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    Part 9. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAYS AND RAILWAYS

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    Esguerra John mark

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    Part 9. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAYS AND RAILWAYS

    Uploaded by

    Esguerra John mark
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    Part-9.-DESIGN-CRITERIA-FOR-HIGHWAYS-AND-RAILWAYS

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    2 views22 pages

    Part 9. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAYS AND RAILWAYS

    Uploaded by

    Esguerra John mark

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    DESIGN CRITERIA FOR

    HIGHWAY

    REPORTER: FRANCISCO, DANICA FAITH DL.


    HIGHWAY
    Highways are usually the quickest route for driving between one city and another.
    Highways were originally built to connect cities and towns, and since they're wide
    and have high speed limits, they decreased the travel time. Highways are always
    considered public land, and they're usually maintained by the individual state.

    The physical design of a new highway is controlled by


    many factors. Understanding the traffic characteristics,
    providing for all transportation modes, selecting the
    appropriate design vehicle and design speed, and
    determining the access management strategy are all key
    to successfully delivering a project that meets the goals
    and values of practical design. The goal in Highway Design
    is to provide safe roads for all road users, and not just those
    in motor vehicles. The principle that ‘man is the reference
    standard’ implies that roads must be adapted to the
    limitations of human capacity.
    KEY DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY:
    Design Speed

    Design speed is the target speed at which drivers are intended to travel on a street, and not, as often
    misused, the maximum operating speed.
    According to AASHTO, Design speed is maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified
    section of highway when conditions are so favourable that the design features of the highway governs.

    Road Shoulder

    Road Shoulder is a reserved area by the verge of a road or motorway. Generally, it is kept clear of
    motor vehicle traffic. Road shoulder or verge is defined as that portion of the road - way between the
    edge of the traffic lane and the edge of the ditch, gutters, curb or side slope. AASHTO requires that its
    usable pavement width shall be strong enough to support a vehicle.
    KEY DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY:
    Number of Lanes

    A lane is part of a carriageway that is designated to be used by a single line of


    vehicles to control and guide drivers and reduce traffic conflicts. Most public roads (
    highways ) have at least two lanes, one for traffic in each direction, separated by
    lane markings. The number of lanes in a segment of the highway is determined from
    the estimated traffic volume for the design year (AADT) and highway lane capacity
    at expected level of service.
    KEY DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY:
    Median / Traffic Separator

    This provides between two sets of traffic lanes


    intended to divide the traffic moving in opposite
    directions. Medians may be depressed, raised or
    flush with the road surface. The median is required
    on the following streets and highways:

    Freeways

    All streets and highways, rural and urban, w/ 4


    or more travel lanes

    Median barriers significantly reduce the number of


    cross-median crashes, which are attributed to the
    relatively high speeds that are typical on divided
    highways.
    KEY DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY:
    Sight Distance

    It is the length of the roadway visible to a driver. The driver’s ability to see ahead is of critical
    importance to safe and efficient operation.
    The safe operation of all highway facilities, including intersections, requires the consideration of three
    primary elements for safe roadway operations: the driver, the vehicle, and the roadway.

    Right of Way

    The right of way is the total land area acquired for the construction of the roadway. Its width should
    be enough to accommodate all the elements of the roadway cross section, any future widening of
    the road and any public utility facilities that will be installed along the roadway.
    THE CONTROLS IN IMPROVING / OPTIMIZING THE
    DESIGN OF VARIOUS HIGHWAYS
    Human Factors and Driver Performance

    The suitability of a design rests as much on how effectively drivers CAN use the highway as on
    any other criteria.

    Driver tasks include vehicle control, guidance, and navigation.


    Errors due to driver deficiencies or situational demands
    Speed
    Vehicles

    In the design of any highway facility, the designer should consider the largest design vehicle that
    is likely to use that facility with considerable frequency or a design vehicle with special
    characteristics appropriate to a particular location.
    THE CONTROLS IN IMPROVING / OPTIMIZING THE
    DESIGN OF VARIOUS HIGHWAYS

    Traffic Characteristics

    The design of a highway and its features should explicitly cover traffic volumes and traffic
    characteristics. Traffic volumes obtained from field studies such as hourly and daily traffic volumes,
    type and weight of vehicles. Relevant studies include average daily traffic (ADT), peak hour traffic,
    directional distribution, speed and traffic flow relationships characterized by the volume flow rate in
    vehicles, the average speed, and the traffic density in vehicles.
    THE CONTROLS IN IMPROVING / OPTIMIZING THE
    DESIGN OF VARIOUS HIGHWAYS

    Physical Elements

    These elements include highway capacity, access control and management,


    pedestrians, bicycle facilities, safety, and environment. Because the number of crashes
    increases, it is in the interest of safety that roadways should be designed to reduce the
    need for driver decisions and to reduce unexpected situations.

    Economic Factors

    Highway economics is concerned with the cost of a proposed improvement and the
    benefits resulting from it.
    DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
    RAILWAY
    REPORTER: SHAIRA JAIMEE C. SANGGA
    Railway structures encompass a wide array of construction

    intended to support the track itself or house railway

    WHAT IS
    operations. Common examples of track carrying structures are

    bridges, trestles, viaducts, culverts, scales, inspection pits,

    RAILWAY?
    unloading pits and similar construction. Examples of common

    ancillary structures are drainage structures, retaining walls,

    tunnels, snow sheds, repair shops, loading docks, passenger

    stations and platforms, fueling facilities, towers, catenary frames

    and the like.


    KEY DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
    RAILWAY SYSTEM:
    ALIGNMENT AND GEOMETRY

    SEISMIC AND CLIMATE RESILIENT


    AND ROLLING STOCK DESIGN

    SPEED AND CAPACITY

    STATION DESIGN: ACCESSIBLE,


    EFFICIENT, COMFORTABLE,
    SUSTAINABLE, CONNECTIVE, SAFE
    AND SECURE
    ALIGNMENT AND
    GEOMETRY
    ELEMENT LIMITATION
    FOR BETTER FREIGHT TRAIN OPERATIONS AND
    PASSENGER COMFORT, THE NUMBER OF VERTICAL
    ELEMENTS IS RECOMMENDED TO BE LIMITED TO 4
    PER SLIDING KILOMETRE

    DESIGN OF RAILWAY ALIGNMENT IN


    CORRESPONDENCE WITH MAXIMUM
    OPERATIONAL SPEED
    RAILWAY ALIGNMENT IN URBAN AREAS IN
    PROXIMITY TO INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER
    STATIONS

    TRACK GAUGE
    SEISMIC AND CLIMATE RESILIENT
    AND ROLLING STOCK DESIGN
    STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

    POST-SEISMIC OPERATION

    RETROFIT AND MAINTENANCE

    FLOOD MANAGEMENT

    HEAT RESISTANCE

    WIND RESISTANCE
    SPEED AND CAPACITY
    DESIGN SPEED

    OPERATIONAL SPEED

    SAFETY MEASURES

    TRACK CAPACITY

    STATION CAPACITY

    ROLLING STOCK
    STATION DESIGN
    UNIVERSAL DESIGN
    STATIONS SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO
    ACCOMMODATE ALL USERS, INCLUDING
    THOSE WITH DISABILITIES.

    COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS


    ACCESSIBILITY LAW (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7277)
    IN THE PHILIPPINES, ENSURES THAT STATIONS
    ARE ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYONE.

    EMERGENCY EXITS
    SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS
    SEATING AND WAITING AREAS
    STATION DESIGN
    RESTROOMS AND AMENITIES

    WAYFINDING
    CLEAR SIGNAGE AND INFORMATION BOARDS
    HELP PASSENGERS NAVIGATE THE STATION
    EASILY.
    CAPACITY PLANNING
    STATIONS SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO HANDLE
    PEAK PASSENGER LOADS WITHOUT
    CONGESTION.
    GREEN SPACES
    INCORPORATING GREEN SPACES AND
    SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS IN THE DESIGN CAN
    ENHANCE THE STATION’S ENVIRONMENTAL
    FRIENDLINESS.
    STATION DESIGN
    INTERMODAL CONNECTIVITY
    STATIONS SHOULD BE WELL-CONNECTED
    WITH OTHER MODES OF TRANSPORT LIKE
    BUSES, TAXIS, AND BICYCLES TO
    FACILITATE SEAMLESS TRAVEL.
    THE MAIN PURPOSES Ensure of safety

    OF ESTABLISHING THE
    Maintain railway network and

    ensure railway transport

    RAILWAY TECHNICAL characteristics

    STANDARDS ARE AS
    Ensure convenience for users

    Environmental countermeasures

    FOLLOW: Reduce production cost


    THANK
    YOU
    REPORTER: SANGGA, SHAIRA JAIMEE C.

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