University of Dayton

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Mathematics Faculty Publications Department of Mathematics

2009

Discrete fractional calculus with the nabla operator

Ferhan M. Atici
Western Kentucky University

Paul W. Eloe
University of Dayton, [email protected]

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 Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations
Spec. Ed. I, 2009 No. 3, 1–12; http://www.math.u-szeged.hu/ejqtde/

DISCRETE FRACTIONAL CALCULUS WITH THE

NABLA OPERATOR

Ferhan M. Atıcı1 and Paul W. Eloe2

1
Western Kentucky University
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Bowling Green Kentucky 42101-3576 USA
e-mail: [email protected]
2
University of Dayton
Department of Mathematics
Dayton Ohio 45469-2316 USA
email: [email protected]

Honoring the Career of John Graef on the Occasion of His Sixty-Seventh Birthday

Abstract
Properties of discrete fractional calculus in the sense of a backward difference
are introduced and developed. Exponential laws and a product rule are devel-
oped and relations to the forward fractional calculus are explored. Properties of
the Laplace transform for the nabla derivative on the time scale of integers are
developed and a fractional finite difference equation is solved with a transform
method. As a corollary, two new identities for the gamma function are exhibited.

Key words and phrases: Discrete fractional calculus.

AMS (MOS) Subject Classifications: 39A12, 44A25, 26A33

1 Introduction
In this article, we shall continue our recent work to study discrete fractional calculus.
We shall continue to employ terminology from the theory of time scales calculus [5]
and in this article, we shall employ the backward difference, or the nabla derivative.
There has been little work done in the study of discrete fractional calculus in the
case of the forward difference. Miller and Ross [15] initiated the study and the authors
[2, 3, 4] have more recently been developing discrete forward fractional calculus. There
has been more work in the study of discrete fractional calculus using the backward
difference [11, 8, 10, 12, 13]; applications arising in time series analysis have motivated
the development in discrete backward fractional calculus. As is typical in fractional
calculus, authors do not agree on basic definitions.

EJQTDE Spec. Ed. I, 2009 No. 3

2 F. M. Atıcı & P. W. Eloe

In Section 2, we shall present the definitions and fundamental identities that we shall
employ. In Section 3, we present a discrete nabla analogue of the Laplace transform
and develop some fundamental properties. We point out that this transform agrees
with the transform for the alpha derivative on the time scale of integers when alpha is
nabla. We close the article by applying the transform method to solve a fractional nabla
difference equation and exhibit two new identities for the gamma function. Throughout
this article, we shall compare and contrast the methods and results with the analogous
methods and results for fractional forward difference calculus.

2 Preliminary Definitions and Properties

Define
tn = t(t + 1)(t + 2)...(t + n − 1), n ∈ N,
and t0 = 1. tn is well-known and has been called t to the n rising [6], the rising factorial
power [9], or the ascending factorial [7]. Many authors employ the Pochhammer symbol
[19] to denote the rising factorial function.
Let α be any real number. Then “t to the α rising” is defined to be
Γ(t + α)
tα = ,
Γ(t)
where t ∈ R \ {..., −2, −1, 0}, and 0α = 0. Note that
∇(tα ) = αtα−1
where ∇y(t) = y(t) − y(t − 1).
For k = 2, 3, . . ., define ∇k inductively by ∇k = ∇∇k−1 . Let f : Na → R be given
and consider the following discrete n−th order initial value problem
∇n y(t) = f (t),
∇i y(a) = 0, 0 ≤ i ≤ n − 1,
where a is a real number and Na = {a, a + 1, a + 2, . . .}.
The solution of this initial value problem [6, Theorem 3.99] is given by
t
X (t − ρ(s))n−1
y(t) = f (s)
s=a+1
(n − 1)!

where t ≡ a + 1 (mod 1), ρ(s) = s − 1 and (t−ρ(s))

n−1

(n−1)!
is the Cauchy function for
n
∇ y(t) = 0. To agree with Gray and Zhang [11], we shall define the n−th order sum
of f (t) by the formula
t
X (t − ρ(s))n−1
∇−n
a f (t) = f (s). (1)
s=a
Γ(n)

EJQTDE Spec. Ed. I, 2009 No. 3

Discrete Fractional Calculus 3

Hence, the solution of the initial value problem is ∇−na+1 f (t). With this observation,
define (as done in [11, Equation 2.3]) the ν−th order fractional sum of f by
t
X (t − ρ(s))ν−1
∇−ν
a f (t) = f (s) (2)
s=a
Γ(ν)

where ν ∈ R\{..., −2, −1, 0}.

We shall define the fractional nabla difference in the analogous manner to the
forward fractional difference as proposed by Miller and Ross [15]. Let µ > 0 and
assume that m − 1 < µ < m where m denotes a positive integer. Set −ν = µ − m.
Define
∇µ u(t) = ∇m−ν u(t) = ∇m (∇−ν u(t)). (3)
This definition for a fractional derivative does not agree with the definition employed
by Gray and Zhang [11].
For the readers’ benefit, we shall recall definitions of the fractional sum and ∆
Γ(t+1)
difference operators, see [2, 4, 15]. Define t(α) = Γ(t+1−α) ; so, t(n) = t(t−1) . . . (t−n+1).
Note that
tα = (t + α − 1)(α) . (4)
We shall employ (4) repeatedly. Define
t−ν
1 X
∆−ν
a f (t) = (t − σ(s))(ν−1) f (s) (5)
Γ(ν) s=a

and
∆µ u(t) = ∆m−ν u(t) = ∆m (∆−ν u(t)),
where m − 1 < µ < m, −ν = µ − m and m is a positive integer.
It is already known and it can be easily shown that ∆m y(t − m) = ∇m y(t) for any
positive number m. Next we shall generalize this formula for any positive real number
ν and also give a relation between the ∇−fractional sum and the ∆−fractional sum
operators.

Lemma 2.1 Let 0 ≤ m − 1 < ν ≤ m where m denotes an integer, let a be a positive

integer, and let y(t) be defined on Na = {a, a + 1, a + 2, . . .}. Then the following
statements are valid.
(i) ∆νa y(t − ν) = ∇νa y(t) for t ∈ Nm+a .

a y(t + ν) = ∇a y(t) for t ∈ Na .

(ii) ∆−ν −ν

Proof. (i) Starting on the left side of the identity we have

t−m
X (t − ν − σ(s))(m−ν−1)
∆νa y(t − ν) = ∆m
∆a−(m−ν) y(t − ν) = ∆m
y(s)
s=a
Γ(m − ν)

EJQTDE Spec. Ed. I, 2009 No. 3

4 F. M. Atıcı & P. W. Eloe

t
m
X (t + m − ν − σ(s))(m−ν−1)
=∇ y(s)
s=a
Γ(m − ν)
t
X (t − ρ(s))m−ν−1
= ∇m y(s) = ∇m ∇a−(m−ν) y(t) = ∇νa y(t),
s=a
Γ(m − ν)

where we used the definitions of ∆ and ∇ fractional operators (1)-(5).

The proof of (ii) is analogous to the proof of (i) and follows even more directly
from (4).


Lemma 2.2 Let 0 ≤ m − 1 < ν ≤ m where m denotes a positive integer and y(t) be
defined on Nν−m = {ν − m, ν − m + 1, . . .}. Then the following statements are valid.
(i) ∆νν−m y(t) = ∇νν−m y(t + ν) for t ∈ N−m .
−(m−ν) −(m−ν)
(ii) ∆ν−m y(t) = ∇ν−m y(t − m + ν) for t ∈ N0 .

Proof. (i) Starting on the right side of the identity we have

t+ν
X (t + ν − ρ(s))m−ν−1
∇νν−m y(t m m
−(m−ν)
+ ν) = ∇ ∇ν−m y(t + ν) = ∇ y(s)
s=ν−m
Γ(m − ν)

t−m+ν
m
X (t − σ(s))(m−ν−1)
=∆ y(s)
s=ν−m
Γ(m − ν)
= ∆m ∆ν−m y(t) = ∆νν−m y(t),
−(m−ν)

where we used the definitions of ∆ and ∇ fractional operators (1)-(5).

The proof of (ii) is analogous.

Next we prove the power rule which plays an important role for proving some basic
properties of the ∇−fractional operators and for solving some fractional difference
equations.

Lemma 2.3
µ Γ(µ + 1) µ+ν
∇−ν
1 t = t .
Γ(µ + ν + 1)

t
1 X
Proof. ∇−ν µ
1 t = (t − ρ(s))ν−1 sµ
Γ(ν) s=1
t−1
1 X Γ(t − s + ν − 1) Γ(s + µ + 1)
=
Γ(ν) s=0 Γ(t − s) Γ(s + 1)

EJQTDE Spec. Ed. I, 2009 No. 3

Discrete Fractional Calculus 5

t−1 
1 X t − 1 Γ(t − s + ν − 1)Γ(s + µ + 1)

=
Γ(ν) s=0 s Γ(t)
t−1
Γ(µ + 1) X t − 1
 
= (µ + 1)s ν t−s−1
Γ(t) s=0 s
Γ(µ + 1)
= (ν + µ + 1)t−1
Γ(t)
Γ(µ + 1) µ+ν
= t .
Γ(µ + ν + 1)
A proof of the identity
t−1 
t−1
X 
(µ + 1)s ν t−s−1 = (ν + µ + 1)t−1
s=0
s

can be found in [1, Remark 2.2.1]. 

Remark 2.1 The authors [2] have proved a power rule

(µ) Γ(µ + 1) (µ+ν)

∆−ν
µ t = t .
Γ(µ + ν + 1)

(4) and Lemma 2.1 (ii) can be employed to give an alternate verification of Lemma
2.3.
t
−ν µ µ 1 X
∇1 t = ∆1 (t + ν) =
−ν
(t + ν − σ(s))(ν−1) sµ
Γ(ν) s=1
t t+µ−1
1 X (ν−1) (µ) 1 X
= (t + ν − σ(s)) (s + µ − 1) = (t + µ − 1 + ν − σ(s))(ν−1) s(µ)
Γ(ν) s=1 Γ(ν) s=µ

(µ) Γ(µ + 1) Γ(µ + 1) µ+ν

µ (t + ν + µ − 1)
= ∆−ν = (t + ν + µ − 1)(µ+ν) = t .
Γ(µ + ν + 1) Γ(µ + ν + 1)

Next we shall state and prove the law of exponents for the ∇−fractional sums. Gray
and Zhang [11] also consider laws of exponents; our definitions for fractional derivatives
are not in total agreement.

Theorem 2.1 Let f be a real valued function, and let µ, ν > 0. Then
−(µ+ν)
∇−ν
a [∇a f (t)] = ∇a
−µ
f (t) = ∇−µ
a [∇a f (t)].
−ν

Proof. The proof follows from the definition of the ∇− fractional sum operator and
the power rule.
t
1 X
∇a [∇a f (t)] =
−ν −µ
(t − ρ(s))ν−1 ∇−µ
a f (s)
Γ(ν) s=a

EJQTDE Spec. Ed. I, 2009 No. 3

6 F. M. Atıcı & P. W. Eloe

t s
1 X ν−1 1
X
= (t − ρ(s)) (s − ρ(τ ))µ−1 f (τ )
Γ(ν) s=a Γ(µ) τ =a
t X t
X (t − ρ(s))ν−1 (s − ρ(τ ))µ−1
= f (τ )
τ =a s=τ
Γ(ν)Γ(µ)
t
1 X −ν
= ∇1 (t − ρ(τ ))µ−1 f (τ )
Γ(µ) τ =a
t
1 X
= (t − ρ(τ ))ν+µ−1 f (τ )
Γ(µ + ν) τ =a
−(µ+ν)
= ∇a f (t).


3 An Application of a Discrete Transform

In this section we employ a discrete Laplace transform which is the Laplace transform
for the alpha derivative on the time scale of integers [6] applied to α = ∇.
Define the discrete transform (N -transform) by
∞
X
Nt0 (f (t))(s) = (1 − s)t−1 f (t). (6)
t=t0

If the domain of the function f is N1 , then we use the notation N or N1 .

Lemma 3.1 For any ν ∈ R \ {..., −2, −1, 0},

Γ(ν)
(i) N (tν−1 )(s) = ν , |1 − s| < 1, and
s
ν−1 −t αν−1 Γ(ν)
(ii) N (t α )(s) = , |1 − s| < α.
(s + α − 1)ν
Proof. First we assume 0 < ν ≤ 1. Then
∞ ∞
X
t−1 ν−1
X Γ(t + ν − 1)
ν−1
N (t )(s) = (1 − s) t = (1 − s)t−1
t=1 t=1
Γ(t)
∞
X Γ(t + ν)
= (1 − s)t = Γ(ν)2 F1 (1, ν; 1; 1 − s)
t=0
Γ(t + 1)
Z 1 ν−1
1 u (1 − u)1−ν−1 Γ(ν)
= du = ν .
Γ(1 − ν) 0 (1 − u(1 − s)) s
For identities with respect to the hypergeometric functions we refer the reader to [1];
we have employed the following identities,
Z 1 b−1
Γ(c) u (1 − u)c−b−1
2 F1 (a, b; c; z) = du
Γ(b)Γ(c − b) 0 (1 − uz)a

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Discrete Fractional Calculus 7

and
1
ux−1 (1 − u)y−1 Γ(x)Γ(y)
Z
x+y
du = x y .
0 (au + b(1 − u)) a b Γ(x + y)
The radius of convergence in (i) is given by the radius of convergence for the series
expansion for 2 F1 (1, ν; 1; 1 − s).
Note that, in general,
ν
N (tν )(s) = N (tν−1 ) (7)
s
where ν ∈ R\{..., −2, −1, 0}. To see this, note that summation by parts implies
∞ ∞
X
t−1 ν−1 1X
(1 − s) t = (1 − s)t−1 ∇(tν ) =
t=1
ν t=1

∞ ∞
1X 1 sX
(∇((1 − s)t tν ) − (∇(1 − s)t )(tν )) = − 0ν + (1 − s)t−1 tν .
ν t=1 ν ν t=1

Since the gamma function has a pole at zero, 0ν = 0 and the proof of (i) is complete.
(ii) will follow from (i) once we write
∞ ∞
X
t−1 ν−1 1X s + α − 1 t−1 ν−1
(1 − s) t α −t
= (1 − ) t .
t=1
α t=1 α

Lemma 3.2 Let f be defined on Na+1 . Then the following is valid:

Na f (t + 1) = (1 − s)−1 Na+1 f (t).

Proof.
∞
X
Na f (t + 1) = (1 − s)t−1 f (t + 1)
t=a
∞
X
= (1 − s) −1
(1 − s)t−1 f (t)
t=a+1
= (1 − s)−1 Na+1 f (t).


Lemma 3.3 For any positive real number ν,

Na (∇−ν
a f (t)) = s Na (f (t))(s),
−ν

where f is defined on Na .

EJQTDE Spec. Ed. I, 2009 No. 3

8 F. M. Atıcı & P. W. Eloe

Proof. ∞
X
Na (∇−ν
a f (t)) = (1 − s)t−1 ∇−ν
a f (t)
t=a
∞ t
X 1 X
= (1 − s)t−1 (t − ρ(τ ))ν−1 f (τ )
t=a
Γ(ν) τ =a
∞ X
∞
X 1
= (1 − s)t−1 (t − ρ(τ ))ν−1 f (τ )
τ =a t=τ
Γ(ν)
∞ X
∞
X 1 ν−1
= (1 − s)r−1+τ −1r f (τ )
τ =a r=1
Γ(ν)
∞ ∞
1 X τ −1
X
= (1 − s) f (τ ) (1 − s)r−1 r ν−1
Γ(ν) τ =a r=1
1
= Na (f )(s)N (tν−1) = s−ν Na (f (t))(s). 
Γ(ν)
Lemma 3.4 For 0 < ν ≤ 1,

Na+1 (∇νa f (t))(s) = sν Na (f (t))(s) − (1 − s)a−1 f (a),

where f is defined on Na .
Proof. First note that
Na+1 (∇f (t))(s) = sNa (f (t))(s) − (1 − s)a−1 f (a).
In fact,
∞
X ∞
X
t−1
Na+1 (∇f (t))(s) = (1 − s) ∇f (t) = (1 − s)t−1 [f (t) − f (t − 1)]
t=a+1 t=a
X∞ ∞
X
= (1 − s)t−1 f (t) − (1 − s)t−1 f (t − 1)
t=a+1 t=a+1
X∞ ∞
X
t−1 a−1
= (1 − s) f (t) − (1 − s) f (a) − (1 − s)t f (t)
t=a t=a
X∞
=s (1 − s)t−1 f (t) − (1 − s)a−1 f (a).
t=a
Hence we have
Na+1 (∇νa f (t))(s) = Na+1 (∇∇a
−(1−ν)
f (t))(s)
f (t))(s) − (1 − s)a−1 ∇a
−(1−ν) −(1−ν)
= sNa (∇a f (t)|t=a
ν a−1
= s Na (f (t))(s) − (1 − s) f (a),
since
t
−(1−ν) 1 X
∇a f (t)|t=a = (t − ρ(s))−ν f (s)|t=a = f (a).
Γ(1 − ν) s=a


EJQTDE Spec. Ed. I, 2009 No. 3

Discrete Fractional Calculus 9

Example 3.1 Consider the following initial value problem

1/2
∇0 y(t) = 5 for t = 1, 2, ...
−1/2
∇0 y(t)|t=0 = y(0) = a.
Applying the N1 -transform to each side of the equation, we have
1/2
N1 (∇0 y(t)) = N1 (5).
Using Lemma 3.1 and Lemma 3.4, we obtain
5
s1/2 N0 (y(t))(s) − (1 − s)−1 y(0) = .
s
It follows that

5 y(0)
N0 (y(t))(s) = + .
s3/2 (1 − s)s1/2
Using Lemma 3.2, we have

5 y(0)
N0 (y(t))(s) = N0 (t1/2 ) + N0 ((t + 1)−1/2 ).
Γ(3/2) Γ(1/2)
Applying the inverse N0 -transform to each side of the last equation, we obtain the
solution of the initial value problem

5 y(0)
y(t) = t1/2 + (t + 1)−1/2 ,
Γ(3/2) Γ(1/2)
where t = 0, 1, 2, ....

In the next example we compare the fractional ∇−difference equation and the
fractional ∆−difference equation and their solutions.

Example 3.2 Let’s consider the following initial value problem

∆1/2 y(t) = 5 for t = 0, 1, ...
∆−1/2 y(t)|t=0 = y(−1/2) = a.
The solution of this initial value problem is

5 y(−1/2) (−1/2)
y(t) = t(1/2) + t . (8)
Γ(3/2) Γ(1/2)
For the details of the calculation of the solution we refer the paper [2] by the authors.
Next we convert the above fractional ∆−difference equation to a fractional ∇−difference
equation using Lemma 2.2. Hence we have

−1/2 −1/2 −1/2

∆∆−1/2 y(t) = ∆∇−1/2 y(t − 1 + 1/2) = ∇∇−1/2 y(t + 1/2) = 5

EJQTDE Spec. Ed. I, 2009 No. 3

10 F. M. Atıcı & P. W. Eloe

for t = 0, 1, 2, .... In order to apply the N1 -transform, we also prove the following
equality
−1/2 −1/2
∇−1/2 y(t + 1/2) = ∇0 z(t + 1), for t = 0, 1, 2, ...
where z(t) = y(t − 1/2). Then
t+1/2
−1/2
X
∇−1/2 y(t + 1/2) = (t + 1/2 − ρ(s))−1/2 y(s)
s=−1/2
t+1
X
= (t + 1 − ρ(u))−1/2 y(u − 1/2)
u=0
−1/2
= ∇0 z(t + 1)
where z(t) = y(t − 1/2). As a result of this equality, the corresponding ∇−difference
equation becomes
1/2
∇0 z(t) = 5 for t = 1, 2, ...
−1/2
∇0 z(t)|t=0 = z(0) = a.
It follows from the Example 3.1 that the solution of the above fractional ∇−difference
equation is

5 z(0)
z(t) = t1/2 + (t + 1)−1/2 , (9)
Γ(3/2) Γ(1/2)
where t ∈ N0 . A straight forward calculation shows that the solutions in (8) and (9)
are same.
We shall close this paper with two identities for the gamma function. In [2], the au-
thors employed the α−Laplace transform associated with the forward finite difference,
α = ∆. In particular, the authors employed
∞
X 1 t+1
Ra (f (t))(s) = ( ) f (t)
t=a
s+1
and showed
Γ(ν)
Rν−1 (t(ν−1) )(s) = .
sν
Evaluate this identity at s = 1, to obtain
∞
X 1
Γ(ν) = ( )t+1 t(ν−1) , ν ∈ R \ {..., −2, −1, 0}. (10)
t=ν−1
2

With the introduction of the nabla Laplace transform in this article, evaluate the
identity given in Lemma 3.1 (i) at s = 12 to obtain
∞
X 1
Γ(ν) = ( )t−ν−1 tν−1 , ν ∈ R \ {..., −2, −1, 0}. (11)
t=1
2

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Discrete Fractional Calculus 11

We believe that identities (10) and (11) are new. If one employs (4) and Lemma 3.1 (i),
then the derivations to equate the right hand sides of (10) and (11) are straightforward.

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