Indian Institute of Technology Indore

MA106 Linear Algebra and Ordinary Differential Equations-I

(Spring Semester 2022)
Tutorial Sheet 2
1. Give a few reasons to conclude that the matrix
 
1 2 3
A = 2 4 6
3 6 9
is not invertible.
Hints:
(a) Think in terms of the determinant.
(b) Think whether the columns of the given matrix can produce the columns of the identity
matrix.
(c) Think in terms of the solution of Ax = 0.

2. (a) For a given matrix M , show that M T M and M M T are always symmetric. The super-
script ‘T’ denotes the transpose.
 
1 2 3
(b) Verify the above statement for the matrix .
−1 1 0

3. Let A be an invertible matrix. Show that the inverse of the transpose of A is (A−1 )T .

4. In the definition of a vector space, the vector addition v + w (for any two vectors v and w
in this vector space) and the scalar multiplication cv (for any scalar c and any vector v in
this vector space) must obey the following eight rules:
(i) u + v = v + u (commutative law)
(ii) u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w (associative law)
(iii) There is a unique zero vector 0 such that v + 0 = v for all v ∈ V . (additive identity)
(iv) For each v ∈ V , there is unique vector −v ∈ V such that v + (−v) = 0. (additive inverse)
(v) There is a unique scalar 1 such that 1 times v equals v. (multiplicative identity)
(vi) (c1 c2 )v = c1 (c2 v)
(vii) c(v + w) = cv + cw
(viii) (c1 + c2 )v = (c1 v + c2 v)

In the above rules, u, v, w are any vectors in the vector space, and c, c1 , c2 are scalars.
If all vectors in any set satisfies these eight rules of the vector addition and scalar multipli-
cation, it is entitled to be called a vector space; its elements need not be column vectors.
(a) Showthat the set M consisting of all 2 × 2 real matrices is a vector space. The matrix
2 −2
A= is a “vector” in the vector space M of all 2 × 2 real matrices. What is
2 −2
1
the zero vector in this space? Give a basis for M . What are the vectors A and −A
2
in this vector space? Give a few subspaces of the matrix M . What matrices are in the
smallest subspace containing A?
(b) Show that the set F consisting of all real functions f (x) is a vector space. The functions
f (x) = x2 and g(x) = 5x are “vectors” in the vector space F . The combination
3f (x) − 4g(x) is the function h(x) = , which is also in F .

1
 (c) Suppose (x1 , x2 ) + (y1 , y2 ) is defined to be (x1 + y2 , x2 + y1 ). With the usual multipli-
cation cx = (cx1 , cx2 ), which of the above eight conditions are not satisfied?
   
cx1 cx1
(d) Suppose the multiplication cx is defined to produce instead of . With the
0 cx2
usual addition in R2 , are the above eight conditions satisfied?
5. Let S and T be two subspaces of a vector space V . Show that S ∩ T is also a subspace of V .
6. We are given three different vectors b1 , b2 , b3 . Construct a matrix A so that the equations
Ax = b1 and Ax = b2 are solvable, but Ax = b3 is not solvable. How would you decide
whether this is possible? How could you construct A?
7. Determine and describe the column space and null space of the matrix
 
1 2 3
2 4 6 
A= 2 6 8  .


2 8 10
(a) What is the rank of this matrix?
(b) What is the relation between the ranks of A and AT . [Notice that we have worked out
the problem for AT in the class.]
(c) What are the matrices U (echelon form) and R (reduced row echelon form) in the
process?
 
I F
(d) Observe that R is in the form . The last row is not just one zero row; there
0 0
could be more than one zero rows depending on the problem. Write down the matrices
I and F explicitly.
(e) Observe that if you write the special solutions as columns of a matrix N , then
 
−F
N= .
I
Can you explain, why?
8. Determine the complete solution to
 
  x1  
1 2 1 0   4
2 4 4 8 x2  =  2  .
x3 
4 8 6 8 10
x4
Find 
numbers
 y1 , y2 , y3 so that y1 (row 1) + y2 (row 2) + y3 (row 3) = zero row. Check that
4
b =  2  satisfies the condition y1 b1 + y2 b2 + y3 b3 = 0. Why is this the condition for
10
equations to be solvable and b to be in the column space of the coefficient matrix?
9. Decide the dependence or independence of
     
1 2 3
(a) the vectors 3, 1 and 2,
2 3 1
     
1 2 −3
(b) the vectors −3,  1 and  2.
2 −3 1

2
    
1 2
10. Start with the vectors v1 = 2 and v2 = 3.
0 0
(a) Are they linearly independent?
(b) Do they form a basis for any subspace?
(c) What space V do they span?
(d) What is the dimension of V ?
(e) Which matrices A have V as their column space?
(f) Which matrices have V as their nullspace?
(g) Describe all vectors v3 that complete a basis {v1 , v2 , v3 } for R3 .

11. Suppose v1 , v2 , . . . , vn form a basis for Rn , and the n × n matrix is invertible. Show that
Av1 , Av2 , . . . , Avn also form a basis for Rn .

12. Find the dimension

 and a basis
 for each of the four fundamental subspaces associated with
0 1 2 3 4
the matrix 0 1 2 4 6.
0 0 0 1 2