Applicable Analysis and Discrete Mathematics

available online at http://pefmath.etf.bg.ac.yu

Appl. Anal. Discrete Math. 3 (2009), 242252. doi:10.2298/AADM0902242B
OSCILLATION AND BOUNDEDNESS OF SOLUTIONS
TO FIRST AND SECOND ORDER FORCED
FUNCTIONAL DYNAMIC EQUATIONS
WITH MIXED NONLINEARITIES
Martin Bohner and Taher S. Hassan
We investigate the oscillation and boundedness of rst and second order dy-
namic equations with mixed nonlinearities. Our results extend and improve
known results for oscillation of rst and second order dynamic equations that
have been established by Agarwal and Bohner. Some examples are given
to illustrate the main results.
1. INTRODUCTION
Not only does the new theory of so-called dynamic equations unify the
theories of dierential equations and dierence equations, but also extends these
classical cases to cases in between, e.g., to so-called q-dierence equations when
T = q
N0
(which has important applications in quantum theory [25]) and can be
applied to dierent types of time scales like T = hZ, T = N
2
0
, and the space of
harmonic numbers T = {H
n
}. In this work, a knowledge and understanding of
time scales and time scale notation is assumed; for an introduction to the calculus
on time scales, see [8, 9, 24]. In the last few years, there has been increasing
interest in obtaining sucient conditions for the oscillation/nonoscillation of solu-
tions of dierent classes of dynamic equations. We refer the reader to [1, 2, 423]
and the references cited therein. To the best of our knowledge, there is very lit-
tle known about the oscillatory behavior and boundedness of rst order dynamic
equations. Recently, Agarwal and Bohner [2] (see also [3]) considered the rst
2000 Mathematics Subject Classication. 39A10.
Keywords and Phrases. Dynamic equation, time scales, oscillations, mixed nonlinear, non-homo-
geneous
242
Oscillation and boundedness of solutions 243
order dynamic equations
x

(t) q(t)x

(t) + q
1
(t) (x

(t))
1
= f(t),
x

(t) + q(t)x

(t) + q
2
(t) (x

(t))
1
= f(t),
x

(t) + q(t)x

(t) + q
1
(t) (x

(t))
1
+ q
2
(t) (x

(t))
1
= f(t),
x

(t) + q
1
(t) (x

(t))
1
q
2
(t) (x

(t))
1
= f(t),
and the second order dynamic equations
(r(x

(t) q(t)x

(t) + q
1
(t) (x

(t))
1
= f(t),
(r(x

(t) + q(t)x

(t) + q
2
(t) (x

(t))
1
= f(t),
(r(x

(t) + q(t)x

(t) + q
1
(t) (x

(t))
1
+ q
2
(t) (x

(t))
1
= f(t),
(r(x

(t) + q
1
(t) (x

(t))
1
q
2
(t) (x

(t))
1
= f(t),
where ,
1
and
1
are ratios of odd positive integers with
1
> 1 and 0 <
1
< 1
and q, q
1
and q
2
are positive rd-continuous functions on T.
The purpose of this paper is to extend the oscillation and boundedness criteria
to rst order dynamic equations of the form
(1.1) x

(t) + p(t)x

(h(t)) + q
1
(t)x

(h(t)) = f(t)
and
(1.2) x

(t) + p(t)x

(h(t)) + q
1
(t)x

(h(t)) + q
2
(t)x

(h(t)) = f(t),
and we also examine second order dynamic equations of the form
(1.3) (r(x

(t) + p(t)x

(h(t)) + q
1
(t)x

(h(t)) = f(t)
and
(1.4) (r(x

(t) + p(t)x

(h(t)) + q
1
(t)x

(h(t)) + q
2
(t)x

(h(t)) = f(t),
where , , and are ratios of odd positive integers with > > 0 and
> > 0, p is an rd-continuous function on T, and r, q
1
and q
2
are positive
rd-continuous functions on T. We assume that the function h : T T satises
lim
t
h(t) = , and hence our results will improve and extend results in [2].
Throughout this paper, we let
d
+
:= max{0, d}, d

:= max{0, d},
g
1
:= ( )
/()

/()
p
/()

q
/()
1
and, with > 0,
g
2
:= ( )
/()

/()

/()
p
/()
+
q
/()
1
+( )
/()

/()
(1 + )
/()
p
/()

q
/()
2
.
244 Martin Bohner, Taher S. Hassan
Before stating our main results, we begin with the following lemma which will play
an important role in the proof of our main results.
Lemma 1.1 If a and b are nonnegative, then
a

+ ( )b

0 for all > 0.

Proof. If > > 0, we let f(u) = u

. It is easy to see that f obtains

its minimum at b and that f(b) = ( )b

.
2. FIRST ORDER DYNAMIC EQUATIONS
In this section, we give oscillation criteria for solutions to rst order dynamic
equations of the form (1.1) and (1.2).
Theorem 2.1. If
(2.1) liminf
t
_
t
t0
(f() + g
1
()) = and limsup
t
_
t
t0
(f() g
1
()) = ,
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof. Assume (2.1). By way of contradiction, assume that (1.1) is not oscillatory
so that it has at least one eventually positive solution or at least one eventually
negative solution. First we assume that x satises (1.1) and is eventually positive.
Hence there exists t
1
T, t
1
t
0
, such that x(t) > 0 and x
_
h(t)
_
> 0 for t
1
t
0
.
From (1.1), we obtain for t t
1
(2.2) x

(t) = f(t) p(t)x

(h(t)) q
1
(t)x

(h(t))
f(t) + p

(t)x

(h(t)) q
1
(t)x

(h(t)).
Dene nonnegative functions a and b by
a(t) :=
1/
q
1/
1
(t)x(h(t)), b(t) :=
1/()

/(())
p
1/()

(t)q
/(())
1
(t).
The last two terms in (2.2) can be written as

/
q
/
1
(t)x

(h(t))
__

/
p

(t)q
/
1
(t)
_

1
q
1
(t)x

(h(t))
_
,
which is equal to
a

(t)b

(t) a

(t) ( )b

(t) = g
1
(t)
for t t
1
, where we have used Lemma 1.1. From this last inequality and (2.2), we
get
x

(t) f(t) + g
1
(t),
Oscillation and boundedness of solutions 245
and thus
x(t) = x(t
1
) +
_
t
t1
x

() x(t
1
) +
_
t
t1
(f() + g
1
())
= c +
_
t
t0
(f() + g
1
()) ,
where
c := x(t
1
)
_
t1
t0
(f() + g
1
()) .
Employing the rst condition in (2.1), we nd
0 liminf
t
x(t) ,
which is a contradiction. Next, we assume that x satises (1.1) and is eventually
negative. If we put y = x, then y is an eventually positive solution of (1.1), where
f is replaced by f. This case therefore leads to a contradiction as in the rst
case, provided
liminf
t
_
t
t0
(f() + g
1
()) = ,
which indeed holds due to the second condition in (2.1).
Corollary 2.1. If
(2.3) liminf
t
_
t
t0
f() = and limsup
t
_
t
t0
f() =
and
(2.4)
_

t0
p
/()

()q
/()
1
() < ,
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof. As (2.3) and (2.4) imply (2.1), the claim follows from Theorem 2.1.
Example 2.1. Let T be a time scale satisfying
(2.5) (t) := (t) t = 0 for all t T, t0 T, t0 > 0,
and consider on [t0, )
T
the equation
(2.6) x

(t) + p(t)x
1/3
(h(t)) +
1
t ((t))
6
x
5/3
(h(t)) =
t + (t)
(t)
e
2/
((t), t0) ,
where, for any positive rd-continuous function on T,
p(t) :=
_
_
_
1
t ((t))
2
for t [2n, 2n + 1)
T
(t) for t [2n + 1, 2n + 2)
T
246 Martin Bohner, Taher S. Hassan
with n N. As in [2, Example 2.1], we get
F

(t) =
t + (t)
(t)
e
2/
((t), t0) =: f(t) for F(t) := te
2/
(t, t0)
and
e
2/
((t), t0) = e
2/
(t, t0),
which implies
liminf
t
_
t
t
0
f() = liminf
t
_
te
2/
(t, t0) t0
_
=
and
limsup
t
_
t
t
0
f() = limsup
t
_
te
2/
(t, t0) t0
_
= .
Moreover,
g1(t) =
4
5
4

5
_
1
t((t))
2
_
5/4
_
1
t((t))
6
_
1/4
=
4
5
4

5
1
t(t)
for t [2n, 2n + 1)
T
and
g1(t) = 0 for t [2n + 1, 2n + 2)
T
,
which yields
_
t
2
g1() =
n

k=1
4
5
4

5
_
2k+1
2k

()
=
n

k=1
4
5
4

5
1
2k(2k + 1)
< as n .
Then by Corollary 2.1, each solution of (2.6) is oscillatory.
Theorem 2.2. If
(2.7) liminf
t
_
t
t0
(f() + g
2
()) = and limsup
t
_
t
t0
(f() g
2
()) = ,
then every solution of equation (1.2) is oscillatory.
Proof. We proceed exactly as in the proof of Theorem 2.1. Let > 0. From (1.2),
we obtain, for t t
1
x

(t) = f(t) p(t)x

(h(t)) q
1
(t)x

(h(t)) q
2
(t)x

(h(t))
= f(t) + p(t)x

(h(t)) q
1
(t)x

(h(t))
(1 + )p(t)x

(h(t)) q
2
(t)x

(h(t))
f(t) + p
+
(t)x

(h(t)) q
1
(t)x

(h(t))
+ (1 + )p

(t)x

(h(t)) q
2
(t)x

(h(t)).
Dene a
1
, a
2
0 and b
1
, b
2
0 by
a
1
(t) :=
1/
q
1/
1
(t)x(h(t)),
b
1
(t) :=
1/()

/(())

1/()
p
1/()
+
(t)q
/(())
1
(t)
Oscillation and boundedness of solutions 247
and
a
2
(t) :=
1/
q
1/
2
(t)x(h(t)),
b
2
(t) :=
1/()

/(())
(1 + )
1/()
p
1/()

(t)q
/(())
2
(t),
which implies by Lemma 1.1 that
p
+
(t)x

(h(t)) q
1
(t)x

(h(t)) =
_

1/
q
1/
1
(t)x(h(t))
_

1/()

/(())

1/()
p
1/()
+
(t)q
/(())
1
(t)
_

1/
q
1/
1
(t)x(h(t))
_

= a

1
(t) a

1
(t)b

1
(t) ( )b

1
(t)
and
(1 + )p

(t)x

(h(t)) q
2
(t)x

(h(t)) =
_

1/
q
1/
2
(t)x(h(t))
_

1/()

/(())
(1 + )
1/()
p
1/()

(t)q
/(())
2
(t)
_

1/
q
1/
2
(t)x(h(t))
_

= a

2
(t) a

2
(t)b

2
(t) ( )b

2
.
It follows that
x

(t) f(t) + g
2
(t),
and the rest of the proof is line by line the same as the proof of Theorem 2.1 with
g
1
replaced by g
2
.
Corollary 2.2. If (2.3) holds and
(2.8)
_

t0
p
/()
+
()q
/()
1
() < and
_

t0
p
/()

()q
/()
2
() <,
then every solution of equation (1.2) is oscillatory.
Proof. As (2.3) and (2.8) imply (2.7), the claim follows from Theorem 2.2.
Remark 2.1.
(a) Let = 1, > 1, h(t) = t, and p be a negative rd-continuous function on T. Then
Theorem 2.1 and Corollary 2.1 reduce to [2, Theorem 2.1 and Corollary 2.2].
(b) Let 0 < < 1, = 1, h(t) = t, and p be a negative rd-continuous function on T.
Then Theorem 2.1 and Corollary 2.1 reduce to [2, Theorem 2.3 and Corollary 2.4].
(c) Let 0 < < 1, > 1, h(t) = t, and p be a negative rd-continuous function on T.
Then Theorem 2.1 and Corollary 2.1 reduce to [2, Theorem 2.7 and Corollary 2.8].
248 Martin Bohner, Taher S. Hassan
(d) Let 0 < < 1, > 1, = 1, h(t) = t, and p be a negative rd-continuous function
on T. Then Theorem 2.2 and Corollary 2.2 reduce to [2, Theorem 2.7 and Corollary
2.8].
(e) If h(t) = t or p is not negative, then the results presented above are new.
Example 2.2. Let T be a time scale satisfying (2.5) and consider on [t0, )
T
the equation
(2.9) x

(t)+p(t)x
1/3
(h(t))+
1
t((t))
9
x
7/5
(h(t))+
1
t(t)
x(h(t)) =
t + (t)
(t)
e
2/
((t), t0),
where
p(t) :=
_

_
1
t(t)
for t [2n, 2n + 1)
T
1
t((t))
2
for t [2n + 1, 2n + 2)
T
with n N. As in Example 2.1, (2.3) is satised and with = 1/2,
g2(t) =
6
5
4
_
3
10
1
t(t)
for t [2n, 2n + 1)
T
and
g2(t) =
3
7
6

14
1
t(t)
for t [2n + 1, 2n + 2)
T
implies as in Example 2.1 that (2.8) is satised. By Corollary 2.2, each solution of (2.9)
is oscillatory.
We conclude this section by mentioning that the same arguments as above
may be used to establish criteria that guarantee that all nonoscillatory solutions of
any of the equations (1.1) and (1.2) are bounded. This is summarized as follows.
Teorem 2.3. If (2.4) holds and
(2.10)
_

t0
|f()| < ,
then every nonoscillatory solution of equation (1.1) is bounded.
Theorem 2.4. If (2.8) and (2.10) hold, then every nonoscillatory solution of
equation (1.2) is bounded.
3. SECOND ORDER DYNAMIC EQUATIONS
In this section, we give oscillation criteria for solutions to second order dy-
namic equations of the form (1.3) and (1.4).
Theorem 3.1. If
(3.1) liminf
t
_
t
t0
_
c
r(s)
+
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
(f() + g
1
())
_
1/
s =
Oscillation and boundedness of solutions 249
and
(3.2) limsup
t
_
t
t0
_
c
r(s)
+
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
(f() g
1
())
_
1/
=
for all c R, then every solution of equation (1.3) is oscillatory.
Proof. Proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 2.1, we assume that x is an eventu-
ally positive solution of (1.3). Hence there exists t
1
T, t
1
t
0
, such that x(t) > 0
and x
_
h(t)
_
> 0 for t
1
t
0
. As in the proof of Theorem 2.1, by Lemma 1.1, we get
for t t
1
(r(x

(t) = f(t) p(t)x

(h(t)) q
1
(t)x

(h(t)) f(t) + g
1
(t).
Through integration, we obtain for t t
1
r(t)(x

(t))

r(t
1
)(x

(t
1
))

+
_
t
t1
(f() + g
1
()) = c +
_
t
t0
(f() + g
1
()) ,
where
c := r(t
1
)(x

(t
1
))

_
t1
t0
(f() + g
1
()) .
Therefore, for t t
1
x(t) x(t
1
) +
_
t
t1
_
c
r(s)
+
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
(f() + g
1
())
_
1/
s
= c

+
_
t
t0
_
c
r(s)
+
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
(f() + g
1
())
_
1/
s,
where
c

:= x(t
1
)
_
t1
t0
_
c
r(s)
+
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
(f() + g
1
())
_
1/
s.
Employing condition (3.1), we nd
0 liminf
t
x(t) ,
which is a contradiction. The case of an eventually negative solution of (1.3) can
be dealt with as in the proof of Theorem 2.1, this time employing (3.2).
Corollary 3.1. If (2.3) and (2.4) hold and
(3.3) liminf
t
_
t
t0
_
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
f()
_
1/
s =
and
(3.4) limsup
t
_
t
t0
_
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
f()
_
1/
s = ,
250 Martin Bohner, Taher S. Hassan
then every solution of equation (1.3) is oscillatory.
Proof. We show that (2.3), (2.4), (3.3) and (3.4) imply (3.1) and (3.2) so that the
claim follows from Theorem 3.1. By (2.3) and (2.4), there exists T t
0
such that
_
T
t0
f() c
_

t0
g
1
() for all c R.
Then
_
t
t0
_
c
r(s)
+
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
(f() + g
1
())
_
1/
s

_
t
t0
_
1
r(s)
_
c +
_

t0
g
1
() +
_
T
t0
f()
_
+
1
r(s)
_
s
T
f()
_
1/
s

_
t
t0
_
1
r(s)
_
s
T
f()
_
1/
s = c +
_
t
T
_
1
r(s)
_
s
T
f()
_
1/
s,
where
c :=
_
T
t0
_
1
r(s)
_
s
T
f()
_
1/
s,
so that condition (3.1) follows. By a similar argument, condition (3.2) holds as
well.
Remark 3.1. Let = 1, > 1, h(t) = t, and p be a negative rd-continuous function on
T. Then Theorem 3.1 and Corollary 3.2 reduce to [2, Corollaries 3.2 and 3.3].
As in Theorems 2.2 and 3.1 and Corollary 3.1, we get the following oscillation
criteria for equation (1.4).
Corollary 3.2. If
liminf
t
_
t
t0
_
c
r(s)
+
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
(f() + g
2
())
_
1/
s =
and
limsup
t
_
t
t0
_
c
r(s)
+
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
(f() g
2
())
_
1/
=
for all c R, then every solution of equation (1.4) is oscillatory.
Corollary 3.3. If (2.3), (2.8), (3.3) and (3.4) hold, then every solution of equation
(1.4) is oscillatory.
Example 3.1. Let T be a time scale satisfying (2.5) and consider on [t0, )
T
the equation
(3.5)
_
t
2
((t))
2
t + (t)
x

+ p(t)x
1/3
(h(t)) +
1
t((t))
9
x
7/5
(h(t)) +
1
t(t)
x(h(t)) = G

(t),
Oscillation and boundedness of solutions 251
where
G(t) =
t
2
((t))
2
(t)
e
2/
((t), t0)
and p is as in Example 2.2. As in [2, Example 3.1], (3.3) and (3.4) are satised and also,
as in Example 2.2, (2.8) is satised. By Corollary 3.3, each solution (3.5) is oscillatory.
Remark 3.2. The recent results due to Agarwal and Bohner [2] do not apply to
equations (2.6), (2.9) and (3.5).
Also, as in Theorems 2.3 and 2.4, we can obtain results about the boundedness
of nonoscillatory solutions of equations (1.3) and (1.4).
Corollary 3.4. If (2.4) holds and
(3.6)
_

t0
_
1
r(s)
+
1
r(s)
_
s
t0
(|f()| + g
1
())
_
1/
s < ,
then every nonoscillatory solution of equation (1.3) is bounded.
Corollary 3.5. If (2.8) and (3.6) hold, then every nonoscillatory solution of
equation (1.4) is bounded.
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matics. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2004.
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second order forced dynamic equations with mixed nonlinearities. Aust. J. Math. Anal.
Appl., 5 (1):112, 2008. Article 2.
3. R. P. Agarwal, M. Bohner, W. S. Cheung, S. R. Grace: Oscillation criteria
for rst and second order forced dierence equations with mixed nonlinearities. Math.
Comput. Modelling, 45 (7-8) (2007), 965973.
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Missouri University of Science and Technology (Received February 15, 2009)
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, (Revised May 25, 2009)
Department of Economics,
Rolla, Missouri 65401,
USA
Email: [email protected]
URL: http://web.mst.edu/bohner
Mansoura University, Department of Mathematics,
Faculty of Science, Mansoura University,
Mansoura, 35516,
Egypt
Email [email protected]
URL: http://www.mans.edu.eg/pcvs/30140