MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, WEST BENGAL

Syllabus of M. PHARM PHARMACOGNOSY (MPG)

Effective from academic session 2021-2022

Curriculum structure
Course Course Credit Credit Hrs./w k Marks
Code Hours Points
SEMESTER I

MPG101 Modern Pharmaceutical 4 4 4 100

Analytical Techniques
MPG 102 Advanced Pharmacognosy-1 4 4 4 100
MPG 103 Phytochemistry 4 4 4 100
MPG 104 Industrial Pharmacognostical 4 4 4 100
Technology
MPG 191 Pharmacognosy Practical I 12 6 12 150
MPG 181 Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
SEMESTER II

Medicinal Plant biotechnology

MPG 201 4 4 4 100

Advanced
MPG 202 4 4 4 100
Pharmacognosy-II

MPG 203 Indian system of medicine 4 4 4 100

MPG 204 Herbal cosmetics 4 4 4 100

MPG 291 Pharmacognosy Practical II 12 6 12 150

MPG 281 Seminar/Assignment 7 4 7 100
Total 35 26 35 650
 PHARMACOGNOSY (MPG)

MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

(MPG 101)

Scope
This subject deals with various advanced analytical instrumental techniques for
identification, characterization and quantification of drugs. Instruments dealt are
NMR, Mass spectrometer, IR, HPLC, GC etc.

Objectives
After completion of course student is able to know,
 The analysis of various drugs in single and combination dosage forms
 Theoretical and practical skills of the instruments

THEORY 60 Hrs
1. UV-Visible spectroscopy: Introduction, Theory, Laws, 12
Instrumentation associated with UV-Visible spectroscopy, Choice Hrs
of solvents and solvent effect and Applications of UV-Visible
spectroscopy.
IR spectroscopy: Theory, Modes of Molecular vibrations, Sample
handling, Instrumentation of Dispersive and Fourier - Transform
IR Spectrometer, Factors affecting vibrational frequencies and
Applications of IR spectroscopy
Spectroflourimetry: Theory of Fluorescence, Factors affecting
fluorescence, Quenchers, Instrumentation and Applications of
fluorescence spectrophotometer.
Flame emission spectroscopy and Atomic absorption
spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation, Interferences and
Applications.

2 NMR spectroscopy: Quantum numbers and their role in NMR, 12

Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR, Hrs
Relaxation process, NMR signals in various compounds,
Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin-Spin
coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance,
Brief outline of principles of FT-NMR and 13C NMR. Applications
of NMR spectroscopy.1

232
3 Mass Spectroscopy: Principle, Theory, Instrumentation of Mass 10
Spectroscopy, Different types of ionization like electron impact, Hrs
chemical, field, FAB and MALDI, APCI, ESI, APPI Analyzers of
Quadrupole and Time of Flight, Mass fragmentation and its rules,
Meta stable ions, Isotopic peaks and Applications of Mass
spectroscopy.

4 Chromatography: Principle, apparatus, instrumentation, 10

chromatographic parameters, factors affecting resolution, isolation Hrs
of drug from excipients, data interpretation and applications of the
following:
a) Thin Layer chromatography
b) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
c) Ion exchange chromatography
d) Column chromatography
e) Gas chromatography
f) High Performance Liquid chromatography
g) Ultra High Performance Liquid chromatography
h) Affinity chromatography
i) Gel Chromatography

5 Electrophoresis: Principle, Instrumentation, Working conditions, 10

factors affecting separation and applications of the following: Hrs
a) Paper electrophoresis
b) Gel electrophoresis
c) Capillary electrophoresis
d) Zone electrophoresis
e) Moving boundary electrophoresis
f) Iso electric focusing

X ray Crystallography: Production of X rays, Different X ray

methods, Bragg‘s law, Rotating crystal technique, X ray powder
technique, Types of crystals and applications of X-ray diffraction.

6 Potentiometry: Principle, working, Ion selective Electrodes and 10

Application of potentiometry. Hrs

Thermal Techniques: Principle, thermal transitions and

Instrumentation (Heat flux and power-compensation and designs),
Modulated DSC, Hyper DSC, experimental parameters (sample
preparation, experimental conditions, calibration, heating and
233
 cooling rates, resolution, source of errors) and their influence,
advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): Principle, instrumentation
and advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications,
derivative differential thermal analysis (DDTA). TGA: Principle,
instrumentation, factors affecting results, advantage and
disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.

REFERENCES
1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds - Robert M Silverstein,
Sixth edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - Doglas A Skoog, F. James Holler,
Timothy A. Nieman, 5th edition, Eastern press, Bangalore, 1998.
3. Instrumental methods of analysis – Willards, 7th edition, CBS publishers.
4. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Beckett and Stenlake, Vol II, 4th
edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
5. Organic Spectroscopy - William Kemp, 3rd edition, ELBS, 1991.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulation - P D Sethi,
3rd Edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997.
7. Pharmaceutical Analysis - Modern Methods – Part B - J W Munson, Vol
11, Marcel. Dekker Series
8. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, 2nd edn., P.S/Kalsi, Wiley estern
Ltd., Delhi.

234
 ADVANCED PHARMACOGNOSY - I
(MPG 102)

SCOPE
To learn and understand the advances in the field of cultivation and isolation of
drugs of natural origin, various phytopharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and their
medicinal use and health benefits.

OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to know the,
 advances in the cultivation and production of drugs
 various phyto-pharmaceuticals and their source, its utilization and
medicinal value.
 various nutraceuticals/herbs and their health benefits
 Drugs of marine origin
 Pharmacovigilance of drugs of natural origin

THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Plant drug cultivation: General introduction to the importance of 12
Pharmacognosy in herbal drug industry, Indian Council of Hrs
Agricultural Research, Current Good Agricultural Practices,
Current Good Cultivation Practices, Current Good Collection
Practices, Conservation of medicinal plants- Ex-situ and In-
situ conservation of medicinal plants.
2 Marine natural products: General methods of isolation and 12
purification, Study of Marine toxins, Recent advances in research Hrs
in marine drugs, Problems faced in research on marine drugs
such as taxonomical identification, chemical screening and their
solution.
3 Nutraceuticals: Current trends and future scope, Inorganic 12
mineral supplements, Vitamin supplements, Digestive enzymes, Hrs
Dietary fibres, Cereals and grains, Health drinks of natural origin,
Antioxidants, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Herbs as functional
foods, Formulation and standardization of neutraceuticals,
Regulatory aspects, FSSAI guidelines, Sources, name of marker
compounds and their chemical nature, medicinal uses and health
benefits of following
i) Spirulina ii) Soya bean iii) Ginseng iv) Garlic v) Broccoli vi)
Green and Herbal Tea vii) Flax seeds viii) Black cohosh ix)
Turmeric.

235
4 Phytopharmaceuticals: Occurrence, isolation and characteristic 12
features (Chemical nature, uses in pharmacy, medicinal and Hrs
health benefits) of following.
a) Carotenoids – i) α and β - Carotene ii) Xanthophyll (Lutein)
b) Limonoids – i) d-Limonene ii) α – Terpineol
c) Saponins – i) Shatavarins
d) Flavonoids – i) Resveratrol ii) Rutin iii) Hesperidin iv)
Naringin v) Quercetin
e) Phenolic acids- Ellagic acid
f) Vitamins
g) Tocotrienols and Tocopherols
h) Andrographolide, Glycolipids, Gugulipids, Withanolides,
Vascine, Taxol
i) Miscellaneous

5 Pharmacovigilance of drugs of natural origin: WHO and 12

AYUSH guidelines for safety monitoring of natural medicine, Hrs
Spontaneous reporting schemes for biodrug adverse reactions,
bio drug-drug and bio drug-food interactions with suitable
examples.

REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)

1. Pharmacognosy - G. E. Trease and W.C. Evans. Saunders Edinburgh,
New York.
2. Pharmacognosy-Tyler, Brady, Robbers
3. Modem Methods of Plant Analysis- Peach & M.V. Tracey, Vol. I&II
4. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
5. Marine Natural Products-Vol.I to IV.
6. Natural products: A lab guide by Raphael Ikan , Academic Press 1991.
7. Glimpses of Indian Ethano Pharmacology, P. Pushpangadam. Ulf Nyman.
V.George Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, 1995.
8. Medicinal natural products (a biosynthetic approach), Paul M. Dewick,
John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England, 1998.
9. Chemistry of Marine Natural Products- Paul J. Schewer 1973.
10.Herbal Drug Industry by RD. Choudhary, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi,
1996.
11.Cultivation of Medicinal Plants by C.K. Atal & B.M. Kapoor.
12.Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, C.K. Atal & B.M. Kapoor
13.Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops, AA Farooqui and B.S.
Sreeramu. University Press, 2001.
236
14.Natural Products from Plants, 1st edition, by Peter B. Kaufman, CRC
Press, New York, 1998
15.Recent Advances in Phytochemistry- Vol. 1&4: Scikel Runeckles- Appleton
Century crofts.
16.Text book of Pharmacognosy, C.K.Kokate, Purohit, Ghokhale, Nirali
Prakasshan, 1996.
17.Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology, Ashutoshkar, New Age
Publications, New Delhi.

237
 PHYTOCHEMISTRY
(MPG 103)

SCOPE
Students shall be equipped with the knowledge of natural product drug
discovery and will be able to isolate, identify and extract and the phyto-
constituents

OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to know the,
 different classes of phytoconstituents, their biosynthetic pathways, their
properties, extraction and general process of natural product drug
discovery
 phytochemical fingerprinting and structure elucidation of
phytoconstituents.

THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Biosynthetic pathways and Radio tracing techniques: 12
Constituents & their Biosynthesis, Isolation, Characterization and Hrs
purification with a special reference to their importance in herbal
industries of following phyto-pharmaceuticals containing drugs:
a) Alkaloids: Ephedrine, Quinine, Strychynine, Piperine,
Berberine, Taxol, Vinca alkoloids.
b) Glycosides: Digitoxin, Glycyrrhizin, Sennosides,
Bacosides, Quercitin.
c) Steroids: Hecogenin, guggulosterone and withanolides
d) Coumarin: Umbelliferone.
e) Terpenoids: Cucurbitacins

2 Drug discovery and development: History of herbs as source of 12

drugs and drug discovery, the lead structure selection process, Hrs
structure development, product discovery process and drug
registration, Selection and optimization of lead compounds with
suitable examples from the following source : artemesin,
andrographolides. Clinical studies emphasising on phases of
clinical trials, protocol design for lead molecules.

3 Extraction and Phytochemical studies: Recent advances in 12

extractions with emphasis on selection of method and choice of Hrs
solvent for extraction, successive and exhaustive extraction and
other methods of extraction commonly used like microwave
238
 assisted extraction, Methods of fractionation. Separation of
phytoconstituents by latest CCCET, SCFE techniques including
preparative HPLC and Flash column chromatography.

4 Phytochemical finger printing: HPTLC and LCMS/GCMS 12

applications in the characterization of herbal extracts. Structure Hrs
elucidation of phytoconstituents.

5 Structure elucidation of the following compounds by spectroscopic 12

techniques like UV, IR, MS, NMR (1H, 13C) Hrs
a. Carvone, Citral, Menthol
b. Luteolin, Kaempferol
c. Nicotine, Caffeine iv) Glycyrrhizin.

REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)

1. Organic chemistry by I.L. Finar Vol.II
2. Pharmacognosy by Trease and Evans, ELBS.
3. Pharmacognosy by Tylor and Brady.
4. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Wallis.
5. Clark’s isolation and Identification of drugs by A.C. Mottal.
6. Plant Drug Analysis by Wagner & Bladt.
7. Wilson and Gisvolds text book of Organic Medicinnal and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry by Deorge. R.F.
8. The Chemistry of Natural Products, Edited by R.H. Thomson, Springer
International Edn. 1994.
9. Natural Products Chemistry Practical Manual by Anees A Siddiqui and
SeemiSiddiqui
10.Organic Chemistry of Natural Products, Vol. 1&2. Gurdeep R Chatwal.
11.Chemistry of Natural Products- Vol. 1 onwards IWPAC.
12.Modem Methods of Plant Analysis- Peach & M.V. Tracey, Vol. I&II
13.Medicinal Natural products – a biosynthetic approach, Dewick PM, John
Wiley & Sons, Toronto, 1998.
14.Chemistry of Natural Products, Bhat SV, Nagasampagi BA, Meenakshi S,
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
15.Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, 2nd edition,
Bruneton J, Interceptt Ltd., New York, 1999.

239
 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
(MPG 104)

SCOPE
To understand the Industrial and commercial potential of drugs of natural origin,
integrate traditional Indian systems of medicine with modern medicine and also
to know regulatory and quality policy for the trade of herbals and drugs of
natural origin.

OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course the student shall be able to know,
 the requirements for setting up the herbal/natural drug industry.
 the guidelines for quality of herbal/natural medicines and regulatory
issues.
 the patenting/IPR of herbals/natural drugs and trade of raw and
finished materials.

THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry 12
involved in production of standardized extracts and various Hrs
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals.

2 Regulatory requirements for setting herbal drug industry: 12

Global marketing management. Indian and international patent Hrs
law as applicable herbal drugs and natural products.
Export - Import (EXIM) policy, TRIPS.
Quality assurance in herbal/natural drug products.
Concepts of TQM, GMP, GLP, ISO-9000.

3 Monographs of herbal drugs: General parameters of

monographs of herbal drugs and comparative study in IP, USP,
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, Siddha and Unani Pharmacopoeia,
American herbal pharmacopoeia, British herbal pharmacopoeia,
WHO guidelines in quality assessment of herbal drugs.

240
4 Testing of natural products and drugs: Herbal medicines - 12
clinical laboratory testing. Stability testing of natural products, Hrs
protocols.

5 Patents: Indian and international patent laws, proposed 12

amendments as applicable to herbal/natural products and Hrs
process. Geographical indication, Copyright, Patentable subject
maters, novelty, non obviousness, utility, enablement and best
mode, procedure for Indian patent filing, patent processing, grant
of patents, rights of patents, cases of patents, opposition and
revocation of patents, patent search and literature, Controllers of
patents.

REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)

1. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Eastern Publisher, New
Delhi.
2. GMP for Botanicals - Regulatory and Quality issues on Phytomedicine by
Pulok K Mukharjee (2003), Ist Edition, Business horizons Robert
Verpoorte, New Delhi.
3. Quality control of herbal drugs by Pulok K Mukarjee (2002), Business
Horizons Pharmaceutical Publisher, New Delhi.
4. PDR for Herbal Medicines (2000), Medicinal Economic Company, New
Jersey.
5. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002), IDMA, Mumbai.
6. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (1996),
Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
7. Text book of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry by Vinod D. RangarI
(2002), Part I & II, Career Publication, Nasik, India.
8. Plant drug analysis by H.Wagner and S.Bladt, Springer, Berlin.
9. Standardization of Botanicals. Testing and extraction methods of medicinal
herbs by V. Rajpal (2004), Vol.I, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi.
10. Phytochemical Dictionary. Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants
by J.B.Harborne, (1999), IInd Edition, Taylor and Francis Ltd, UK.
11. Herbal Medicine. Expanded Commission E Monographs by M.Blumenthal,
(2004), IST Edition,
12. Drug Formulation Manual by D.P.S.Kohli and D.H.Shah (1998), Eastern
Publisher, New Delhi.

241
 PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICAL - I
(MPG I91)
1. Analysis of Pharmacopoeial compounds of natural origin and their
formulations by UV Vis spectrophotometer
2. Analysis of recorded spectra of simple phytoconstituents
3. Experiments based on Gas Chromatography
4. Estimation of sodium/potassium by flame photometry
5. Development of fingerprint of selected medicinal plant extracts commonly
used in herbal drug industry viz. Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Bael, Amla, Ginger,
Aloe, Vidang, Senna, Lawsonia by TLC/HPTLC method.
6. Methods of extraction
7. Phytochemical screening
8. Demonstration of HPLC- estimation of glycerrhizin
9. Monograph analysis of clove oil
10. Monograph analysis of castor oil.
11. Identification of bioactive constituents from plant extracts
12. Formulation of different dosage forms and their standardisation.

242
 MEDICINAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
(MPG 201)

SCOPE
To explore the knowledge of Biotechnology and its application in the
improvement of quality of medicinal plants

OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to,
 Know the process like genetic engineering in medicinal plants for
higher yield of Phytopharmaceuticals.
 Use the biotechnological techniques for obtaining and improving the
quality of natural products/medicinal plants

THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction to Plant biotechnology: Historical perspectives, 12
prospects for development of plant biotechnology as a source of Hrs
medicinal agents. Applications in pharmacy and allied fields.
Genetic and molecular biology as applied to pharmacognosy,
study of DNA, RNA and protein replication, genetic code,
regulation of gene expression, structure and complicity of
genome, cell signaling, DNA recombinant technology.

2 Different tissue culture techniques: Organogenesis and 15

embryogenesis, synthetic seed and monoclonal variation, Hrs
Protoplast fusion, Hairy root multiple shoot cultures and their
applications. Micro propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Sterilization methods involved in tissue culture, gene transfer in
plants and their applications.

3 Immobilisation techniques & Secondary Metabolite 15

Production: Immobilization techniques of plant cell and its Hrs
application on secondary metabolite Production. Cloning of plant
cell: Different methods of cloning and its applications. Advantages
and disadvantages of plant cell cloning. Secondary metabolism in
tissue cultures with emphasis on production of medicinal agents.
Precursors and elicitors on production of secondary metabolites.

4 Biotransformation and Transgenesis: Biotransformation, 13

bioreactors for pilot and large scale cultures of plant cells and Hrs
retention of biosynthetic potential in cell culture. Transgenic
243
 plants, methods used in gene identification, localization and
sequencing of genes. Application of PCR in plant genome
analysis.

5 Fermentation technology: Application of Fermentation 05

technology, Production of ergot alkaloids, single cell proteins, Hrs
enzymes of pharmaceutical interest.

REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)

1. Plant tissue culture, Bhagwani, vol 5, Elsevier Publishers.
2. Plant cell and Tissue Culture (Lab. Manual), JRMM. Yeoman.
3. Elements in biotechnology by PK. Gupta, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi.
4. An introduction to plant tissue culture by MK. Razdan, Science Publishers.
5. Experiments in plant tissue culture by John HD and Lorin WR., Cambridge
University Press.
6. Pharmaceutical biotechnology by SP. Vyas and VK. Dixit, CBS Publishers.
7. Plant cell and tissue culture by Jeffrey W. Pollard and John M Walker,
Humana press.
8. Plant tissue culture by Dixon, Oxford Press, Washington DC, 1985
9. Plant tissue culture by Street.
10.Pharmacognosy by G. E. Trease and WC. Evans, Elsevier.
11.Biotechnology by Purohit and Mathur, Agro-Bio, 3rd revised edition.
12.Biotechnological applications to tissue culture by Shargool, Peter D,
Shargoal, CKC Press.
13.Pharmacognosy by Varo E. Tyler, Lynn R. Brady and James E. Robberrt,
That Tjen, NGO.
14.Plant Biotechnology, Ciddi Veerasham.

244
 ADVANCED PHARMACOGNOSY - II
(MPG 202)
SCOPE
To know and understand the Adulteration and Deterioration that occurs in
herbal/natural drugs and methods of detection of the same. Study of herbal
remedies and their validations, including methods of screening

OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to know the,
 validation of herbal remedies
 methods of detection of adulteration and evaluation techniques for the
herbal drugs
 methods of screening of herbals for various biological properties

THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Herbal remedies – Toxicity and Regulations: Herbals vs 12
Conventional drugs, Efficacy of Herbal medicine products, Hrs
Validation of herbal therapies, Pharmacodynamic and
Pharmacokinetic issues.

2 Adulteration and Deterioration: Introduction, Types of 12

Adulteration/ Substitution of Herbal drugs, Causes and Measures Hrs
of Adulteration, Sampling Procedures, Determination of Foreign
Matter, DNA Finger printing techniques in identification of drugs of
natural origin, detection of heavy metals, pesticide residues,
phytotoxin, microbial contamination in herbs and their
formulations.

3 Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology: Ethnobotany in herbal 12

drug evaluation, Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine, Hrs
New development in herbals, Bio-prospecting tools for drug
discovery, Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.

4 Analytical Profiles of herbal drugs: Andrographis paniculata, 12

Boswellia serata, Coleus forskholii, Curcuma longa, Embelica Hrs
officinalis, Psoralea corylifolia.

5 Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for 12

Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating Hrs

245
 Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants,
Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing,
Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines.

REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)

1. Glimpses of Indian Ethano Pharmacology by P. Pushpangadam. Ulf
Nyman. V.George Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute.
2. Natural products: A lab guide by Raphael Ikan, Academic Press.
3. Pharmacognosy - G. E. Trease and W.C. Evans. WB. Saunders
Edinburgh, New York.
4. Pharmacognosy-Tyler, Brady, Robbers, Lee & Fetiger.
5. Modem Methods of Plant Analysis- Peach & M.V. Tracey, Vol. I & II,
Springer Publishers.
6. Herbal Drug Industry by RD. Choudhary, Eastern Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K.Kokate, Purohit, Ghokhale, Nirali
Prakashan.
8. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis, J & A Churchill Ltd., London.
9. Quality control of herbal drugs by Pulok K Mukherjee, Business Horizons
Pharmaceutical Publishers, New Delhi.
10.Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, IDMA, Mumbai.
11.Text book of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry by Vinod D. RangarI,
Part I & II, Career Publication, Nasik, India.
12.Plant drug analysis by H.Wagner and S.Bladt, 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin.
13.Standardization of Botanicals. Testing and extraction methods of medicinal
herbs by V. Rajpal (2004), Vol.I, Eastern PublisherS, New Delhi.
14.Herbal Medicine. Expanded Commission E Monographs, M.Blumenthal.

246
 INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE
(MPG 203)

SCOPE
To make the students understand thoroughly the principles, preparations of
medicines of various Indian systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha,
Homeopathy and Unani. Also focusing on clinical research of traditional
medicines, quality assurance and challenges in monitoring the safety of herbal
medicines.

OBJECTIVES
After completion of the course, student is able to
 To understand the basic principles of various Indian systems of
medicine
 To know the clinical research of traditional medicines, Current Good
Manufacturing Practice of Indian systems of medicine and their
formulations.
THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Fundamental concepts of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and 12
Homoeopathy systems of medicine Hrs
Different dosage forms of the ISM.
Ayurveda: Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, Analysis of formulations
and bio crude drugs with references to: Identity, purity and quality.
Siddha: Gunapadam (Siddha Pharmacology), raw
drugs/Dhatu/Jeevam in Siddha system of medicine, Purification
process (Suddhi).

2 Naturopathy, Yoga and Aromatherapy practices 12

a) Naturopathy - Introduction, basic principles and treatment Hrs
modalities.
b) Yoga - Introduction and Streams of Yoga. Asanas, Pranayama,
Meditations and Relaxation techniques.
c) Aromatherapy – Introduction, aroma oils for common problems,
carrier oils.

3 Formulation development of various systems of medicine 12

Salient features of the techniques of preparation of some of the Hrs
important class of Formulations as per Ayurveda, Siddha,
Homeopathy and Unani Pharmacopoeia and texts.
Standardization,
Shelf life and Stability studies of ISM formulations.
247
4 Schedule T – Good Manufacturing Practice of Indian systems of 12
medicine Hrs
Components of GMP (Schedule – T) and its objectives,
Infrastructural requirements, working space, storage area,
machinery and equipments, standard operating procedures,
health and hygiene, documentation and records.
Quality assurance in ISM formulation industry - GAP, GMP and
GLP. Preparation of documents for new drug application and
export registration.
Challenges in monitoring the safety of herbal medicines:
Regulation, quality assurance and control, National/Regional
Pharmacopoeias.

5 TKDL, Geographical indication Bill, Government bills in AYUSH, 12

ISM, CCRAS, CCRS, CCRH, CCRU Hrs

REFERENCES (Latest Editions of )

1. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, The Controller of Publications, Civil Lines,
Govt. of India, New Delhi.
2. Hand Book on Ayurvedic Medicines, H. Panda, National Institute of
Industrial Research, New Delhi.
3. Ayurvedic System of Medicine, Kaviraj Nagendranath Sengupata, Sri
Satguru Publications, New Delhi.
4. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. Formulary of Ayurvedic Medicines, IMCOPS,
Chennai.
5. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. Formulary of Homeopathic Medicines,
IMCOPS, Chennai.
6. Homeopathic Pharmacy : An introduction & Hand book, Steven B. Kayne,
Churchill Livingstone, New York.
7. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, IDMA, Mumbai.
8. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, bRITISH Herbal Medicine Association, UK.
9. GMP for Botanicals - Regulatory and Quality issues on Phytomedicine,
Pulok K Mukharjee, Business Horizons, New Delhi.
10.Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy in India, Planning and
Evaluation Cell, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
11.Essential of Food and Nutrition, Swaminathan, Bappco, Bangalore.
12.Clinical Dietitics and Nutrition, F.P. Antia, Oxford University Press, Delhi.
13.Yoga - The Science of Holistic Living by V.K.Yoga, Vivekananda Yoga
Prakashna Publishing, Bangalore.

248
 HERBAL COSMETICS
(MPG 204)

SCOPE
This subject deals with the study of preparation and standardization of
herbal/natural cosmetics. This subject gives emphasis to various national and
international standards prescribed regarding herbal cosmeceuticals.

OBJECTIVES
After completion of the course, student shall be able to,
 understand the basic principles of various herbal/natural cosmetic
preparations
 current Good Manufacturing Practices of herbal/natural cosmetics as
per the regulatory authorities

THEORY 60 Hrs
1. Introduction: Herbal/natural cosmetics, Classification & 12
Economic aspects. Hrs
Regulatory Provisions relation to manufacture of cosmetics: -
License, GMP, offences & Penalties, Import & Export of
Herbal/natural cosmetics, Industries involved in the production of
Herbal/natural cosmetics.

2 Commonly used herbal cosmetics, raw materials, preservatives, 12

surfactants, humectants, oils, colors, and some functional herbs, Hrs
preformulation studies, compatibility studies, possible interactions
between chemicals and herbs, design of herbal cosmetic
formulation.

3 Herbal Cosmetics : Physiology and chemistry of skin and 12

pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Hrs
Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks,
Bath products, soaps and baby product, Preparation and
standardisation of the following :
Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes,
Cosmetics for Nails.

4 Cosmeceuticals of herbal and natural origin: Hair growth 12

formulations, Shampoos, Conditioners, Colorants & hair oils, Hrs
Fairness formulations, vanishing & foundation creams, anti-sun
burn preparations, moisturizing creams, deodorants.
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5 Analysis of Cosmetics, Toxicity screening and test methods: 12
Quality control and toxicity studies as per Drug and Cosmetics Hrs
Act.

REFERENCES (Latest Editions of)

1. Panda H. Herbal Cosmetics (Hand book), Asia Pacific Business Press Inc,
New Delhi.
2. Thomson EG. Modern Cosmetics, Universal Publishing Corporation,
Mumbai.
3. P.P.Sharma. Cosmetics - Formulation, Manufacturing & Quality Control,
Vandana Publications, New Delhi.
4. Supriya K B. Handbook of Aromatic Plants, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur.
5. Skaria P. Aromatic Plants (Horticulture Science Series), New India
Publishing Agency, New Delhi.
6. Kathi Keville and Mindy Green. Aromatheraphy (A Complete Guide to the
Healing Art), Sri Satguru Publications, New Delhi.
7. Chattopadhyay PK. Herbal Cosmetics & Ayurvedic Medicines (EOU),
National Institute of Industrial Research, Delhi.
8. Balsam MS & Edward Sagarin. Cosmetics Science and Technology, Wiley
Interscience, New York.

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 HERBAL COSMETICS PRACTICALS
(MPG 291)

1. Isolation of nucleic acid from cauliflower heads

2. Isolation of RNA from yeast
3. Quantitative estimation of DNA
4. Immobilization technique
5. Establishment of callus culture
6. Establishment of suspension culture
7. Estimation of aldehyde contents of volatile oils
8. Estimation of total phenolic content in herbal raw materials
9. Estimation of total alkaloid content in herbal raw materials
10.Estimation of total flavonoid content in herbal raw materials
11.Preparation and standardization of various simple dosage forms from
Ayurvedic, Siddha, Homoeopathy and Unani formulary
12.Preparation of certain Aromatherapy formulations
13.Preparation of herbal cosmetic formulation such as lip balm, lipstick, facial
cream, herbal hair and nail care products
14.Evaluation of herbal tablets and capsules
15.Preparation of sunscreen, UV protection cream, skin care formulations.
16.Formulation & standardization of herbal cough syrup.

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