Linear Algebra

Part B
June 2011
(1) For V = (V1 , V2 ), W = (W1 , W2 ) ∈ R2 , consider the determinant map
det : R2 × R2 → R by det(V, W ) = V1 W2 − V2 W1 , then the derivative of
det map at hV, W i ∈ R2 × R2 evaluated on (H, K) ∈ R2 × R2 is,
(1) det(H, W ) + det(V, K) (2) det(H, K)
(3) det(H, V ) + det(W, K) (4) det(V, H) + det(K, W )

June 2012
1.23 Let A,B be n × n real matrices. Which of the followinf statements is
correct?
(1) rank (A+B)=rank(A)+rank(B)
(2) rank(A+B) ≤ rank(A)+rank(B)
(3) rank(A+B) = min{rank(A), rank(B)}
(4) rank(A+B) = max{rank(A), rank(B)}
ζ −1 0
 
2.26 Let ζ be a primitive cube root of unity. Define A = . For a
0 ζ
p
vector v = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) ∈ R3 define |v|A = |vAv T | where v T is transpose
of v. If w = (1, 1, 1) then |w|A equals
(1) 0
(2) 1
(3) -1
(4) 2
3.29 The dimension of the vector space of all symmetric matrices A = (aij ) of
order n × n(n ≥ 2) with real entries, a11 = 0 and trace zero is

(1) (n2 + n − 4)/2 (2) (n2 − n + 4)/2

(3) (n2 + n − 3)/2 (4) (n2 n + 3)/2
4.34 Let f : R2 × R2 → R be a bilinear map, i.e., linear in each variable
separately. Then for (V, W ) ∈ R2 ×R2 , the derivative Df (V, W ) evaluated
on (H, K) ∈ R2 × R2 is given by

(1) f (V, K) + f (H, W ) (2) f (H, K)

(3) f (V, H) + f (W, K) (4) f (H, V ) + f (W, K)

1
5.35 Let N be the vector space of all real polynomials of degree at most 3.
Define
S : N → N by (Sp)(x) = p(x + 1), p ∈ N.
Then the matrix of S in the basis {1, x, x2 , x3 }, considered as column
vectors, is given by:
   
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
 0 2 0 0   0 1 2 3 
(1) A =   0 0 3
 (2) A =  
0   0 0 1 3 
0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1
   
1 1 2 3 0 0 0 0
 1 1 2 3   1 0 0 0 
(3) A =   2 2 2
 (4) A =  
3   0 1 0 0 
3 3 3 3 0 0 1 0
December 2012
6.27 Let n be a positive integer and let Mn (R) denote the span of all n × n
real matrices. If T : Mn (R) → Mn (R) is a linear transformation such that
T (A) = 0 whenever A ∈ Mn (R) is skew symmetric or skew-symmetric,
then the rank of T is
n(n+1) n(n−1)
(1) 2 . (2) 2 . (3) n. (4) 0.
7.28 Let S : R3 → R4 and T : R4 → R3 be a linear transformation such that
T ◦ S is the identity map of R3 . Then

(1) S ◦ T is the identity map of R4 . (2) S ◦ T is one-one, but not onto.

(3) S ◦ T is onto, but not one-one. (4) S ◦ T is neither one-one nor onto.
8.29 Let V be a 3-dimensional vector space over the field F3 = Z/3Z of 3 ele-
ments. The number of distinct 1-dimensional subspace of V is

(1) 13. (2) 26. (3) 9. (4) 15.

9.30 Let V be the inner product space consisting of linear polynomials, p :
[0, 1] → R (i.e., V consists of polynomials p of the form p(x) = ax+b, a, b ∈
R), with the inner product defined by
Z 1
hp, qi = p(x)q(x)dx for p, q ∈ V.
0

An orthonormal basis of V is:

√ √
(1) {1, x}. (2) {1, x 3}. (3) {1, (2x − 1) 3}. (4) {1, x − 12 }.

2
  
0 0 0 1
 1 0 0 0 
10.31 Let f (x) be the polynomial of the 4 × 4 matrix A = 
 0
.
1 0 0 
0 0 1 0
Then the rank of the 4 × 4 matrix f (A) is:

(1) 0. (2) 1. (3) 2. (4) 4.

2 2
11.32 Let a, b, c be positive 
real numbers
 such that b + c < a < 1. Consider
1 b c
the 3 × 3 matrix A =  b a 0  .
c 0 1
(1) All the eigenvalues of A are negative real numbers.
(2) All the eigenvalues of A are positive real numbers.
(3) A can have a positive as well as a negative eigenvalue.
(4) Eigenvalues of A can be non-real complex numbers.
12.45 The system of equations
x+y+z =1
2x + 2y − z = 5
x + 2y − kz = 4
where k ∈ R, has an infinite number of solutions for

(1) k = 0. (2) k = 1. (3) k = 2. (4) k = 3.

June 2013
13.49 Consider R3 with the standard inner product. Let W be the subspace
of R3 spanned by {1, 0, −1}. Which of the following is a basis for the
orthogonal complement of W ?
(1) {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0)}
(2) {(1, 2, 1), (0, 1, 1)}
(3) {(2, 1, 2), (4, 2, 4)}
(4) {(2, −1, 2), (1, 3, 1), (−1, −1, −1)}
14.55 A linear transformation T rotates each vector in R2 clockwise through!90◦ .
   
1 0
The matrix T relative to the standard ordered basis , is
0 1
   
0 −1 0 1
(1) (2)
−1 0 −1 0
   
0 1 0 −1
(3) (4)
1 0 1 0

3
15.56 Let T : Rn → Rn be a linear transformation. Which of the following
statements implies that T is bijective?
(1) Nullity (T ) = n
(2) Rank (T ) = Nullity (T ) = n
(3) Rank (T )+ Nullity (T ) = n
(4) Rank (T ) − Nullity (T ) = n
 
1 3 5 a 13
16.57 Let A =  0 1 7 9 b  where a, b ∈ R. Choose the correct state-
0 0 1 11 15
ment.
(1) There exist values of a and b for which the columns of A are linearly
independent.
(2) There exists values of a and b for which Ax = 0 has x = 0 as the
only solution.
(3) For all values of a and b the rows of A span a 3−dimensional subspace
of R5 .
(4) There exist values of a and b for which rank(A) = 2.
December 2013
17.50 For a fixed positive integer n ≥ 3, let A be the n × b matrix defined as
A = I − n1 J, where I is the identity matrix and J is the n × n matrix with
all entries equal to 1. Which of the following statement is NOT true?
(1) Ak = A for every positive integer k.
(2) Trace (A) = n − 1.
(3) Rank (A)+ Rank (I − A) = n.
(4) A is invertible.
18.51 Let A be a 5 × 4 matrix with real entries such that Ax = 0 if and only if
x = 0 where x is a 4 × 1 vector and 0 is a null vector. Then, the rank of
A is
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 2 (4) 1
19.52 Consider the following row vectors:
a1 = (1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0), a2 = (1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0), a3 = (1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1)
a4 = (1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0), a5 = (1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0), a6 = (1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1).
The dimension of the vector space spanned by these row vectors is
(1) 6 (2) 5 (3) 4 (4) 3
20.53 Let An×n = (aij ), n ≥ 3, where aij = (b2i − b2j ), i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n for some
distinct real numbers b1 , b2 , . . . , bn . Then det(A) is

4
 Q Q
(1) i<j (bi − bj ). (2) i<j (bi + bj ).
(3) 0. (4) 1.
21.59 Let A be an n × n matrix with real entries. Which of the following is
correct?

(1) If A2 = 0, then A is diagonalisable over complex numbers.

(2) If A2 = I, then A is diagonalisable over real numbers.
(3) If A2 = A, then A is diagonalisable only over complex numbers.
(4) The only matrix of size n satisfying the characteristic polynomial of
A is A.

22.60 Let A be a 4 × 4 invertible real matrix. Which of the following is NOT

necessarily true?
(1) The rows of A from a basis of R4 .
(2) Null space of A contains only the 0 vector.
(3) A has 4 distinct eigenvalues.
(4) Image of the linear transformation x → Ax on R4 is R4 .
June 2014
23.21 Let A be a 5 × 5 matrix with real entries such that the sum of the entries
in each row of A is 1. Then the sum of all the entries in A3 is
(1) 3 (2) 15 (3) 5 (4) 125
24.22 Given the permutation
 
1 2 3 4 5
σ= ,
3 1 2 5 4

the matrix A is defined to be the one whose i−th column is the σ(i)−th
column of the identity matrix I. Which of the following is correct?
(1) A = A−2 (2) A = A−4 (3) A = A−5 (4) A = A−1
25.23 Let J denote a 101 matrix with all the entries equal to 1 and let I denote
the identity matrix of order 101. Then the determinant of J − I is
(1) 101 (2) 1 (3) 0 (4) 100
26.27 Let Mm×n (R) be the set of all m × n matrices with real entries. Which of
the following statements is correct?
(1) There exists A ∈ M2×5 (R) such that the dimension of the null space
of A is 2.
(2) There exists A ∈ M2×5 (R) such that the dimension of the null space
of A is 0.

5
 (3) There exists A ∈ M2×5 (R) and B ∈ M2×5 (R) such that AB is the
2 × 2 identity matrix.
(4) There exist A ∈ M2×5 (R) whose null space is {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 } ∈
R5 : x1 = x2 , x3 = x4 = x5 }.
27.32 For the matrix A as given below, which of them satisfy A6 = I?
cos π4 sin π4 0
 

(1) A =  − sin π4 cos π4 0 

0 0 1
 
1 0 0
(2) A =  0 cos π3 sin π3 
0 − sin 3 cos π3
π

cos π6 0 sin π6
 

(3) A =  0 1 0 
− sin π6 0 cos π6
cos π2 sin π2 0
 

(4) A =  − sin π2 cos π2 0 

0 0 1
December 2014
28.24 Let A, B be n × n matrices such that BA + B 2 = I − BA2 where I is the
n × n identity matrix. Which of the following is always true?
(1) A is nonsingular.
(2) B is nonsingular.
(3) A + B is nonsingular.
(4) AB is nonsingular.
29.26 
Which of the
 following matrices has the same row space as the matrix
4 8 4
 3 6 1 ?
2 4 0
   
1 2 0 1 1 0
(1) (2)
0 0 1 0 0 1
   
0 1 0 1 0 0
(3) (4)
0 0 1 0 1 0
 
1

 1 


 . 

30.28 The determinamt of the n×n permutation matrix 
 . 


 . 

 1 
1

6
 n

(1) (−1)n (2) (−1) 2 (3) −1 (4) 1

1 + x + x2
 
1 1+x
31.30 The determinant  1 1 + y 1 + y + y 2  is equal to
1 1+z 1 + z + z2

(1) (z − y)(z − x)(y − x)

(2) (x − y)(x − z)(y − z)
(3) (x − y)2 (y − z)2 (z − x)2
(4) (x2 − y 2 )(y 2 − z 2 )(z 2 − x2 )

32.31 Let P be a 2 × 2 complex matrix such that P ∗ P is the identity matrix,

where P ∗ is the conjugate transpose of P. Then the eigenvalues of P are
(1) real (2) complex conjugates of each other
(3) reciprocals of each other (4) of modulus 1
33.32 Which of the following matrices is not diagonalizable over R?
   
1 1 0 1 1 0
(1)  0 2 0  (2)  0 2 1 
0 0 1 0 0 3
   
1 1 0 1 0 1
(3)  0 1 0  (4)  0 2 0 
0 0 2 0 0 3
June 2015

.21 Let f : X → X such that f (f (x)) = x, ∀x ∈ X. Then

(1) f is one to one and onto.
(2) f is one to one but not onto.
(3) f is onto but not one to one.
(4) f is neither one to one nor onto.

——————————————-
Part C
June 2012

1.73 Which of the following matrices are positive definite?

   
2 1 1 2
(1) (2)
1 2 2 1
   
4 −1 0 4
(3) (4)
−1 4 4 0

7
2.74 Let A be a nonzero linear transformation on a real vector space V of
dimension n. Let the subspace V0 ⊂ V be the image of V under A. Let
k = dim V0 < n and suppose that for the some λ ∈ R, A2 = λA. Then
(1) λ = 1.
(2) detA = |λ|n .
(3) λ is the only eigenvalue of A.
(4) There is nontrivial subspace V1 ⊂ V such that Ax = 0 for all x ∈ V1 .
3.75 Let C be a n × n real matrix. Let W be the vector space spanned by
{I, C, C 2 , · · · , C 2n }. The dimension of the vector space W is:
(1) 2n (2) at most n
(3) n2 (4) at most 2n
4.76 Let V1 , V2 be subspace of a vector space V. Which of the following is
necessarily a subspace of V ?
(1) V1 ∩ V2 . (2) V1 ∪ V2 .
(3) V1 +V2 = {x+y : x ∈ V1 , y ∈ V2 }. (4) V1 \V2 = {x ∈ V1 and x 6∈ V2 .}
5.77 Let N be a nonzero 3 × 3 matrix with the property N 2 = 0. Which of the
following is/are true?
(1) N is not similar to a diagonal matrix.
(2) N is similar to a diagonal matrix.
(3) N has one non-zero eigenvector.
(4) N has 3 linearly independent eigenvector.
December 2012
6.70 Let n be an integer, n ≥ 3, and let u1 , u2 , · · · , un be n linearly independent
elements in a vector space over R. Set u0 = 0. and un+1 = u1 . Define
vi = ui + ui+1 and wi = ui−1 + ui for i = 1, 2, · · · , n. Then
(1) v1 , v2 , · · · , vn are linearly independent, if n = 2010.
(2) v1 , v2 , · · · , vn are linearly independent, if n = 2011.
(3) w1 , w2 , · · · , wn are linearly independent, if n = 2010.
(4) w1 , w2 , · · · , wn are linearly independent, if n = 2011.
7.71 Let V and W be finite-dimensional vector spaces over R and let T1 : V →
V and T2 : W → W be linear transformations whose minimal polynomials
are given by
f1 (x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1 and f2 (x) = x4 − x2 − 2.
Let T : V ⊕ W → V ⊕ W be the linear transformation defined by
T (v, w) = (T1 (v), T2 (w)) for (v, w) ∈ V ⊕ W
and let f (x) be the minimal polynomial of T. Then

8
 (1) deg f (x) = 7. (2) deg f (x) = 5.
(3) nullity (T ) = 1. (4) nullity (T)=0.
8.72 Let a, b, c, d ∈ R and let T : R2 → R2 be the linear transformation defined
by      
x ax + by x
T = for ∈ R2 ,
y cx + dy y
Let S : C → C be the corresponding map defined by

S(x + iy) = (ax + by) + i(cx + dy) for x, y ∈ R.

Then,

(1) S is always C-linear, that is S(z1 + z2 ) = S(z1 ) + S(z2 ) for all z1 , z2 ∈

C and S(αz) = αS(z) forall α ∈ C and z ∈ C.
(2) S is C-linear if b = −c and d = a.
(3) S is C-linear only if b = −c and d = a.
(4) S is C-linear if and only if T is the identity transformation.

9.73 Let A = (aij ) be an n × n complex matrix and let A∗ denote the conjugate
transpose of A. Which of the following statements are necessarily true?
(1) If A is invertible, then tr(A∗ A) 6= 0, i,e., the trace of A∗ A is nonzero.
(2) If tr(A∗ A) 6= 0, then A is invertible.
(3) If |tr(A∗ A)| < n2 , then |aij | < 1 for some i, j.
(4) If tr(A∗ A) = 0, then A is the zero matrix.
10.74 Let n be a positive integer and V be an (n + 1)-dimensional vector space
over R. If {e1 , e2 , · · · , en+1 } is a basis of V and T : V → V is the linear
transformation satisfying

T (ei ) = ei+1 for i = 1, 2, · · · , n and T (en+1 ) = 0.

Then,
(1) trace of T is nonzero.
(2) rank of T is n.
(3) nullity of T is 1.
(4) T n = T ◦ T ◦ . . . ◦ T (n times) is the zero map.
11.75 Let A and B be n × n real matrices such that AB = BA = 0 and A + B
is invertible. Which of the following are always true?

(1) rank (A) = rank (B). (2) rank (A) + rank (B) = n.
(3) nullity (A) + nullity (B) = n. (4) A − B is invertible.

9
12.76 Let n be an integer ≥ 2 and let Mn (R) denote the vector space of n × n
real matrices. Let B ∈ Mn (R) be an orthogonal matrix and let B t denote
the transpose of B. Consider WB = {B t AB : A ∈ Mn (R)}. Which of the
following are necessarily true?
(1) WB is a subspace of Mn (R) and dim WB ≤ rank(B).
(2) WB is a subspace of Mn (R) and dim WB = rank(B) rank(B t ).
(3) WB = Mn (R).
(4) WB is not a subspace of Mn (R).
13.77 Let A be a 5 × 5 skew-symmetric matrix with entries in R and B be the
th
 × 5 symmetric matrix whose (i, j) entry is the binomial coefficient
5
i
for 1 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ 5. Consider the 10 × 10 matrix, given in block form
j
 
A A+B
by . Then
0 B

(1) det C=1 or -1. (2) det C=0.

(3) trace of C is 0. (4) trace of C is 5.

14.78 Suppose A is a 3 × 3 symmetric matrix such that

 
x
[x, y, 1]A  y  = xy − 1.
1

Let p be the number of positive eigenvalues of A and let q = rank(A) − p.

Then
(1) p = 1. (2) p = 2. (3) q = 2. (4) q = 1.
June 2013

15.87 Let A ∈ M10 (C), the vector space of 10 × 10 matrices with entries in C.
Let WA be the subspace of M10 (C) spanned by {An |n ≥ 0.} Choose the
correct statements.

(1) For any A, dim (WA ) ≤ 10.

(2) For any A, dim (WA ) < 10.
(3) For some A, 10 < dim (WA ) < 100.
(4) For some A, dim (WA ) = 100.

16.88 Let A be a complex 3 × 3 matrix with A3 = −I. Which of the following

statements are correct?
(1) A has three distinct eigenvalues.
(2) A is diagonalizable over C

10
 (3) A is triangularizable over C
(4) A is non-singular.
17.89 Consider the quadratic forms q and p given by
q(x, y, z, w) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + bw2 and
p(x, y, z, w) = x2 + y 2 + czw.
Which of the following statements are true?
(1) p and q are equivalent over C if b and c are nonzero complex numbers.
(2) p and q are equivalent over R if b and c are nonzero real numbers.
(3) p and q are equivalent over R if b and c are nonzero real numbers
with b negative.
(4) p and q are NOT equivalent over R if c = 0.
18.90 A linear operator T on a complex vector space V has characteristic poly-
nomial x3 (x − 5)2 and minimal polynomial x2 (x − 5). Choose all correct
options.

(1) The Jordan form of T is uniquely determined by the given informa-

tion.
(2) There are exactly 2 Jordan blocks in the Jordan decomposition of T.
(3) The operator induced by T on the quotient space V /Ker(T − 5I) is
nilpotent, where I is the identity operator.
(4) The operator induced by T on the quotient space V /Ker(T ) is a
scalar multiple of the identity operator.

December 2013
19.67 Let T1 , T2 be two linear transformations from Rn to Rn . Let {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }
be a basis of Rn . Suppose that T1 xi 6= 0 for every i = 1, 2, · · · , n for every
i = 1, 2, · · · , n and that xi ⊥ KerT2 for every i = 1, 2, · · · , n. Which of the
following is/are necessarily true?
(1) T1 is invertible.
(2) T2 is invertible.
(3) Both T1 and T2 are invertible.
(4) Neither T1 nor T2 is invertible.

20.68 Let S : Rn → Rn be given by v 7→ αv for a fixed α ∈ R, α 6= 0. Let

T : Rn → Rn be a linear transformation such that B = {v1 , · · · , vn } is a
set of linearly independent eigenvectors of T. Then
(1) The matrix of T with respect to B is diagonal.
(2) The matrix of T − S with respect to B is diagonal.

11
 (3) The matrix of T with respect to B is not necessarily diagonal, but
upper triangular.
(4) The matrix of T with respect to B is diagonal but the matrix of
(T − S) with respect to B is not diagonal.
21.69 For an n × n real matrix A, λinR and a nonzero vector v ∈ Rn suppose
that (A−λI)k v = 0 for some positive integer k. Let I be the n×n identity
matrix. Then which of the following is/are always true?
(1) (A − λI)k+r v = 0 for all positive integers r.
(2) (A − λI)k−1 v = 0.
(3) (A − λI) is not injective.
(4) λ is an eigenvalue of A.
22.70 Let y be a nonzero vector in an inner product space V. Then which of the
following are subspaces of V ?
(1) {x ∈ V |hx, yi = 0}.
(2) {x ∈ V |hx, yi = 1}.
(3) {x ∈ V |hx, zi = 0 for all z such that hx, yi = 0.}
(4) {x ∈ V |hx, zi = 1 for all z such that hz, yi = 1}.
23.75 Let {v1 , · · · , vn } be a linearly independent subset of a vector space V
where n ≥ 4. Set wij = vi − vj . Let W be the span of {wij |1 ≤ i, j ≤ n}.
Then
(1) {wij |1 ≤ i < j ≤ n} spans W.
(2) {wij |1 ≤ i < j ≤ n} is linearly independent subset of W.
(3) {wij |1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, j = i + 1} spans W.
(4) dim W = n.
24.76 For any real square matrix M let λ+ (M ) be the number of positive eigen-
values of M counting multiplicities. Let A be an n × n real symmetric
matrix and Q be an n × n real invertible matrix. Then
(1) Rank A = Rank QT AQ.
(2) Rank A = Rank Q−1 AQ.
(3) λ+ (A) = λ+ (QT AQ)
(4) λ+ (A) = λ+ (Q−1 AQ)
June 2014

25.61 Let V denote a vetor space over a field F and with a basis B = {e1 , e2 , · · · , en }.
Let x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ∈ F. Let C = {x1 e1 , x1 e1 + x2 e2 , · · · , x1 e1 + x2 e2 +
· · · + xn en }. Then

12
 (1) C is a linearly independent set implies that xi 6= 0 for every i =
1, 2, · · · , n.
(2) xi 6= 0 for every i = 1, 2, . . . , n implies that C is a linearly indepen-
dent set.
(3) The linear span of C is V implies that xi 6= 0 for every i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
(4) xi 6= 0 for every i = 1, 2, . . . , n implies that the linear span of C is V.
26.62 Let V denote the vector space of all polynomials over R of degree less than
or equal to n. Which of the following defines a norm on V ?
(1) kpk2 = |p(1)|2 + · · · + |p(n + 1)|2 , p ∈ V.
(2) kpk = supt∈[0,1] |p(t)|, p ∈ V.
R1
(3) kpk = 0 |p(t)|dt, p ∈ V.
(4) kpk = supt∈[0,1] |p0 (t)|, p ∈ V.
27.63 Let u, v, w be vectors in an inner-product soace V, satisfying kuk = kvk =
kwk = 2 and hu, vi = 0, hu, wi = 1, hv, wi = −1. Then which of the
following are true?
√
(1) kw + v − uk = 2 2.
(2) { 12 u, 12 v} forms an orthonormal basis of a two dimensional subspace
of V.
(3) w and 4u − w are orthogonal to each other.
(4) u, v, w are necessarily linearly independent.

28.64 Let A be a 4 × 4 matrix over C such that rank(A) = 2 and A3 = A2 = 6 0.

Suppose that A is not diagonalizable, then
 
0 1
(1) One of the Jordan blocks of the Jordan canonical form of A is .
0 0
(2) A2 = A 6= 0.
(3) There exist a vector v such that Av 6= 0 but A2 v = 0.
(4) The characteristic polynomial of A is x4 − x3 .

29.66 Let φ : R2 → C be the map φ(x, y) = z, where z = x + iy. Let f : C → C

be the function f (z) = z 2 and F = φ−1 f φ. Which of the following are
correct?
 
x −y
(1) The linear transformation T (x, y) = 2 represents the
y x
derivative of F at (x, y).
 
x y
(2) The linear transformation T (x, y) = 2 represents the deriva-
y x
tive of F at (x, y).

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 (3) The linear transformation T (z) = 2z represents the derivative of f
at z ∈ C.
(4) The linear transformation T (z) = 2z represents the derivative of f
only at 0.
30.70 Let V be the vector space of polynomials over R of degree less than or equal
to n. For p(x) = a0 + a1 x + . . . + an xn in V, define a linear transformation
T : V → V by (T p)(x) = a0 − a1 x + a2 x2 − · · · + (−1)n an xn . Then which
of the following are correct?
(1) T is one-to-one. (2) T is onto.
(3) T is invertible. (4) det T = 0.
31.73 Consider a homogeneous system of linear equation Ax = 0, where A is an
m × n real matrix and n > m. Then which of the following statements are
always true?
(1) Ax = 0 has a solution.
(2) Ax = 0 has no solution.
(3) Ax = 0 has a nonzero solution.
(4) Dimension of the space of all solutions is at least n − m.
32.66 Let A be a real n × n orthogonal matrix, that is, At A = AAt = In , the
n × n identity matrix. Which of the following statements are necessarily
true?
(1) hAx, Ayi = hx, yi ∀x, y ∈ Rn .
(2) All eigenvalues of A are either +1 or −1.
(3) The rows of A form an orthonormal basis of Rn
(3) A is diagonalizable over R.
33.71 Let A be 5 × 5 matrix and let B be obtained by changing one element
of A. Let r and s be the ranks of A and B respectively. Which of the
following statements is/are correct?

(1) s ≤ r + 1 (2) r − 1 ≤ s
(3) s = r − 1 (3) s 6= r
 
5 9 8
34.72 The matrix A =  1 8 2  satisfies:
9 1 0

(1) A is invertible and the inverse has all integer entries.

(2) det (A) is odd.
(3) det (A) is divisible by 13.

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 (4) det (A) has atleast two prime divisors.
35.73 Let f be a non-zero symmetric bilinear form on R3 . Suppose that there
exist linear transformation Ti : R3 → R, i = 1, 2 such that for all α, β ∈
R3 , f (α, β) = T1 (α)T2 (β). Then:

(1) rank f = 1.
(2) dim {β ∈ R3 : f (α, β) = 0 for all α ∈ R3 } = 2.
(3) f is a positive semi-definite or negative semi-definite.
(4) {α : f (α, α) = 0} is a linear subspace of dimension 2.

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