 (kr n + 2 ) × (e x cos yiˆ + e x sin yjˆ)
r ∂r r ∂r
 k  ∂ ∂
∇ ⋅ A = 2 (n + 2)r n +1 ∇ ⋅ u = (e x cos y ) + (e x sin y )
r ∂x ∂y
 
∇ ⋅ A = ( n + 2) kr n −1 ∇ ⋅ u = e x cos y + e x cos y = 2e x cos y
According to question, Hence, the correct option is (C).
 Sol.10 (4)
∇⋅ A = 0
Given : f ( x, y) = kxy − x3 y − xy 3
(n + 2)kr n −1 = 0
∂f ( x, y )
n+ 2 = 0  n = −2 Grad [ f ( x, y )] = iˆ
∂x
Hence, the correct option is (A).
∂f ( x, y ) ˆ ∂f ( x, y )
Sol.5 (B) + ˆj +k
∂y ∂z
Given : φ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
= iˆ(ky − 3x 2 y − y 3 )
Direction of maximum increase in value of φ is
same as gradient factor. + ˆj (kx − x3 − 3 y 2 x) + kˆ(0)
GATE ACADEMY ® Vector Calculus 17

Grad [ f ( x, y )] at P(1, 2) DD = ∇f ( x, y ) ⋅ aˆ
Grad [ f ( x, y )] = iˆ(2k − 6 − 8) + ˆj (k − 1 − 12)  iˆ − 2kˆ 
= (8iˆ + 6 ˆj + 6kˆ) ⋅ 
= iˆ(2k − 14) iˆ + ˆj (k − 13)  5 
  
Directional derivative of f ( x, y ) in direction r is 8 − 12
=
15 5
Grad[ f ( x, y )] ⋅ rˆ =
2 −4
 −1 ˆ 1 ˆ  15
=
(2k − 14) iˆ + (k − 13) ˆj  ⋅  i− j = 5
 2 2  2
−4
−2k + 14 − k + 13 = 15 Hence, the correct ans. is
−3k + 27 = 15 5
−3k = 15 − 27 Sol.13 ( 5 )
−3k = −12
x2 y2
12 Given : u = +
k= 2 3
3
Gradient of function u is given by,
∴ k =4
Hence, the correct answer is 4 ∂u ˆ ∂u ˆ ∂u
∇u = iˆ +j +k
Sol.11 (0) ∂x ∂y ∂z
Given : I =  xy 2 dx + x 2 ydy ∂  x2 y 2  ˆ ∂  x2 y 2 
∇u = iˆ  + + j  + 
Apply Green’s Theorem ∂x  2 3  ∂y  2 3 
 ∂F ∂F 
I =  F1dx + F2 dy =    2 − 1  dxdy ∂  x2 y 2 
 ∂x ∂x  + kˆ  + 
∂z  2 3 
F1 = xy 2 , F2 = x 2 y
2
I =   (2 xy − 2 xy ) dxdy ∇u = xiˆ + yjˆ
3
=   (0) dxdy At point (1, 3),
=0 ∇u = iˆ + 2 ˆj
Hence, the correct ans. is 0 Magnitude is given by,
Sol.12 ( − 4 / 5 )
2 2 2
∇u = 12 + 22 = 5
Given : f ( x, y) = 2 x + 3 y + z
∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f ( x, y) = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ
∂x ∂y ∂z
= iˆ(4 x) + ˆj (6 y ) + kˆ(2 z )

∇f ( x, y ) (2,1,3) = 8iˆ + 6 ˆj + 6kˆ

a = iˆ − 2kˆ
iˆ − 2kˆ
aˆ =
5
Sol.1 (A) 6 x 2 − 18 x + 12 = 0
Given : f ( x) = exp( x) + exp(− x) x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0
f ( x) = e x + e− x x1 = 1, x2 = 2
Differentiating both sides of function f ( x ) with Differentiating both sides of equation (i) with
respect to x , respect to x ,
f '( x) = e x − e − x …(i) f " ( x ) = 12 x − 18
The stationary points are given by,
At x1 = 1 ,
f '( x) = 0
f " (1) = 12 − 18 = − 6 < 0 (Maxima)
e x = e− x
ex At x2 = 2 ,
=1
e− x f " ( 2 ) = 24 − 18 = 6 > 0 (Minima)
e2 x = 1 Checking stationary points,
Taking ‘ln’ both sides,
f (1) = 2
2x = 0
f (2) = 1
x=0
Differentiating both sides of equation (i) with Thus, the following values are observed :
respect to x , x f (x)
f ''( x) = e x + e − x 0 –3
At x = 0 , 1 2
f "(0) = 2 > 0 (Minima) 2 1
So, the function f ( x) has a minima at x = 0 . 3 6
f min = f ( x ) x =0 = 1 + 1 = 2 So, the maximum value of function f ( x ) in [0, 3]
Hence, the correct option is (A). occurs at x = 3 .
Sol.2 (6) f max = f ( x ) x =3 = 6
Given : f ( x) = 2 x3 − 9 x 2 + 12 x − 3 Hence, the maximum value of the function is 6.
0 ≤ x ≤ 3 or x ∈ [0, 3] Sol.3 (1)
The value of function f ( x) at boundaries : Given : An ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 = 1
y
f (0) = − 3
(0, 0.5)
f (3) = 6
Differentiating both sides of function f ( x ) with y
respect to x , 2y x
x
0 (1, 0)
f '( x) = 6 x 2 − 18 x + 12 …(i)
The stationary points are given by,
f '( x) = 0 2x
GATE ACADEMY ® Maxima & Minima 19

For the ellipse shown x 2 + 4 y 2 = 1 , the rectangle 2θ = 900

has been represented inside ellipse such that, the θ = 450
four corners of rectangle lies on the ellipse. Thus, the maximum value is given by,
The area of rectangle in first quadrant = xy. Amax = sin(2 × 450 ) = sin 900
Since, the area of rectangle (say ‘A’) is four times Amax = 1
to that of the rectangle in the first quadrant.
Hence, the maximum area of a rectangle is 1.
2
1− x . Method 3 :
A = 4 xy = 4 x = 2 x 1 − x 2 … (i)
4 Given : The equation of an ellipse is,
. Method 1 : x2 + 4 y 2 = 1 …(i)
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to x, Area of rectangle is given by,
dA  1  A = 2 x × 2 y = 4 xy
= 2 1 1 − x 2 + x (1 − x 2 ) −1/2 (−2 x)  Squaring both sides,
dx  2 
For extreme values, the stationary points are given f = ( A) 2 = (4 xy ) 2 = 16 x 2 y 2
by, From equation (i),
dA 1 
=0 f ( x) = 16 x 2  (1 − x 2 ) 
dx 4 
 1  f ( x) = 4 x 2 (1 − x 2 )
2 1 1 − x 2 + x (1 − x 2 ) −1/2 (−2 x)  = 0
 2  Differentiating the function f ( x) with respect to
x2 x,
1 − x2 − =0 f '( x ) = 4[ x 2 ( −2 x ) + (1 − x 2 )2 x]
1 − x2
(1 − x 2 ) − x 2 = 0 f '( x ) = 4[ −2 x 3 + 2 x − 2 x 3 ]

1 − 2x2 = 0 f '( x ) = 8[ x − 2 x 3 ] …(ii)

1 The stationary points are given by,
x= f '( x) = 0
2
Thus, the maximum value is given by, 8[ x − 2 x 3 ] = 0
Amax = 2 x 1 − x 2 x (1 − 2 x 2 ) = 0
1
1 1 x1 = 0, x2 =
Amax = 2 × 1− = 1 2
2 2
Differentiating both sides of equation (ii) with
Hence, the maximum area of a rectangle is 1.
respect to x,
. Method 2 :
f ''( x ) = 8[1 − 6 x 2 ]
1 − x2 At x1 = 0 ,
A = 4 xy = 4 x = 2 x 1 − x2
4
f ''(0) = 8 > 0 (Minima)
Let, x = cos θ
1
Therefore, A = 2cos θ 1 − cos2 θ At x2 = ,
2
A = 2 cos θ sin θ
 1 
A = sin 2θ f ''   = −12 < 0 (Maxima)
 2
For extreme values, the stationary points are given
by, 1
Therefore, at x = , function will give maxima.
dA 2
=0 From equation (i),
dθ
2 cos 2θ = 0 1
y 2 = (1 − x 2 )
4
 20 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®
x
1 1
y 2 = 1 −  f ( x) =  (t 3 − 4t 2 + 4t − t 2 + 4t − 4) dt
4 2 0

1 1 x
y2 = , y =
8 8 f ( x) =  (t 3 − 5t 2 + 8t − 4) dt
0
1
y= x
2 2  t 4 5t 3 
f ( x) =  − + 4t 2 − 4t 
Therefore, maximum area of rectangle is, 4 3 0
Amax = 4 xy
 x 4 5 x3 
1 1 f ( x) =  − + 4x2 − 4x
Amax = 4 ×
× =1 4 3 
2 2 2
4 x3 5 × 3 2
Hence, the maximum area of a rectangle is 1. f '( x) = − x + 8x − 4 = 0
Sol.4 (A) 4 3
Given : f ( x) = x 2 e − x ∴ x3 − 5 x 2 + 8 x − 4 = 0
Differentiating both sides, x = 1 will be satisfied the above equation
f '( x ) = 2 xe − x − x 2 e − x …(i) f "( x) = 3x 2 − 10 x + 8
The stationary points are given by, f "(1) = 3 − 10 + 8 = 11 − 10 = 1 = + ve
f '( x) = 0
x = 1 is point of minima.
2 xe − x − x 2 e − x = 0 Hence, the correct option is (B)
x(2 − x) = 0
Sol.6 (π/4)
x1 = 0 , x2 = 2
 1− x 
Differentiating both sides of equation (i), Given : f ( x ) = tan −1  
1+ x 
f ''( x) = 2e − x − 2 xe − x − 2 xe − x + x 2 e − x
1− x
f "( x ) = ( x 2 + 2)e − x − 4 xe − x f ( x) will be maximum when will be
1+ x
At x1 = 0 , maximum
f ''(0) = 2 > 0 (minima) 1− x
So, will be maximum when x = 0
At x2 = 2 , 1+ x
6 8 −2  1− 0 
f "(2) = − = < 0 (maxima) f max = f (1) = tan −1  
e2 e2 e2  1+ 0 
So, the function f ( x) has Maxima at x = 2 . = tan −1 (1)
Hence, the correct option is (A). π
 Key Point =
4
The stationary points for finding the extreme
π
values of a function f ( x) are given by : Hence, the correct answer is
4
f '( x) = 0
Sol.7 (5)
Condition for maxima : f "( x) < 0
Given : x 2 − (a − 2) x − (a + 1) = 0
Condition for minima : f "( x) > 0
A =1
Sol.5 (B)
x B = − (a − 2)
Given : f ( x) =  (t − 2) 2 (t − 1) dt C = − (a + 1)
0
x − B (a − 2)
α +β = =
f ( x) =  (t 2 − 4t + 4) (t − 1) dt A 1
0
GATE ACADEMY ® Maxima & Minima 21

C
α ⋅β = = − (a + 1)
A
α 2 + β2 = (α + β)2 − 2α ⋅β
= (a − 2)2 + 2(a + 1)
= a 2 + 4 − 4a + 2 a + 2
α 2 + β 2 = a 2 − 2a + 6
Let f (a) = α 2 + β2 = a 2 − 2a + 6
We need to find minimum value of f (a).
f '(a) = 2a − 2 = 0
2
a= =1
2
f "(a) = 2
∴ f (1) = (1)2 − 2 ×1 + 6 = 1 − 2 + 6
=5
Hence, the correct answer is 5


Sol.1 (A) f ( x) is not continuous at x = 3
A function is said to be continuous at ‘a’ if Hence, the correct ans. is (A)
+ −
f (a ) = f ( a ) = f (a) Sol.2 (B)
 Given : The function f ( x) = 1 − x 2 + x 3 in closed
 2; x=3 interval [ a, b] = [ −1, 1]

A) f ( x) =  x − 1; x > 3 So, a = −1 and b = 1 .
x+3
 ; x<3 Equating these values in function f ( x ) ,
 3
f (a ) = f (−1) = 1 − (−1) 2 + (−1)3 = −1
f (3+ ) = 3 − 1 = 2
f (b) = f (1) = 1 − 12 + 13 = 1
3+3
f (3− ) = =2 As f (a ) ≠ f (b) ,
3
Rolle’s mean value theorem is not applicable. So,
f (3) = 2
Lagrange’s mean value theorem is to be applied.
Hence f ( x) is continuous at x = 3.
f (b) − f (a )
x=3 f '(c) = ; where, a < c < b
 4; b−a
B) f ( x) = 
8 − x; x ≠ 3 f '( x) = −2 x + 3 x 2
f (3) = 4  f '(c ) = −2c + 3c 2
+ 
f (3 ) = 8 − 3 = 5 1 − (−1)
−2c + 3c 2 = =1
f (3− ) = 8 − 3 = 5 1 − (−1)
f ( x) is not continuous at x = 3 3c 2 − 2c − 1 = 0
 x + 3; x ≤ 3 2 ± 4 + 12 2 ± 4 1
C) f ( x) =  c= = =− , 1
6 6 3
 x − 4; x > 3
1
f (3) = 3 + 3 = 6  Since, c = − lies between –1 and 1.
 3
f (3− ) = 8 − 3 = 5  Hence, the correct option is (B).
f (3+ ) = 3 − 4 = −1 Sol.3 (B)
f ( x) is not continuous at x = 3 3 + x; x ≥ 0
f ( x) = 
1 3 − x; x < 0
D) f ( x) = ;x ≠ 3
3
x − 27 For f ( x) is said to be continuous at x = 0 if ;
1 1  f (0+ ) = f (0− ) = f (0)
f (3− ) = 3 = = ∞
3 − 27 27 − 27
 f (0+ ) = 3 + 0 = 3
+ 1 1 
f (3 ) = 3 = = ∞ f (0− ) = 3 − 0 = 3
3 − 27 27 − 27 
1 1  f (0) = 3 + 0 = 3
f (3) = 3 = =∞ 
3 − 27 27 − 27  Hence f ( x) is continuous at x = 0.
GATE ACADEMY ® Basics of Calculus & Mean Value Theorem 23

For f ( x) to be differentiable at x = 0; Sol.5 (D)

f '(0+ ) = f '(0− ) Given : y = 5 x

0 + 1; x ≥ 0  5x ; x ≥ 0
f '( x) =  y= …(i)
0 − 1; x < 0  −5 x ; x < 0
f (0+ ) = 1  For continuity at x = 0 ,
 L.H.L. = R.H.L.
f (0− ) = −1
y (0− ) = y (0+ )
+ −
f (0 ) ≠ f (0 )
−5 x x = 0 = 5 x x = 0
f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 0
0=0
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Thus, the given function is continuous at x = 0.
Sol.4 (A)
Differentiating equation (i),
 x−3 ; x ≥1
 2  5 ; x≥0
f ( x) =  x 3 13 y' = 
 − x + ; x <1  −5 ; x < 0
4 2 4
For being differentiable at x = 0
f ( x) is said to be continuous at x = 1 , if
L.H.D. = R.H.D.
f (1+ ) = f (1− ) = f (1)
y '(0− ) = y '(0+ )
+
f (1 ) = 1 − 3 = 2 −5 ≠ 5
1 3 13 So, the given function is not differentiable at
f (1− ) = − +
4 2 4 x = 0.
−5 13 Hence, the correct option is (D).
= +
4 4 Sol.6 (C)
=2 Given : f ( x) = | x |
f (1) = 1 − 3 = 2  x, x ≥ 0
f ( x) =  …(i)
Hence f ( x) is continuous at x = 1.  − x, x < 0
Differentiating both sides of equation (i),

 −( x − 3); 1≤ x < 3  1, x ≥ 0
 f '( x) = 
f ( x) =  + ( x − 3); x≥3 −1, x < 0
 x 2 3 x 13 For continuity at x = 0 ,
 − + ; x <1
4 2 4 L.H.L. = R.H.L.
 f (0− ) = f (0+ )
 −1; 1≤ x < 3
 0=0
f '( x) =  1; x≥3 Thus, the given function is continuous at x = 0 .
 x2 3
 − ; x <1 For differentiability at x = 0 ,
2 2 L.H.D. = R.H.D.
+
f '(1 ) = −1 for 1 < x < 3 f '(0− ) = f '(0+ )
= +1 for x ≥ 3 1 ≠ −1
−
f '(1 ) = −1 for x < 1 Thus, the given function is continuous but not
f ( x) is not differentiable at x = 1 differentiable at x = 0 .
Hence, the correct option is (A) Hence, the correct option is (C).
 24 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

Sol.7 (– 0.5)
 1 + Px − 1 − Px
 ; −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
 x
Given : f ( x) = 
 2x +1 0 ≤ x ≤1
 ;
 x−2
Since f ( x) is continuous in [–1, 1]
Let x = 0
0
 0 ; −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
f ( x) = 
 −1 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
 2
P P
lim f ( x) = lim +
x→0 x→0 2 1 + Px 2 1 − Px
P P
=− +
2 2
=P
f ( x) is continuous at x = 0.
f (0− ) = f (0+ ) = f (0)
−1
P=
2
P = −0.5
Hence, the correct ans. is −0.5
Sol.8 (A)
 ax 2 + 1; x ≤1
Given : f ( x) =  2
 x + ax + b; x > 1
 2ax; x ≤ 1
f '( x) = 
2 x + a; x > 1
f '(1+ ) = f '(1− )
2 + a = 2a
∴ a=2
b=0
Hence, the correct option is (A)


Sol.1 (C) 1
Residue at z1 = is given by,
cos(2π z ) 2
Given : I =  dz
(2 z − 1)( z − 3)  1 
C
R( z1 ) =  z −  f ( z ) 
cos(2π z ) cos(2π z )  2  z=1
f ( z) = = 2
(2 z − 1)( z − 3)  1
2  z −  ( z − 3)  1 cos(2 π z ) 
 2 R ( z1 ) =  z −  × 
2  1
 2  z −  ( z − 3) 
and contour C is z = 1 .   2  z=1
2
Poles of f ( z ) are given by,
 1
cos  2π× 
(2 z − 1)( z − 3) = 0  2 (−1) 1
R ( z1 ) = = =
1 1   −5  5
z= ,3 2  − 3 2× 
2 2   2 
1 From equation (i),
z1 = , z2 = 3
2 cos(2π z ) 1 2πi
Let z = x + iy ,
C (2 z − 1)( z − 3) dz = 2πi × 5 = 5
Hence, the correct option is (C).
| z | = x2 + y2 = 1
Sol.2 (D)
Squaring on both sides,
Given : z = x + jy
x2 + y 2 = 1
e jz = e j ( x + jy ) = e jx − y
So, the contour C represent a circle with centre (0,
e jz = e jx − y = e jx × e − y
0) and radius 1.
iy e jz = 1× e − y
Since, y is real, e − y is also real.
e jz = e − y
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Sol.3 (B)
0.5 3
3i
dz
Given : I = 
5
z
Unit circle = [log z ]35i
1
Only pole z1 = lies inside the contour. = [log 3i − log 5]
2
= [log 3 + log i − log 5]
By Residue theorem,
 iπ

 f ( z ) dz = 2πi × [ ΣR ( zi ) ] …(i) =  log 3 − log 5 + log e 2 
c
    
Sum of residues
 26 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

 iπ  4
= log 3 − log 5 +  and θ = tan −1  
 2  3
∴ I = −0.511 + 1.5710 Hence, the correct option is (D).
Hence, the correct option is (B) Sol.6 (0)
Sol.4 (B) 1− 2z
Given : X ( z ) =
2z + 5 z ( z − 1) ( z − 2)
Given : I = 
 1 2 R1 R2 R
 z −  ( z − 4 z + 5) dz X ( z) = + + 3
 2 z z −1 z − 2
z2 − 4z + 5 = 0 1 1
R1 z =0 = =
−1× (−2) 2
4 ± 16 − 20 4 ± 2i
z= = = 2±i 1− 2 −1
2 ×1 2 R2 = = =1
z =1
1× (1 − 2) −1
1
∴ Total poles  , 2 + i, 2 − i 1 − 4 −3
2 R3 z =2 = =
2 ×1 2
Contour z = 1
Sum of residues of a complex function X ( z ) is
1
Only lie inside z = 1 1 3
2 +1− = 0
2 2
f ( z)
I =  dz = 2πi f (a) Hence, the correct answer is 0
z−a
Sol.7 (C)
2z + 5
I =  dz Sol.8 (0)
2  1
Sol.9 (–4)
( z − 4 z + 5)  z − 
 2
1 + 2i 2 − i
2z + 5 Given : Z = +
f ( z) = 3 − 4i 5i
2
z − 4z + 5 (1 + 2i)(3 + 4i) 2 − i
= +
1 1+ 5 24 (9 + 16) 5i
f  = =
 2  1 − 2 + 5 13 3 + 4i + 6i − 8 2 − i
4 = +
25 5i
2z + 5
∴ I =  dz 10i − 5 2 − i
2  1 = +
( z − 4 z + 5)  z −  25 5i
 2
2i − 1 (−2i − 1)
24 48πi = +
= 2πi × = 5 5
13 13 2i − 2i − 1 − 1
Hence, the correct option is (B) =
5
Sol.5 (D) −2
Given : z = 3 + i 4 =
5
Comparing with z = a + ib = −0.4
a = 3, b = 4 Hence, the correct answer is −0.4
Complex number is represented by, Sol.10 (C)
a + ib = r∠θ
b 
r = a 2 + b2 and θ = tan −1
a
r = 32 + 4 2 = 5
Sol.1 (B)  x3 x5 
f ( x) = 3  x − + ..... 
x3 x5 x7  3! 5! 
Given : f ( x ) = x − + − + ......
3! 5! 7!
 x2 x4 
3
θ θ 5 +2 1 − + ..... 
sin θ = θ − + − .......  2! 4! 
3! 5!
x3
Therefore, f ( x) = sin x f ( x) = 2 + 3x − x 2 − + ....
2
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Sol.2 (C)
. Method 2 :
Given : f ( x ) = e x …(i)
By Taylor series,
The Taylor series expansion is, f ( x) = f (a) + ( x − a) f '(a)
f ( x) = f (a) + ( x − a) f '(a)
( x − a)2
( x − a) 2 + f "( a ) … (ii)
+ f ''(a ) + ......∞ 2!
2! Let a = 0
At a = 2, f (0) = 3 × 0 + 2 = 2
The coefficient of ( x − 2) 4 is, From equation (i),
f ( x) = f (2) + ( x − 2) f '(a) f '( x) = 3cos x − 2sin x
f "( x) = − 3sin x − 2 cos x
( x − 2) 2
+ f "( a ) + ... ∞ Put x = 0 ,
2!
Differentiating equation (i) four times, Then, f '(0) = 3
f ""( x ) = e x f "(0) = − 2
Put all these values in equation (ii),
At x = a = 2 , f ""(2) = e 2
 x2 
f ""(2) e 2
f ( x) = 2 + ( x × 3) +  × (− 2)  − .....
So, the coefficient of ( x − 2) 4 = =  2 
4! 4!
f ( x ) = 2 + 3 x − x 2 − .....
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Sol.3 (A) Hence, the correct option is (A).
Given : f ( x) = 3sin x + 2 cos x … (i) Sol.4 (C)
1 − cos( x 2 ) 0
. Method 1 : Given : y = lim =
x→0 2x4 0
The expansion of sin x and cos x are given by,
0
x2 x4 This is in form. So, by applying L-Hospital’s
cos x = 1 − + − .......∞ 0
2! 4! rule,
3 5
x x f '( x ) 2 x sin( x 2 )
sin x = x − + − .......∞ y = lim = lim
3! 5! x→0 g '( x ) x → 0 8 x3
 28 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

2 sin( x 2 ) 1 sin( x 2 ) 0 (1 − 0)
y = lim = lim =  lim
x →0 8x2 4 x→0 x 2 0 x→∞
{ 1+ 0 − 0 +1 }
0
This is in form. So, by applying L-Hospital’s 1
0 
1+1
rule,
1
1 2 x cos ( x 2 ) 1 
y = lim = 2
4 x→0 2x 4
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (C)
Sol.5 (D) Sol.7 (25)
2
 1
2x
 e5 x − 1 
Given : y = lim  1 +  Given : lim  
x →∞
 x x→0
 x 
Taking log on both sides, 0
Put x = 0  form
 1 0
log y = lim 2 x log  1 + 
x →∞
 x Apply L-Hopital’s Rule;
 1 2(e5 x − 1)(5e5 x )
2 log 1 +   lim
log y = lim  x = 0 x→0 2x
x →∞ 1/ x 0
10(e10 x − e5 x )
0  lim
For form, applying L’ Hospital’s rule, x→0 2x
0
10(10e10 x − 5e5 x )
2  1   lim
×− 2  x →0 2
 1  x 
1 +  10(10 − 5)
x
log y = lim  
x →∞ 1 2
− 2
x  25
2 Hence, the correct answer is 25.
log y = lim =2
x →∞ 1 Sol.8 (0)
1+
x x
Given : f ( x) =  e − t /2 dt
2

y=e 2 … (i)
0

Hence, the correct option is (D). . Method 1 :

Sol.6 (C) By Taylor series around x = 0 is nothing but
Given : lim x + x − 1 − x 2 Maclaurin’s series is given by,
x →∞
x2

 lim
( 2
x + x −1 − x )( 2
x + x −1 + x ) f ( x ) = f (0) + x f '(0) +
2!
f ''(0) + ......

x →∞
x2 + x −1 + x f ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + .....
( x 2 + x − 1) − x 2 1
 lim On comparing the coefficient of x2 is f "(0) .
x →∞
x2 + x −1 + x 2!
x −1 a2 is given by,
 lim
x→∞
x2 + x −1 + x f ''(0) f ''(0)
a2 = =
 1 2! 2
x x − 
 x Differentiating equation (i),
 lim
x→∞ 
 1 1  x
f '( x) = e−t /2  = e− x
2 2
x  1 + − 2 + 1 /2

 x x   0
GATE ACADEMY ® Limit & Series Expansion 29

2  − 2x  − x 2 /2 Sol.10 (B)
f ''( x) = e − x /2
⋅  = −x ⋅ e
 2   1
2n

Given : lim 1 − 
f ''(0) = − 0 ⋅ e0 = 0 n →∞
 n
Thus, coefficient of x2 at x = 0 is, 2n
 1
f ''(0) Let y = 1 − 
a2 = =0  n
2
Hence, the coefficient a2 is 0. Taking log e both side,

. Method 2 :  1
log y = 2 n log  1 − 
x  n
f ( x) =  e − t /2 dt
2

0
 1
  −t 2  (−t 2 / 2)2
x
 log 1 − 
f ( x) =  1 +  + +  dt log y = lim  n
0  2  2!  n →∞ 1
x 2n
 −t 3 t5 
f ( x ) = t + + −  Apply L –Hopital’s Rule
 2× 3 2× 5× 2 0
 1 
x3 x5  2
f ( x) = x − + −  1 n 
6 20 log y = lim
n →∞  1  1 
Comparing above equation with given expansion, 1 −   − 2 
 n   2n 
a2 = 0
log y = −2
Hence, the coefficient a2 is 0.
Sol.9 (A) y = e−2
 1+ x  Hence, the correct option is (B)
Given : f ( x) = log  
 1− x 
= log (1 + x) − log (1 − x)
Expand log (1 + x) and log(1 − x) ; 
 x 2 x3 x 4 x5 
log (1 + x) =  x − + − + −  
 2 3 4 5 
 x 2 x3 x 4 x5 
log (1 − x) = −  x + + + + +  
 2 3 4 5 
∴ f ( x) = log (1 + x) − log (1 − x)
x 2 x3 x 4
= x − + − +
2 3 4
x 2 x3 x 4 x5
+x + + + + +
2 3 4 5
2 x3 2 x5 2 x 7
f ( x) = 2 x + + + +…
3 5 7
 x 3 x5 x 7 
f ( x) = 2  x + + + + 
 3 5 7 
Hence, the correct option is (A)
Sol.1 (A) Variance of X = E  X 2  − { E [ X ]}
2

Given : A and B are two mutually exclusive

(disjoint) events (they cannot occur  4 × 1 + 9 × 2 + 16 × 3 + 25 × 4 
1 
simultaneously). V ( X ) =  +36 × 5 + 49 × 6 + 64 × 5 + 81 × 4  − (7) 2
36
P( A ∩ B) = 0 …(i)  +100 × 3 + 121 × 2 + 114 × 1 

So, option (C) is false. 1

V (X ) = [1974] − 49
The union of any two event is given by, 36
P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B) 1974 − 1764
V (X ) =
From equation (i), 36
P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) − 0 210 35
V (X ) = =
P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) 36 6
Hence, the correct option is (A). Sol.3 (D)
Sol.2 (A) Given : P ( E1 ∪ E2 ) = 1 and P ( E1 ) = P ( E2 )
Let X be a random variable. X = {sum of the Let P ( E1 ) = P ( E2 ) = P ( E ) …(i)
mumbers on the dice}
By the addition rule,
X can varies from 2 to 12
P ( E1 ∪ E2 ) = P ( E1 ) + P ( E2 ) − P ( E1 ∩ E2 )
X 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 = P( E ) + P( E ) − P( E ) × P( E )
1 2 3 4 5 6
P( X )
36 36 36 36 36 36 [Given E1 and E2 are independent then
X 8 9 10 11 12 P ( E1 ∩ E2 ) = P ( E1 ) × P ( E2 ) = P ( E ) 2 ]
5 4 3 2 1 P( E )2 − 2 P( E ) + 1 = 0
P( X )
36 36 36 36 36
[ P ( E ) − 1]
2
=0
Expected value of x is E [ X ] =  X P [ X ]
P( E ) = 1
 1   1   3   4   5 
E [ X ] = 2   + 3  + 4   + 5   + 6   Therefore, from equation (i),
36
    36 36
    36  36 
Expected value of X is P ( E1 ) = 1
E [ X ] =  Xp ( X ) Hence, the correct option is (D).
 1   2   3   4  Sol.4 (D)
E [ X ] = 2  + 3  + 4  + 5 
 36   36   36   36  Given that P ( A) = 1
 5   6   5   4  1
+ 6  + 7   + 8  + 9  P ( B) =
 36   36   36   36  2
 3   3   1  1
+ 10   + 11   + 12   1×
 
A P ( A ∩ B )
 36   36   36  P  = = 2 =1
B P( B) 1
E[X ] = 7
2
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 30 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

1 In symmetric distribution :
1×
 
B P ( A ∩ B ) 1 Mean = median = mode
P  = = 2=
 A P ( A) 1 2 In negatively skewed distribution
Hence, the correct option is (D) Mean ≤ median ≤ mode
Sol.5 (D) Hence, D is not true and the correct option is (D).
Given : A box contains 5 black and 5 red balls. Sol.8 (A)
. Method 1 : The variance of a random variable X is given by
∞
Probability of picking out 1 red ball out of 10 σ2X =  (X − X )
2
f X ( x) dx
5 −∞
balls =
10 ∞

 (X + X −2 − 2 XX ) f X ( x) dx
2 2
σ =
Here the point is to be noted that there is no X
−∞
replacement of balls. ∞ ∞

X 
2 2 2
So, probability of drawing two red balls σ =
X f X ( x) dx + X f X ( x) dx
−∞ −∞
5 4 2
= × = ∞
10 9 9
Hence, the correct option is (D).
−2 X X
−∞
f X ( x) dx

2 2 2
. Method 2 : σ = E [ X ] + X − 2 XX
X

By using tree diagram, σ 2X = E [ X 2 ] − X 2

st
1 ball 2nd ball Required probability

Hence, the correct option is (A)

4
Black 2 Black balls
9 balls

5
10
3
Black + = 6 5 Sol.9 (A)
balls 3
Given that the random variable X and probability
9
Black
balls 5 Red 1 Black balls 1 Red balls

distribution P(X) are as follows :

+ = 10 balls
5
Red 5
Black 1 Red balls 1 Black balls
9
1 2 3
balls balls
5 Red 4
X
10 balls +=6
2
2 + 5P 1 + 3P 1.5 + 2 P
4
2 Red balls =
5 4
´ P(X)
5 5 5
9 Red
balls 10 9

So, probability of drawing two red balls Sum of probability = 1

5 4 2 P (1) + P (2) + P (3) = 1
= × =
10 9 9 2 + 5 P 1 + 3 P 1.5 + 2 P
Hence, the correct option is (D). + + =1
5 5 5
Sol.6 (D) 4.5 + 10 P
Given : =1
5
E ( x) (per question) = E (1) + E (−0.25) P = 0.05 …(i)
1 By the concept of discrete random variable,
= 1× + (−0.25) × P (−0.25)
4 E ( X ) =  X P( X )
1 3
= 1× + (−0.25) ×  2 + 5P   1 + 3P   1.5 + 2 P 
4 4 E ( X ) = 1  + 2  + 3 
 5   5   5 
= 0.0625
8.5 + 17 P
So, E ( x) for 150 question = 0.0625 × 150 = 9.375 E( X ) =
5
E [ x] for all = 9.375 × 1000 = 9375
From equation (i),
Hence the correct option is (D) 8.5 + (17 × 0.05)
Sol.7 (D) E( X ) =
5
In positively skewed distribution E ( X ) = 1.87
Mode ≤ median ≤ mean Hence, the correct option is (A).
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GATE ACADEMY ® Probability & Statistics 31

Sol.10 (A) Tosses 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Favorable
combinations
Given : A probability density function is,
H H H H (4 Heads)
Px ( x ) = Me −2| x | + Ne −3| x | H H H T (3 Heads, 1 Tail)
H H T H (3 Heads, 1 Tail)
By the property of probability density function H H T T
(P.D.F.), H T H H (3 Heads, 1 Tail)
∞ H T H T
 P ( x) dx = 1
−∞
x
H
H
T
T
T
T
H
T
∞ T H H H (3 Heads, 1 Tail)
T H H T
 (Me
−2| x | −3| x |
+ Ne ) dx = 1
T H T H
−∞
T H T T
Px ( x ) is even function as x is even function. T T H H
T T H T
So, by the property of even function, T T T H
∞ T T T T
2  ( Me −2 x + Ne −3 x ) dx = 1 Fig. Samples space of 4 tosses
0
∞ ∞
Here in above figure, the favourable combination
 e −2 x   e−3 x  are in shading that is equal to 5.
2M   + 2 N   =1
 −2 0  −3 0 5
Thus, required probability = .
2 16
− M (e−∞ − e0 ) − N (e− ∞ − e0 ) = 1
3 Hence, the correct option is (D).
2 . Method 2 :
− M (0 − 1) − N (0 − 1) = 1
3
Required probability is given by,
2
M + N =1 P = Getting exactly 3 Heads and 1 tail
3
Hence, the correct option is (A). + Getting exactly 4 Heads and 0 tail
Sol.11 (C) According to binomial distribution, the probability
Given : of r trails is given by,
P ( r ) = Cr p r (1 − p ) n − r
n
The coin is tossed 10 times.
Total number of trials n = 10 where, P is probability of occurrence of the event.
1
Probability of getting head in any trial = 1 1
4
1 1
0 3 1

2 P( H > T ) = C4     + 4C3    
4

2 2 2 2

1
Probability of getting tail in any trial =
2 5
P( H > T ) =
Desired condition that only first two tosses will 16
yield heads is Hence, the correct option is (D).
A= H H { T T T T T T T T } Sol.13 (A)
10 Given : The annual precipitation is normally
1 distributed with μ = 1000 mm and σ = 200 mm
So, required probability =  
2
For simplification of normal distribution let us
Hence, the correct option is (C).
x −μ
Sol.12 (D) consider z = .
σ
Given : A fair coin is tossed 4 times.
 1200 − 1000 
. Method 1 : p ( x > 1200) = p  z > 
 200 
The sample space for four tosses of a coin is as
follows, = p( z > 1)
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 32 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®
f (x) f (z)
1
1200 - 1000 k=
z=
200
=1 π
Hence, the correct option is (B)
x z Sol.16 (C)
0 x = 1000 -¥ z=0 +¥
Mean Mean
1
Obtained marks can be fitted with normal
The probability for above distribution from figure distribution and also mentioned marks takes
is given by, integral value only.
P( x > 1200) = P( z > 1) μ = mean = 14
σ = standarddiviation = 2.5
According to property of normal distribution, the
f ( x)
normal distribution curve is symmetric with mean
z = 0 which means distribution is divided into two
parts with equal probability of 0.5.
Hence, P( z > 1) = 0.5 − P(0 < z < 1)
That means the required probability is less than
x
0.5 that means less than 50%. μ − 36 μ − 26 μ − 6 μ μ + 6 μ + 26 μ + 36

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Sol.14 (A) 14 16.5 19 21.5
Given : A continuous random variable X with % student getting 14, 15, 16 marks is
probability density function, 68
= % = 34%
f ( x ) = e − x (0 < x < ∞ ) 2
f (X ) % of student getting 16 marks
34
1 = % = 11.33%  12%
3
Hence, the correct option is (C).
x
Sol.17 (D)
0 1 ¥
Given : A box contains 5 black and 5 red balls.
By the property of probability density function, . Method 1 :
∞
P[ X > x ] =  f ( x ) dx Probability of picking out 1 red ball out of 10
x 5
∞ balls =
Thus, P{ X > 1} =  e− x dx =  −e − x 
∞ 10
1
1
Here the point is to be noted that there is no
P{ X > 1} = 0 − ( −e −1 ) = 0.368 replacement of balls.
Hence, the correct option is (A). So, probability of drawing two red balls
Sol.15 (B) 5 4 2
k = × =
Given : f x ( x) = 10 9 9
1 + x2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
∞
. Method 2 :
 f x ( x) dx = 1
−∞ By using tree diagram,
∞ st

k 1 ball 2nd ball Required probability

−∞ 1 + x2 dx = 1
4
Black 2 Black balls
9 balls

5 3
Black + = 6 5
∞ 10 balls 3
k
2
9

2
dx = 1 Black
balls 5 Red 1 Black balls 1 Red balls

−∞
1 + x + = 10
5
5
balls
Red Black 1 Red balls 1 Black balls

2k [tan −1 ( x )]0∞ = 1 balls 9 balls

5 Red 4
10 balls +=6
π  2

2k  − 0  = 1 4
2 Red balls =
5 4
´
2  9 Red
balls 10 9

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GATE ACADEMY ® Probability & Statistics 33

So, probability of drawing two red balls 25 1

= + = 0.0033 = 0.33% .
5 4 2 6 5 65
= × =
10 9 9 Hence, the correct option is (C).
Hence, the correct option is (D). Sol.20 (0.5)
Sol.18 (B) Given : Space = 36
n ( S ) = 36
1
Probability of getting head on unbiased coin is , E = {sum of digits on the top surface is even}
2
n ( E ) = 18
1
P( H ) = 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
1 (1, 1) (1, 3) (1, 5)
Probability of getting head on biased coin is 1; 2 (2, 2) (2, 4) (2, 6)
P( H ) = 1 3 (3, 1) (3, 3) (3, 5)
4 (4, 2) (4, 4) (4, 6)
 B Biased  1 5 (5, 1) (5, 3) (5, 5)
P =
 H  10 6 (6, 2) (6, 4) (6, 6)

 U Unbiased  1 9 n ( E ) 18
P = × Required probability = = = 0.5
 H  2 10 n ( S ) 36
H  P( H ) ⋅ P( B / H ) Sol.21 (0.083)
P =
B  P ( H ).P( B / H ) + P( H ) P  U  1
  Probability of getting 4 in first roll =
H 6
1 1 According to the question, P(getting < 4)
1×
H 10
P  = = 10 1 1 1 1
= P(1) + P(2) + P(3) = + + =
1 1
  1× + × ×
B  1 9  1 9 6 6 6 2
  10 + 40
10 2  2 10  1 1 1
Thus, required probability = × =
1 2 6 12
 
H 1 40
P   = 10 = × P = 0.083
 B  4 + 9 10 13
Hence, the probability is 0.083.
40
Sol.22 (0.4)
H 4
P  = Given : X be a random variable with probability
 B  13
density function,
Sol.19 (C)
Given : A dice is rolled five times, 0.2, for x ≤1

n=5 f ( x) =  0.1, for 1 < x ≤ 4
 0, otherwise
A dice has 6 faces therefore probability of getting 
1 . Method 1:
1= p = .
6 b

1 5 P ( a < X < b ) =  f ( x ) dx
Probability of not getting 1 = q = 1 − = .
6 6 a
5
According to binomial distribution : P ( 0.5 < X < 5 ) =
Probability of getting 1 at least four times is
 f ( x ) dx
0.5

p( x ≥ 4) = p( x = 4) + p( x = 5) 1 4 5
P ( 0.5 < X < 5 ) =  0.2 dx +  0.1dx +  0 dx
= 5C4 p 4 q 5− 4 + 5 C5 p 5 q 5−5 0.5 1 4

P ( 0.5 < X < 5) = 0.2 [1 − 0.5] + 0.1× 3

4 5− 4 5 5−5
5!  1   5  5!  1   5 
=     +    
1!4!  6   6  0!5!  6   6 
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 34 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®

P ( 0.5 < X < 5) = 0.2 × 0.5 + 0.1× 3 1 1 1

P= + + = 0.259
9 9 27
P ( 0.5 < X < 5) = 0.4
Hence, the probability of obtaining red colour on
Hence, the probability P(0.5 < X < 5) is 0.4. top face of the dice at least twice is 0.259.
. Method 2: . Method 2 :
A function is defined as, The dice is thrown thrice n = 3 .
0.2, for −1 < x < 1 2 1
 0.1, for (1 < x ≤ 4) Probability of obtaining red colour = =
 6 3
f ( x) =  and 1 < − x < 4 Probability of not obtaining red colour
  (−4 ≤ x < −1) 1 2
 = 1− =
 0, Otherwise 3 3
0.2, for ( − 1 < x < 1) The probability of red colour at least twice is
 P = P(r = 2) + P(r = 3)
f ( x) =  0.1, for (1 < x ≤ 4) and ( − 4 ≤ x < −1)
 0, Otherwise 2 3 0
 1  2 1 2
P = C 2     + 3 C3    
3

f ( x) 3  3 3  3
2 1 7
0.2 P= + = = 0.259
9 27 27
0.1
x
Hence, the probability of obtaining red colour on
-4 -1 0.5 1 4 top face of the dice at least twice is 0.259.
Now, P(0.5 < X < 5) will be under shaded area. Sol.24 (0.25)
Thus, a + bx ; for 0 < x < 1
Given : f ( x) = 
P(0.5 < X < 5) = (0.5 × 0.2) + [(4 − 1) × 0.1] 0 ; otherwise
P(0.5 < X < 5) = 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.4 2
and E( X ) =
Hence, the probability P(0.5 < X < 5) is 0.4. 3
Sol.23 (0.259) Expected value E ( X ) is given by,
Given : An unbiased cubic dice with opposite ∞

faces coloured identically. E( X ) =  xf ( x) dx

−∞
. Method 1 :
∞
2
Assume R denotes Red, and similarly B denotes
Blue and G for Green.
Thus,  xf ( x)dx = 3
−∞

The dice is thrown thrice n = 3 . 1

2
2 1  x(a + bx)dx = 3
Probability of obtaining red colour = = 0
6 3 1 1
2 1  x2   x3  2
Probability of obtaining blue colour = = a  + b  =
6 3  2 0  3 0 3
2 1 1 1 2
Probability of obtaining green colour = = a  + b  =
6 3  2 3 3
In 3 trials, the probability for at least 2 Red is 3a + 2 b = 4 …(i)
given by, By the property of probability density function
P = P(2 R &1B) + P(2 R &1G) + P(3R) (P.D.F.),
2 2 3 ∞
1 1 1 1 1
P = C 2     + 3 C 2     + 3 C3    f ( x) dx = 1
3

3 3 3 3 3 −∞

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GATE ACADEMY ® Probability & Statistics 35
1
1  25   4 
 f ( x)dx = 1
0
E (5 − x) =  25 −  − 10 −  
5  2   2 
1
 bx 2 
1 E (5 − x) = 0.9 min
0 ( a + bx ) dx = 1  

ax +
2  0
=1
Hence, the expected waiting time (in minutes) for
the vehicle at the junction is 0.9.
b
a+ =1 Sol.26 (A)
2
Video Solution Available
2a + b = 2 …(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii),

a = 0, b = 2
2 x, for 0 < x < 1
So, f ( x) = 
 0, otherwise
Required probability is given by,
a
P( x < a) =
−∞
 f ( x)dx

0.5
0.5
 x2 
P ( x < 0.5) = 
0
2 x dx = 2  
 2 0
P ( x < 0.5) = 0.52 − 0 2 = 0.25
Hence, P [ X < 0.5] is 0.25.
Sol.25 (0.9)
Given : Cycle of traffic signal lights,
Green = 2 min, Red = 3 min
Probability density function of arrival time of
vehicle at the junction is given by,
f ( x)
1
5

x
0 2 5
If vehicle will arrive at t = 2 min then, it will wait
for 3 min.
Let, vehicle will arrive at traffic junction at
t = (2 + x) min.
So, it will have to wait 5 – x min.
Expected waiting time for the vehicle at the
junction is given by,
5
1
E (5 − x) =  (5 − x) × dx
2
5
5
1 x2 
E (5 − x) = 5 x − 
5 2 2

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Sol.1 (B) Runge-Kutta Solution to a
2.
Given : method differential equation.
(i) The functions are, f1 = 10 x2 sin x1 − 0.8 Simpson’s 1/3 Numerical
2 3.
and f 2 = 10 x − 10 x2 cos x1 − 0.6
2 Rule integration.
(ii) Initial values are, x1 = 0 and x2 = 1 Solution to a
By Newton Raphson’s method (for two functions Simpson’s 3/8 numerical
4.
f1 and f 2 ), Rule approximation of
 ∂f1 ∂f1  definite integral.
 Δf1   ∂x1 ∂x2   Δx1  Gauss elimination Solution to a system
 Δf  =  ∂f ∂f 2   Δx2 
5.
method of linear equation.
 2 2
 ∂x ∂x 
 1 2 Solution to an
The Jacobian matrix is given by, 6. Euler’s method ordinary differential
 ∂f1 ∂f1  equation.
 ∂x ∂x 
Solution of
J=  
1 2

 ∂f 2 ∂f 2  7. Picard’s method differential

 ∂x ∂x  equations.
 1 2

∂f1 ∂f1 Using to find the

= 10 x2 cos x1 , = 10sin x1 8.
∂x1 ∂x2 Taylor’s method sum of series and
∂f 2 ∂f 2 evaluate limits.
= 10 x2 sin x1 , = 20 x2 − 10 cos x1
∂x1 ∂x2 So, the appropriate combination is, P1-M3, P2-
10 x2 cos x1 10sin x1  M1, P3-M4, P4-M2.
Thus, J =  
 10 x2 sin x1 20 x2 − 10 cos x1  Hence, the correct option is (B).
At initial values, Sol.3 (B)
10 cos 0 10sin 0  10 0  Let x = 3 N ,
J=  = 
10sin 0 20 − 10 cos 0   0 10  So, x3 = N
Hence, the correct option is (B). Then, f ( x) = x3 − N = 0
Sol.2 (B) Differentiating both sides, f '( x) = 3x 2
The correct match is given in the table below : From Newton-Raphson’s iterative method,
f ( xk )
S. Numerical xk +1 = xk −
Applications f '( xk )
N. Method
( xk3 − N )
Solution to a xk +1 = xk −
3 xk2
Newton-Raphson’s transcendental
1.
method equation (linear 1  3xk3 − xk3 + N 
xk +1 =  
equation). 3 xk2 
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GATE ACADEMY ® Numerical Methods 37

1 N n = 10
xk +1 =  2 xk + 2  Hence, the required minimum number of iteration
3 xk 
is 10.
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Sol.8 (0.044)
Sol.4 (0.6931)
Given : y ' = y + 2 x − x 2
Given : Step size, h = 1
x 1 2 Exact solution is given by,
f ( x) 0 2(ln 2) y ( x) = x 2 + e x
At x = 0.1 , exact solution is,
y0 y1
y (0.1) = (0.1)2 + e0.1 = 1.115
By Trapezoidal rule,
According to question,
h 1
I = [ y0 + y1 ] = [0 + 2 ln 2] dy
2 2 = y + 2x − x2
dx
I = ln 2 = 0.6931
y (0) = 1, h = 0.1
Hence, the value of the integral is 0.6931.
Sol.5 (C) f ( x, y ) = y + 2 x − x 2 , y0 = 1, x0 = 0
Sol.6 (1.16) By Runge-Kutta second order method,
31 (i) k1 = h f ( x0 , y0 ) = h( y0 + 2 x0 − x02 )
Given : I =  dx
1 x
k1 = 0.1(1 + 0 + 0) = 0.1
Step size, h = 1
(ii) k2 = h [ f ( x0 + h, y0 + k1 ) ]
Take, a = 1 , b = 3
x 1 2 3 k2 = h  y0 + k1 + 2( x0 + h) − ( x0 + h) 2 
1 1 1 k2 = 0.1[1 + 0.1 + 2(0 + 0.1) − (0 + 0.1) 2 ]
y= 1
x 2 3 k2 = 0.1[1 + 0.1 + 0.2 − 0.01] = 0.129
y0 y1 y2
k1 + k2 0.1 + 0.129
For trapezoidal rule, (iii) k= = = 0.1145
2 2
31 h
I =  dx = ( y0 + y2 ) + 2 y1  (iv) y1 = y0 + k = 1 + 0.1145 = 1.1145
1 x 2
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1
1  1  1
I = 1 +  + 2 ×  = 1.16 Error = exact value – approximate value
2  3  2
= 1.115 – 1.1145 = 0.0005
Hence, the correct answer is 1.16. The percentage difference
Sol.7 (10) 0.0005
Given : = ×100 = 0.044% = 0.044
1.115
(i) f ( x) = x 6 − x − 1 Hence, the percentage difference is 0.044.
(ii) One real root of f ( x) lies in the following Sol.9 (94.67)
interval : [a, b] = [1, 2] . Given : f ( x) in the interval [0, 4], h = 1
(iii) Required accuracy is ε = 0.001 1
rd

By Simpson’s   rule,
Let the number of iterations required is ' n ' 3
Accuracy of bisection method is given by, b
h
b−a  f ( x)dx = 3 [( f ( x ) + f ( x ))
0 4
 n ≤ε a
 2 
+4( f ( x1 ) + f ( x3 )) + 2 f ( x2 ) ]
2 −1
≤ 0.001 4
2n 1
 f ( x)dx = 3 [(3 + 55) + 4(10 + 36) + 2(21)]
1000 ≤ 2n [ 210 = 1024 > 1000 ] 0

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 38 Engineering Mathematics : Workbook GATE ACADEMY ®
4
 1 1 
 f ( x)dx = 94.667
0
K 3 = hf  x0 + h, y0 + K 2 
 2 2 
4 K3 = 0.1 f (0.05, 2.1025)
Hence, the value of 
0
f ( x)dx is 94.67.
K3 = 0.1(2.1025 − 0.05) = 0.2052
Sol.10 (8) K 4 = hf ( x0 + h, y0 + K3 )
du K 4 = 0.1 f (0.1, 2.2052)
Given : = 3t 2 + 1 with u = 0 at t = 0
dt K 4 = 0.1× (2.2052 − 0.1)
and step size, Δt = 2 K 4 = 0.2105
Absolute error
1
= Exact value – Approximate value So, K = ( K1 + 2 K 2 + 2 K3 + K 4 )
6
du 1
For exact value, = 3t 2 + 1 K = (0.2 + 2 × 0.205
dt 6
Integrating both sides with respect to t, + 2 × 0.2052 + 0.2102)
Δt =t1
K = 0.2051
 du =  0 = t0
(3t 2 + 1)dt
Required approximation is given by,
2 y1 = y0 + K
3t 3
u= + t = ( 23 + 2 ) − 0 = 10 y1 = 2 + 0.2051 = 2.2051
3 0
Hence, the value of y (0.1) is 2.205.
For approximate value,
Sol.12 (B)
By Euler’s method,
Video Available
un +1 = un + h f (tn , un )
Sol.13 (1)
Put n = 0
Video Available
u1 = u0 + 2(3t02 + 1)
Sol.14 (C)
u1 = 0 + 2(3 × 0 2 + 1) = 2 Video Available
Thus after first iteration,
u = 2 at t = t1 = 2 
Hence, Absolute error
= Exact value – Approximate value
= 10 − 2 = 8
Hence, the absolute error is 8.
Sol.11 (2.205)
dy
Given : = y − x , y (0) = 2, h = 0.1 ,
dx
Runge-Kutta forth order equation is given by,
K1 = hf ( x0 , y0 ) = 0.1(2 − 0) = 0.2
 1 1 
K 2 = hf  x0 + h, y0 + K1 
 2 2 
K 2 = hf (0.05, 2.1) = 0.1(2.1 − 0.05)
K 2 = 0.205

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