Ansi Assp Z117.1-2016

ANSI/ASSP Z117.
1-2016
Safety Requirements for
Entering Conﬁned Spaces
The American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) is now the American Society of Safety Professionals (ASSP). ASSP
continues to be the Secretariat for the committee producing this standard and continues to hold the copyright to
this standard. There is no change to the content and requirements in the standard. The only change is on the cover
indicating the organizational name change of the standards developing organization from ASSE to ASSP.
The information and materials contained in this publication have been developed from sources believed
to be reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) as secretariat of the ANSI
accredited Z117 Committee or individual committee members accept no legal responsibility for the
correctness or completeness of this material or its application to specific factual situations. By publication
of this standard, ASSE or the Z117 Committee does not ensure that adherence to these
recommendations will protect the safety or health of any persons, or preserve property.
ANSI®
ANSI/ASSE Z117.1 – 2016
American National Standard
Safety Requirements for

Entering Confined Spaces
Secretariat
American Society of Safety Engineers

520 N. Northwest Highway
Park Ridge, IL 60068
Approved August 4, 2016
Effective January 1, 2017
American National Standards Institute, Inc.

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Published October 2016 by:
American Society of Safety Engineers

520 N. Northwest Highway
Park Ridge, IL 60068
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Copyright ©2016 by American Society of Safety Engineers

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Foreword (This Foreword is not a part of American National Standard Z117.1 – 2016.)
This standard was developed by an American National Standards Committee, national in scope,
functioning under the procedures of the American National Standards Institute with the American Society
of Safety Engineers (ASSE) as Secretariat. This standard provides minimum requirements to be followed
while entering, working in and exiting confined spaces at ambient atmospheric pressure.
It is intended that the procedures and performance requirements detailed herein will be adopted by every
employer whose operations fall within the scope and purpose of the standard.
Neither the standards committee, nor the secretariat, feel that this standard is perfect or in its ultimate
form. It is recognized that new developments are to be expected, and that revisions of the standard will
be necessary as the art progresses and further experience is gained. It is felt, however, that uniform
requirements are very much needed and that the standard in its present form provides for the minimum
performance requirements necessary in developing and implementing a comprehensive confined space
program for the protection of personnel.
In 1993, OSHA estimated that 238,000 establishments had permit required confined spaces. These
establishments employed approximately 1.6 million workers, including contractors, who entered 4.8
million permit-required confined spaces annually. OSHA further estimated that 63 fatalities and 13,000
lost workdays and non-lost workday cases involving confined spaces entry occurred annually.
OSHA and NIOSH data during the period 1980-1993 indicated atmospheric conditions were the leading
cause of death associated with confined space entry. The data indicated that oxygen deficiency,
hydrogen sulfide, methane, and inert gases ranked as the leading specific atmospheric hazardous
conditions. Engulfment was found to be second in terms of occurrence. Mechanical asphyxiation from
loose materials such as grain, agricultural products, sand, cement and gravel was dominant. Evidence
suggested that the cause of death associated with confined space entry has not changed appreciably
during recent years.
In the revision of the 2009 version of Z117.1, the ASC reviewed recent data and information addressing
confined space incidents. Federal OSHA fatality and catastrophe statistics were collected from their
database using confined space as the search words between years 2002 and 2012. A total of 222 cases
were reviewed and it was determined that over 80% of fatalities were still caused by atmospheric
hazards, and oxygen deficiency was the leading atmospheric hazard.
It should be understood that the fatality cases in this sampling do not represent all U.S. confined space
incidents resulting in fatalities. The mining, agriculture and maritime sectors as well as various states with
their own primary jurisdiction for safety and health enforcement are likely to be the source of many more
cases not discussed within the Foreword of the Z117.1 standard. Upon review of this data, much remains
to be done, particularly in regards to verification of atmospheres for entrants prior to and during confined
space activity.
The Z117 Committee acknowledges the critical role of design in influencing the safe entry and work in
confined spaces. ANSI has an existing standard ANSI/ASSE Z590.3, Prevention through Design, this
standard should be consulted when considering design modifications. The failure to incorporate safety
during the design process and overlooked design deficiencies can often increase the risk for entrants:
examples are (1) means of entry (portals, hatchways, etc.) which are too small, improperly located or that
complicate/inhibit escape; (2) spaces which are convoluted, unnecessarily obstructed or hazardously
configured; (3) internal clearances which are too tight for safe passage; (4) space penetration distances
which are excessive without alternative means of access or escape; (5) absence of appropriate devices
to isolate all energy sources from the space; (6) no provision for vessel mechanisms/devices to prevent
loose materials from bridging, compacting, etc. (7) lack of features that would enhance space ventilation
effectiveness; (8) structural weaknesses in walls, floors, ceilings, fixed apertures such as ladders,
walkways or pipes containing gases, liquids, or steam, or which increase hazard risk to entrants while
working or coming in contact with stated structures in confined spaces; (9) absence of anchor points for
retrieval devices and (10) locating gauges, floats and shut off valves outside the confined space will
design out the need to possibly enter in the first place.
The standard does not attempt to address these issues. It is believed they are best dealt with by the
purchaser, employer or owner during a project's design, acquisition or construction. However, it is
recommended that designers, manufacturers and users make confined space design issues a priority
when new or modified machinery, equipment, processes or facilities are contemplated.
For existing confined spaces which have recognized design deficiencies, it should be the responsibility of
those authorizing entry to either:
• modify or correct the deficiencies when possible; or
• employ alternate means to accomplish the work without exposing personnel; or
• develop and implement specific safe entry procedures for each confined space; or
• dismantle, open, remove, etc. the equipment/process rather than enter if the risk is deemed
unacceptable.
The Z117 Committee solicits public input that may suggest revisions to the standard. Such input should
be sent to the Secretariat, American Society of Safety Engineers, 520 N. Northwest Highway, Park Ridge,
IL 60068.
This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by American National Standards
Committee on Confined Spaces Z117. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply
that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time of approval, the Z117 Committee had the
following members:
Terry Krug, CIH, CSP, Chair

Timothy Healey, Vice-Chair
Ovidiu Munteanu, Secretary
Timothy R. Fisher, CSP, CHMM, ARM, CPEA, Assistant Secretary
Jennie Dalesandro, Administrative Technical Support
Organization Represented Name of Representative
Aluminum Association Mark Eliopulos

American Association of Occupational Health
Nurses, Inc. Carol A. Santee, RN, COHN-S, CCM
American Industrial Hygiene Association Neil McManus, MS, CIH, ROH, CSP
American Petroleum Institute Scott Wozniak, P.E.
American Society of Safety Engineers Edward V. Grund, CSP, P.E.
American Welding Society Gus Manz
Stephen Hedrick
Arthur J. Gallagher Risk Management Services C. Gary Lopez, CSP
Bret M. Clausen Bret M. Clausen, CIH, CSP, CHMM, ARM
Covestro LLC Terry Ketchum
Draeger Safety Russ Warn
Greg Holland
Edison Electric Institute Janet Fox
Charles J. Kelly
Ellis Fall Safety Solutions, LLC J. Nigel Ellis, Ph.D., P.E., CSP, CPE
John Whitty, P.E.
Exceptional Occupational Safety & Health Advisors Terry Krug, CIH, CSP
Halcon Resources William A. Walker
Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Co. Timothy Healey
Jerome Kucharski
International Safety Equipment Association Cristine Z. Fargo
Lewellyn Technology Jason Reason
LJB, Inc. Craig J. Galecka, P.E., CSP
Thomas Kramer, P.E., CSP
MRE Consulting Michael R. Roop
McCulley, Eastham & Associates L. Todd Eastham, CSHM, CIHM,
RIHT, WSO-CSM
Matt McCulley, ASP
Mine Safety Appliances Company Gustavo Lopez
Marc Harkins
National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health Paul H. Moore
National Stone, Sand & Gravel Association Ron McHaney, CSP
Michelle Copeland, CIH
Property Casualty Insurers Association of America Mark Wiggins, CIH, CSP, ARM
Richard Newton, CIH
SAFETRAN, LLC Daniel J. O’Connell, CHMM, CET,
CHCM, CHST, REPA
Ana Isabel Garcia, A.Sc., NREMT
Safety Management Inc. Dennis R. Howard
Safety Through Engineering Inc. Mike C. Wright, P.E., CPE, CSP
Mark Williams
San Diego, City of Joe Wong, CSP, COEE
Steel Tank Institute/Steel Plate Fabricators Association Wilson Frazier, CSP, CUSA
Charles Hineman
United Automobile Workers of America Mike Lee
Sherrod Elledge
U.S. Air Force Safety Center Mark Kantorowicz
Robert Baker
U.S. Department of Labor - OSHA Sherman Williamson
William B. Zettler
OBSERVERS (non-voting organizations):
National Fire Protection Association Guy R. Colonna, P.E.

Contents SECTION .............................................................................................. PAGE
1. General .............................................................................................. 10
1.1 Scope ........................................................................................ 10
1.2 Exceptions ................................................................................. 10
1.3 Purpose ..................................................................................... 10
1.4 Application ................................................................................. 10
2. Definitions .......................................................................................... 10
3. Identification and Evaluation............................................................... 16
3.1 Confined Space Survey ............................................................. 16
3.2 Hazard Identification .................................................................. 16
3.3 Hazard Evaluation ..................................................................... 17
3.4 Confined Space Classification ................................................... 18
3.5 Hazard Re-Evaluation................................................................ 19
3.6 Written Program ........................................................................ 19
4. Non-Permit Confined Spaces (NPCS) ................................................ 20
4.1 Controls ..................................................................................... 20
4.2 Training ..................................................................................... 21
4.3 Re-Evaluation ............................................................................ 21
4.4 Atmospheric Testing .................................................................. 21
5. Permit Required Confined Spaces (PRCS) ........................................ 21
5.1 Entry Permits ............................................................................. 21
5.2 Permit Implementation ............................................................... 22
5.3 Validity of Permits ...................................................................... 22
5.4 Revoking Permits ...................................................................... 23
6. Atmospheric Testing........................................................................... 23
6.1 General Criteria ......................................................................... 23
6.2 Testing Considerations .............................................................. 26
6.3 Acceptable Limits ...................................................................... 27
7. Entry Team ........................................................................................ 28
7.1 Attendant ................................................................................... 28
7.2 Entrant ....................................................................................... 29
7.3 Attendant(s)/Entrant(s) Communication ..................................... 30
7.4 Entry Supervisor ........................................................................ 30
7.5 Atmospheric Tester ................................................................... 31
8. Isolation and Lockout/Tagout ............................................................. 32
8.1 General...................................................................................... 32
8.2 Isolation ..................................................................................... 32
8.3 Lockout/Tagout .......................................................................... 33
9. Ventilation .......................................................................................... 34
9.1 Requirements ............................................................................ 34
10. Cleaning/Decontamination ................................................................. 35
11. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ................................................ 36
11.1 General...................................................................................... 36
11.2 Selection.................................................................................... 36
11.3 Inspection .................................................................................. 38
12. Auxiliary Equipment............................................................................ 38
12.1 Entry and Exit ............................................................................ 39
12.2 Retrieval Equipment .................................................................. 39
12.3 Fall Protection............................................................................ 39
12.4 Electrical Equipment .................................................................. 39
13. Safety Signs and Symbols.................................................................. 40
13.1 Identification .............................................................................. 40
14. Emergency Response, Evacuation and Rescue ................................. 40
14.1 Emergency Response Plan ....................................................... 40
14.2 Atmospheric Monitoring ............................................................. 41
14.3 Respiratory Protection Equipment ............................................. 41
14.4 Rescue Equipment Inspection ................................................... 42
15. Training of the Confined Space Entry Team ....................................... 42
15.1 General Requirements............................................................... 42
15.2 Entry Supervisor ........................................................................ 43
15.3 Authorized Entrant ..................................................................... 45
15.4 Attendant ................................................................................... 47
15.5 Atmospheric Tester ................................................................... 49
15.6 Rescue Personnel ..................................................................... 50
16. Medical Suitability .............................................................................. 54
17. Contractors ........................................................................................ 54
17.1 Hazard Appraisal ....................................................................... 54
17.2 Identification of Rescue Responder ........................................... 55
17.3 Permit System ........................................................................... 55
17.4 Coordination .............................................................................. 56
17.5 Ongoing Dialogue ...................................................................... 56
Appendices:
Appendix A Logic Diagram for Confined Space Entry ............................. 57

Appendix B Standards and Other Referenced and Related Materials
on the Subject of Confined Spaces ...................................... 58
Appendix C Examples of Confined Space Surveys and Permits ............. 64
Explanation of Standard
American National Standard Z117.1 uses a two-column format to provide both specific requirements and
supporting information.
The left column, designated "Standard Requirements," is confined solely to these requirements. The right
column, designated "Explanatory Information," contains only information that is intended to clarify the
standard. This column is not a part of the standard.
Operating rules (safe practices) are not included in either column, unless they are of such a nature as to
be vital safety requirements, equal in weight to other requirements, or guides to assist in compliance with
the standard.
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z117.1 – 2016
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z117.1

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR
ENTERING CONFINED SPACES
STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION

(Not part of
American National Standard Z117.1)
1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope. This standard provides E1.1 The scope of this standard does
minimum safety requirements to be followed not address confined space design issues.
while entering, exiting and working in Please see the Foreword of this standard for
confined spaces at ambient atmospheric additional general information addressing
pressure. confined space design.
1.2 Exceptions. This standard does

not pertain to underground mining,
tunneling, caisson work, intentionally inert
confined spaces or other similar tasks that
have established national consensus
standards.
1.3 Purpose. The purpose of this E1.3 This standard is a performance

standard is to establish minimum require- standard and, as such, is not intended to
ments and procedures for the safety and replace existing specific standards and
health of employees who work in, and in procedures, but rather to support those that
connection with, confined spaces. meet the performance objectives defined in
this standard. See Appendix B for a listing of
other established national consensus
standards pertaining to confined space.
1.4 Application. This standard is

designed for voluntary application imme-
diately upon approval as an American
National Standard.
2. DEFINITIONS
2.1 Atmospheric Tester. A qualified

person selected by the employer who tests
or monitors a permit space as necessary to
determine if acceptable limits are main-
tained, and is able to interpret results.
2.2 Attendant. Person assigned to

monitor a confined space process or
operation and provide support or react as
required for the safety of the entrants.
10
2.3 Biological Hazards. Microbial E2.3 Microorganisms may cause toxic

agents presenting a risk or potential risk to release or an oxygen deficient atmosphere.
the well-being of humans through inhalation, Biological hazards may include, but are not
ingestion, skin absorption or injection. limited to: infectious or parasitic agents;
microorganisms such as bacteria some
fungi, mold, yeasts and algae; plants and
plant products, and animals and animal
products, which cause occupational
disease.
2.4 Blinding/Blanking. Inserting a E2.4 A blank is designed as a flat plate

solid barrier across the open end of a pipe, between two flanges typically inside the
line or duct or in between two flanges, flange bolt pattern (ASME B31.3 Paragraph
leading into or out of the confined space, 304.5.3). The blank must be sized for full
and securing the barrier in such a way to design pressure (maximum non-shock
prevent leakage of material into the confined pressure rating) of the line.
space.
A blind is designed as a bolted flat plate,
which can be used to terminate a pipe line
(ASME B31.3 paragraph 304.5.2b). When a
blind is required, use the geometry specified
in ANSI/ASME B16.5.
2.5 Confined Space. Enclosed area E2.5 Examples of confined spaces

large enough and configured to allow a include, but are not limited to: tanks, silos,
person to bodily enter and has the following vessels, pits, sewers, pipelines, penstock,
characteristics: boilers, septic tanks, utility vaults, tank cars
and other mobile containers.
• Its primary function is other
than human occupancy. Temporary structures may meet the criteria
of this definition.
• Has restricted entry and exit.
(Restricted entry and exit is a Tanks and other structures under construc-
physical configuration, which tion may or may not be considered confined
requires the use of the hands spaces until its configuration meets the
for support or contortion of the applicable confined space definition.
body to enter into or exit from a
confined space.)
2.6 Double Block and Bleed. A E2.6 Bleed means that pressure will
method used to isolate a confined space vent and not build against the secondary
from a line, duct or pipe by physically valve while material coming out the bleeder
closing two main valves on a piping system, will indicate leakage past the primary block
and opening a vented-to-atmosphere valve valve and the need for remedial action. To
between them. assure this will be accomplished, the bleed
valve (line) should be adequate to ensure
any valve leakage will be bled effectively as
the line it serves.
11
2.7 Emergency. Any occurrence

inside or outside of the confined space that
could endanger the entry team.
2.8 Engulfment. The surrounding and

effective capture of a person by a liquid or
flowable solid substance.
2.9 Entrant. A person authorized by

the entry supervisor who enters a confined
space to perform an assigned task.
2.10 Entry. Ingress by persons into a

confined space, which occurs upon breaking
the plane of the confined space portal with
any part of the body. Entry includes all
periods of time in which the confined space
is occupied.
2.11 Entry Supervisor (Entry Leader).

Due to the extensive knowledge, skills and
experience, this individual is given the
authority and responsibility to direct and
implement all aspects of the confined space
entry operation. This could be done
personally or designated to a qualified
person.
2.12 Evacuation. An unaided emergen- E2.12 This is referred to in OSHA 29

cy exit out of a confined space. This action CFR 1910.146 as self-rescue.
may result from the entrant’s own decision
or by a command from outside the space.
2.13 Hazard. A condition or potential E2.13 Examples are materials that cause
condition or inherent characteristic of an oxygen deficiency/enrichment, flammability,
activity, or circumstance, which can produce explosivity, toxicity, corrosivity, stored
injury, illness, death or property damage. product, chemical, electrical or mechanical
energy.
2.14 Hazardous Atmosphere. An

atmosphere that exists or has the potential
to exist and causes serious harm or death to
occupants by reason of: oxygen deficiency
or enrichment; flammability or explosivity by
gas, vapor, dust; or toxicity.
2.15 Horizontal Rescue. Methodology

to move the entrant to safety while the
entrant’s weight is supported by the surface
12
of the space’s floor or other horizontal level

within the space.
2.16 Hot Work. Work that produces E2.16 Hot work may include such things
arcs, sparks, flames, heat or other sources as electric arc and gas welding, chipping,
of ignition. flaming, grinding, gas cutting, brazing,
soldering, etc. (Appendix D of ANSI/AWS
Z49.1 lists more than 90 welding and allied
processes that qualify as hot work). Hot
work activities may produce contaminants or
toxic materials.
2.17 Isolation. A process of physically E2.17 Disconnecting and separating

interrupting, disconnecting or removing pipes, blinding/blanking, double block and
pipes, lines and energy sources such as bleed pipe fluids and gases, lockout energy
electrical, pneumatic and gravitational forces sources such as: electrical, pneumatic,
from entering the confined space. hydraulic and gravitational. Gravitational
could be an elevator car in the raised
position or a heavy portal lid. Isolation from
engulfment could be blocking the product
from entering the space or completely
removing by draining product.
2.18 Lower Explosive Limit/Lower E2.18 The NFPA publication, Fire Protec-
Flammability Limit (LEL/LFL). The lowest tion Guide to Hazardous Materials, defines
concentration (percentage) of a gas or a these as follows:
vapor in air capable of producing a flash of
fire in presence of an ignition source (arc, In the cases of gases or vapors which form
flame, heat). flammable mixtures with air or oxygen, there
is a minimum concentration of vapor-in-air
Upper Explosive Limit/Upper Flammabil- or vapor-in-oxygen below which propagation
ity Limit (UEL/UFL). Highest concentration of flame does not occur on contact with a
(percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air source of ignition. There is also a maximum
capable of producing a flash of fire in proportion of vapor or gas in air above
presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, which flame propagation does not occur.
heat). These boundary-line mixtures of vapor or
gas with air, which if ignited will just
propagate flame are known as the 'lower
and upper flammable or explosive limits',
and are usually expressed in terms of
percentage by volume of gas or vapor in air.
No attempt is made to differentiate between
the terms 'flammable' and 'explosive' as
applied to the lower and upper limits of
flammability.
2.19 Lockout/Tagout. The placement E2.19 For more information regarding

of a lock/tag on an energy isolating device in lockout/tagout, refer to ANSI/ASSE Z244.1,
accordance with established procedures. Control of Hazardous Energy - Lockout/
(The term lockout/tagout allows the use of Tagout and Alternative Methods. For U.S.
a lockout device, a tag or a combination federal regulatory requirements see OSHA
13
of both.) 29 CFR 1910.147.
2.20 Non-Permit Confined Space

(NPCS). A space that by configuration
meets the definition of a confined space, but
which after evaluation presents no potential
or existing serious hazards to the entrants,
or has the hazards removed by engineering
controls.
2.21 Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere. E2.21 The following chart is taken from
An atmosphere containing less than 19.5% NIOSH studies on oxygen deficiency and
oxygen by volume. physiological changes. All are set at sea
level atmospheric pressure. Oxygen
deficiency causes a diminishment of mental
capacity and the ability to reason rationally.
Alertness and judgment are distorted. This
occurs within a relatively short period of time
and without warning. An oxygen deficient
atmosphere is not detected by the five
human senses. There is no discernable
physiological change between 21% and
19.5% by volume, you cannot tell the
difference.
19.4%-16% Increasing pulse rate, tiredness

15-12% Physical movement and intellectual
performance becomes difficult
11-8% Possibility of headaches, dizziness and
fainting after a fairly short period of time.
The person is in grave danger.
7-5% Fainting within a few minutes,
resuscitation possible if carried out
immediately, otherwise death is certain.
4-0% Fainting almost immediate, death or
severe brain damage in seconds.
2.22 Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere. E2.22 Oxygen enriched atmospheres

An atmosphere containing more than 23.5% increases the fire and explosion hazards of
oxygen by volume. flammables/combustible gases, vapors
and/or combustible dusts.
2.23 Permissible Exposure Limit E2.23 OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z,

(PEL). The allowable air contaminant level Toxic and Hazardous Substances. (Note:
established by the U.S. Department of Care should be exercised when using dated
Labor, Occupational Safety and Health PEL criteria.)
Administration.
2.24 Permit Required Confined Space

(PRCS). A confined space, which after
evaluation, is found to contain actual or
potential serious hazards. Because of the
severity of the hazards, the confined space
14
requires written authorization for entry.
2.25 Permit System. A written E2.25 The permit system addresses the
procedure for preparing and issuing confined space hazards, controls and
authorization (permits) for entry and for safeguards. It also lists the entry team
returning the permit required confined space members, date and time of entry, PPE and
PRCS to service following termination of task to be performed. Rescue service and
entry. equipment along with entry location and
more by requiring a written permit that
follows the elements in Section 5.
2.26 Qualified Person A person, who

by reason of training, education and experi-
ence is knowledgeable in the operation to
be performed and is competent to judge the
hazards involved and specify controls and/or
protective measures.
2.27 Rescue. Assistance in exiting the

confined space by providing assistance to
the entrant by the rescuer(s) to effect exit
from the space.
2.28 Rescue Service. A team of

qualified technical rescue responders with
the training, expertise and equipment to
readily provide emergency rescue.
2.29 Serious Hazards. Conditions

which may cause death, temporary or
permanent impairment, functional disorder
or an inability to exit the space.
2.30 Shall. Denotes a mandatory

requirement.
2.31 Should. A recommendation that is

a sound safety and health practice; it does
not denote a mandatory requirement.
2.32 Threshold Limit Value (TLV®). A

threshold limit value or TLV® is the recom-
mended worker exposure level of chemical
and physical agents recommended by the
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TLV® is a
registered trademark of the ACGIH.
2.33 Toxic Atmosphere. An atmos- E2.33 Resources to assist in determining

phere containing a concentration of a acceptable levels of air contaminants
substance above the published or otherwise include, but are not limited to, the most
15
known acceptable levels. current editions of:
The American Conference of Governmental

Industrial Hygienists, Threshold Limit Values
and Biological Exposure Indices
In-house standards and vendor safety data

sheets (SDS)
NIOSH, Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
AIHA, Workplace Environmental Exposure

Levels (WEEL) Guide
OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and

Hazardous Substances
2.34 Vertical Rescue. Methodology to

move the entrant to safety while all or a
portion of the entrant’s weight is supported
by life-safety rope or wire. This methodology
would include diagonal rescue where a
portion of the entrant’s weight is supported
by a surface within the space.
3. IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUA-

TION
3.1 Confined Space Survey. A E3.1 The purpose of the survey is to

qualified person shall conduct an initial develop an inventory of those locations or
survey of the premises or operations, or equipment, or both, which meet the defini-
both, to identify confined spaces as defined tion of a confined space so that personnel
by this standard. A process shall be may be made aware of them and
established to identify the addition or appropriate procedures developed for each
deletion of confined spaces to keep the prior to entry.
documented inventory current.
3.2 Hazard Identification. Confined E3.2 Confined spaces can become

spaces shall be considered hazardous until unsafe as a result of: 1) possible atmos-
determined to be otherwise. Hazards shall pheric contamination by toxic or flammable
be identified for each confined space prior to vapors, or oxygen deficiency or excess; 2)
entry. The hazard identification process possible physical hazards; 3) the possibility
shall be conducted by a qualified person of liquids, gases or solids being introduced
and include, but not be limited to, a review to the space during occupancy; 4) the iso-
of the following: lation of occupants from rescue personnel;
5) presence of radiation sources.
3.2.1 The past and current uses of the E3.2.1 Review SDS(s) to determine com-
confined space which may adversely affect patibility of current and previous contents.
the atmosphere of the confined space. Be aware of protective coatings, which
could trap materials or residue that may
16
decompose or react with cleaning agents or

heat (from welding or flame cutting); and/or
exhaust gases from engine powered
equipment in or positioned outside the
confined space.
3.2.2 The physical characteristics, E3.2.2 The means of entry and exit, and
configuration and location of the confined the hazards posed by adjacent spaces and
space. operations should be reviewed.
3.2.3 Existing or potential atmospheric E3.2.3 Examples of reference sources

hazards, such as: which should be consulted to determine
accepted exposure limits for toxic materials
• Oxygen deficient or enriched are: ACGIH, Threshold Limit Values;
atmosphere. NIOSH, Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards;
• Flammable/explosive AIHA, Workplace Environmental Exposure
atmosphere. Levels (WEEL) Guide; and Safety Data
• Toxic atmosphere. Sheets (SDS) and current applicable regu-
latory standards.
If there is no potential for a hazardous
atmosphere, the atmospheric testing may be
waived.
3.2.4 Biological hazards. E3.2.4 Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

growth inside a confined space is capable of
producing hydrogen and or methane, both
flammable gases, carbon dioxide and
oxygen displacement and toxic gas and
others such as oxides of nitrogen.
3.2.5 Mechanical hazards.
3.2.6 Physical hazards. E3.2.6 Examples include, but are not

limited to: electrical, thermal, radiological,
noise, engulfment, structural integrity, etc.
3.2.7 Chemical hazards.
3.3 Hazard Evaluation. Hazards iden-

tified shall be evaluated by a qualified
person. Each hazard shall be examined with
respect to:
3.3.1 Scope of hazard exposure. E3.3.1 Consideration should be given to

how many or which employees, or both, are
exposed or may be affected.
3.3.2 Magnitude of the hazard. E3.3.2 Consideration should be given to

how much energy may be released; how
toxic are the chemicals; quantity of materials
which could be inadvertently introduced, etc.
17
3.3.3 Likelihood of hazard occurrence. E3.3.3 Consideration should be given to

the probability for the hazard to occur.
3.3.4 Consequences of the hazard E3.3.4 Consideration should be given to

occurrence. the most likely outcome if the hazard
occurs, i.e. explosion, asphyxiation, etc.
3.3.5 Potential for changing conditions or E3.3.5 Examples of changes in condi-

activities. tions/activities are; introduction of hot work
or cleaning agents into the confined space
that were not previously identified. The
filling/emptying of an adjacent compartment/
tank is an example of changes in adjacent
spaces. Weather changes, such as thunder-
storms, (drop in barometric pressure,
lightning, etc.) heat of the day increasing
vaporization and affecting personnel (heat
exhaustions) are examples of changes in
the environment which can cause problems
in confined spaces. The hazard introduced
by portable hand or power tools should also
be considered. Introduction of exhaust
contaminants from internal combustion
engines in or near the space.
3.3.6 Strategies for controlling the E3.3.6 Hazards should be eliminated or

hazards. controlled to achieve an acceptable level of
risk prior to conducting confined space
entries. The following hierarchy of control
should be followed:
• Eliminate the hazard.

• Engineering controls (substitu-
tion, isolation, etc.).
• Administrative controls (work
practices, procedures, person-
nel assignments, etc.).
• Personal protective equipment.
3.3.7 Impact on the need for emergency E3.3.7 Physical conditions that could
response. hinder emergency rescue may include:
manway or manhole size, scaffolding or
pipe structures or other obstructions. These
special needs should be addressed in
assessment for emergency response.
3.4 Confined Space Classification. E3.4 This standard stresses the

Based on the evaluation of the hazards, a importance of proper classification of the
qualified person shall classify the confined space by a qualified person that under-
18
space as either a permit-required confined stands the hazards that exist or could
space (PRCS) or non-permit confined space potentially exist that may cause death or
(NPCS). All PRCS shall be identified by a serious harm. It is important to distinguish
sign or equally effective means such as between permit and non-permit space, and
training per Section 13. All confined spaces the life-threatening nature of permit spaces
shall be treated as permit spaces until and requirement to expend high-level
determined to be otherwise. resources in order to perform the work.
Stress the benefit and advantage of
expending resources to achieve hazard
elimination to minimize risk of this work by
reclassification to non-permit status.
3.5 Hazard Re-Evaluation. A qualified

person(s) shall determine the need for
periodic identification and re-evaluation of
the hazards based on possible changes in
activities in the space, or other physical or
environmental conditions, or both, which
could adversely affect the space. When the
need is determined, a qualified person(s)
shall conduct the identification and re-
evaluation process.
3.6 Written Program. If the employer E3.6 The written entry program should
determines that employees will enter con- include how the key items of this standard
fined spaces, the employer shall develop will be implemented and who is responsible
and implement a written confined space for their execution. Since employers are
entry program. The program shall contain a ultimately responsible for implementation of
requirement for a periodic written or oral this standard, management should use the
performance assessment of the require- method identified for correcting deficiencies
ments of this standard. An established identified during the performance assess-
method, with action steps and assigned ments as a fundamental tool for enforcing
responsibility, shall be specified for the requirements of this standard. Fre-
correcting deficiencies identified by the quency of performance assessment should
performance assessment. be governed by the identified need for
improvement.
3.6.1 The written program shall include a E3.6.1 Procedures that are intended to
requirement to develop specific entry proce- assist in the evaluation of the space are not
dures for permit required confined spaces a substitute for pre-entry evaluation.
identified during the survey. Procedures
shall identify known hazards as well as the If the employer has determined that permit
actions required to eliminate or control those spaces exist that employees are expected
hazards. Where spaces are identical with to enter, written confined space entry
respect to hazards and required control procedures should be developed. These
actions, a single procedure to cover these procedures may include:
like spaces is acceptable.
• The employer’s definition of
confined spaces.
• The inventory of confined
spaces.
19
• The entry permit system for

confined spaces.
• Who is authorized to supervise
entries.
• Training required for entrants,
safety watches, rescuers and
those who supervise entries.
• Conditions that prohibit entry
• Allowable atmospheric condi-
tions for entry.
• Rescue methodology.
• Other issues specific to the
locations confined space en-
tries that must be in place for a
safe entry.
4. NON – PERMIT CONFINED

SPACES (NPCS)
4.1 Controls. The employer shall E4.1 Examples of specific confined

develop and implement safe work proce- space issues include:
dures (SWP) for entry into NPCS and what
conditions and precautions must be in place 1. Tasks that may be performed in
to allow for safe entry and what would the space.
constitute a change in conditions, which 2. The equipment needs for entry.
would require a re-evaluation of the confined 3. PPE.
space. Sections 7 through 17 of this 4. Preparation to make the space
standard shall be considered for NPCS safe for entry.
entries to determine their relevance for safe 5. Isolation of energy sources.
entry. 6. Proper ventilation practices.
7. Hot work safeguards.
8. Rescue equipment require-
ments.
Examples of SWP include:
1. Use of a buddy system.

2. Wear a 3 or 4 gas monitor with
alarm.
3. Take 5-minute escape pack
SCBA.
4. Tell area supervisor when in
and out.
5. Take an effective communica-
tion device i.e., walkie-talkie,
cell phone, land line phone.
Develop your SWP specific for the NPCS

entry. Use one, two or more of the above
examples.
20
4.2 Training. Initial and follow-up E4.2 For more information about
training shall be conducted as needed to general training issues, refer to ANSI/ASSE
maintain competence in entry procedures Z490.1, Accepted Practices in Safety,
and precautions. Health, and Environmental Training.
4.3 Re-Evaluation. Any change of E4.3 Any change in conditions such as,
conditions in the space which introduces but not limited to, atmospheric conditions
new hazards to the space, shall require an while in the space may trigger evacuation or
immediate re-evaluation of the space before removal of personnel and re-evaluation of
entry, and if in the space, shall require the space.
immediate evacuation.
4.4 Atmospheric Testing. A qualified E4.4 If atmospheric test results are not
person shall determine whether atmospheric within acceptable limits as specified by the
testing is required. If testing indicates entry supervisor, this should indicate that
atmospheric levels are not within acceptable the engineering controls are not adequate or
limits, the entry shall not proceed. the potential for generation of hazards is not
as minimal as was initially determined.
Consequently, the confined space would no
longer be an NPCS.
5. PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED E5. This section provides the elements

SPACES (PRCS) PERMIT SYSTEM of a permit system.
5.1 Entry Permits. A permit shall be E5.1 The intent of the permit system is
established for all PRCS entries. This to provide a systematic review for hazards,
document shall include: communicate this information to all those
involved and provide an approval process
for permit space entry.
5.1.1 The date of entry; the location of E5.1.1 Under certain conditions, it may be
entry; the names or identification of entrants; necessary to document the entry and exiting
and type of work which will be conducted in of personnel and/or termination of entry.
the confined space.
5.1.2 The hazards to be controlled or

eliminated prior to proceeding with the entry.
5.1.3 Safety equipment required to

perform the job.
5.1.4 Safety precautions required to

perform the job.
5.1.5 The identification of the test instru-

ment; the serial number of the instrument;
the calibration date; the tester’s name and
the type of atmospheric tests required. The
permit also needs to indicate the acceptable
limits of the confined space atmosphere,
21
and the results of atmospheric tests with

date and time entered.
5.1.6 The type of equipment which will

be necessary for a rescue and how aid will
be summoned in the event of an
emergency.
5.1.7 A duration for the permit. E5.1.7 The duration of the permit should
not exceed the time needed to complete the
assigned work or one work shift, whichever
is less. A system can be established to
allow an original permit to be amended in
order to keep the permit current with entry
team members and their activities. Keep
permits for five years to establish history
and for training purposes.
5.1.8 Space for approval authority. The

permit needs to have a signature line signed
by the entry supervisor which includes the
date and time authorizing entry.
5.2 Permit Implementation. Before

each entry, an entry permit as defined
above will be completed and signed by the
entry supervisor or a qualified person and
the contents communicated to the entrants,
or posted, or both.
5.3 Validity of Permits. For a permit E5.3 As a rule, permits should only have
to remain in effect, the following must be a duration of one shift. Any conditions that
done before each re-entry into the confined would change the original conditions of the
space: permit or entrants on the permit, should
result in the permit being revoked and a new
one issued.
The reaffirmation procedure should also

address this issue of how long a confined
space can be vacated until reaffirmation of
the permit is required. As an example, if
entrants were to break for lunch and exit the
confied space, retesting of the atmospheric
conditions should be conducted to insure
that conditions had not changed before they
re-enter.
5.3.1 Atmospheric tests results shall be

within acceptable limits per Section 6 of this
standard. If atmospheric test results are not
within acceptable limits, then precautions to
22
protect entrants against the hazards shall be

addressed on the permit.
5.3.2 An entry supervisor shall verify that

all precautions and other measures called
for on the permit are still in effect.
5.3.3 Only operations or work originally

approved on the permit shall be conducted
in the confined space.
5.4 Revoking Permits. When con- E5.4 An example of this would be the
ditions or work activities are outside the decision to weld within a confined space
limits specified on the permit, or could after approved work had already begun.
introduce a hazard not addressed on the Consequently a hot work/welding permit
original permit to the confined space, then must be issued with hot work considered as
the permit shall be immediately revoked. part of the evaluation for precautions on the
permit.
6. ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
6.1 General Criteria. E6.1 This will generally include testing

for oxygen, combustible and toxic atmos-
pheres. It is recommended on a vertical
entry that remote probes be used to test at
various levels of the confined space. On a
horizontal entry, remote probes should be
used to test the areas in front of and to the
side of entrants and in various remote work
areas.
Note: Atmospheric tests will normally be

conducted using direct reading real-time
equipment. The atmospheric tester or
qualified person should ensure that the
electronic test instrument indicates the
appropriate response in clean air, and the
order of the testing should be as follows
unless all are conducted simultaneously:
a) Oxygen
b) Flammability/combustibility
c) Toxicity
Entry team members should be afforded the

opportunity to observe space testing
(structural integrity, thermal, chemical, etc.),
including atmospheric monitoring and the
results.
6.1.1 Requirements. Before entry into a E6.1.1 Different evaluation approaches
23
confined space, necessary testing shall be may be selected to evaluate each specific
conducted for hazardous atmospheres by a outcome mentioned in E6. These
qualified atmospheric tester. The atmos- approaches are described in Section 6.2.
pheric tester shall possess the knowledge
and skills to understand the test instrument’s Testing equipment, accessories and
use, limitations and calibration procedures. ventilation equipment used in hazardous
This qualified person shall understand classified areas should be listed, approved
effective monitoring techniques and have or certified for use in such areas. This
the ability to interpret results. listing, approval or certification shall be from
nationally recognized laboratories.
6.1.2 Initial testing of the atmospheric E6.1.2 Testing with the ventilation off
conditions shall be conducted near and at would closely represent the ambient atmos-
the entry portal and in all areas where phere inside a confined space in the event
entrants will be present or working and shall of a ventilation system failure When doing
document conditions with the ventilation atmospheric evaluations, the tester needs to
systems shut down. consider the characteristics of the contami-
nants (e.g., vapor density) and the potential
for pooling or stratification.
Before the confined space cover is

removed, any known internal or external
conditions potentially exposing personnel to
hazards shall be addressed through elimi-
nation, control of the hazard or use of
appropriate PPE until the hazards can be
addressed.
In certain cases, testing of the atmosphere

beyond 4 or 5 feet (1.2 or 1.5m) of an entry
portal is also recommended as a toxic or
oxygen-deficient atmosphere may form
directly outside the permit space, especially
if the entry portal is open and the permit
space previously contained a highly toxic
chemical (such as hydrogen sulfide), the
permit space had just been cleaned or
previously inerted.
6.1.3 Further testing shall be conducted E6.1.3 Testing with the ventilation on can
with ventilation turned on to ensure that the reveal problems such as the suction of
contaminants are removed and that the engine exhaust gases into the confined
ventilation system (makeup air, fan, duct) is space or where pneumatically powered
not a source of contamination. blowers or tools may bring contaminated air
or other gases into the confined space.
6.1.4 If the confined space is vacated, E6.1.4 Defining when re-testing may be
the qualified person shall determine the needed should be determined by a qualified
need for atmospheric retesting prior to re- person based on the hazard assessment
entry. described in the original permit.
24
6.1.5 Atmospheric testing may be E6.1.5 A documented hazard identifica-

waived by the entry supervisor for confined tion and evaluation study meeting the
spaces where it has been established requirements contained in Section 3.2
through a current formal hazard identifica- Hazard Identification and Section 3.3
tion and evaluation study that no Hazard Evaluation could be used to
atmospheric hazards exist, and there is no establish there are no atmospheric hazards
potential for a hazardous atmosphere. resulting from conditions or work activities
performed inside the space.
6.1.6 Instrument Reliability Verifica- E6.1.6 Various types of instrument verifi-

tion. Calibration of direct reading portable cation methods include the following:
atmospheric testing instruments shall be
conducted according to the manufacturer’s a) Function Check (Bump Test) –
recommendations, or more often if neces- This involves the passing of a
sary because of the instruments usage, to challenge gas source across
ensure accuracy is maintained. At a the sensor to produce a
minimum, a function check (e.g., bump test response so the user knows all
or a practice meeting the manufacturer’s sensors, displays and alarms
recommendations) shall be done prior to are functioning. Typically this is
each days use. plus or minus 10-20% of
desired sensor value when a
challenge gas is applied. This
is conducted as often as
necessary throughout the test-
ing period. If the instrument
has comparable sensor self-
testing features, it meets the
requirements of Section 6.1.6
as a function check (bump
test). Out of date calibration
gas can be used to conduct
periodic bump tests (ensure
the expired calibration gas is
still within the necessary
desired range by checking it
with a recently calibrated
instrument).
b) Point Source Calibration (Sen-

sor Check) – A means of
verifying or adjusting calibra-
tion by using a known
traceable concentration of a
test gas to demonstrate that
an instrument response to the
test gas is within the instru-
ment manufacturer’s allowable
limits.
c) Full Span Calibration – Should

be done in accordance with the
25
manufacturer’s recommenda-
tions.
NOTE: Use of very toxic cali-

bration gases such as CL2 or
NO2 should be used in a well-
ventilated area. Chlorine and
nitrogen dioxide have very low
PELs so perform the calibra-
tion in a well ventilated area or
under a lab hood with ventila-
tion running so the user does
not receive a toxic exposure.
d) For detector tube systems, a

verification of volume capacity,
leakage and tube shelf life date
is recommended per manu-
facturer’s instruction.
6.1.6.1 An instrument maintenance record E6.1.6.1 The record should include date of
shall be maintained. purchase, sensor change schedule,
maintenance/repair, history, data logging
and battery life.
6.2 Testing Considerations. Testing E6.2 Atmospheric testing for the

of confined spaces shall be conducted in a confined space should be based on the
manner that represents the atmosphere configuration and design of the space, the
throughout the confined space where physical and chemical characteristics of
entrants may be present. suspected contaminants that may be
encountered. Continuous monitoring should
be considered in situations when a worker is
present in a space where atmospheric
conditions have the potential to change.
Examples include broken or leaking pipe or
vessels; disturbance of existing materials;
the potential for adjacent work activities that
can create a hazardous environment; or any
space that is not capable of being isolated.
When performing atmospheric evaluations,

the tester needs to consider the character-
istics of the contaminants (e.g., vapor
density) and the potential for pooling or
stratification.
6.2.1 Where personnel must enter the E6.2.1 Proper engineering controls, work
confined space to complete atmospheric practices and personal protective equipment
testing, the space shall be treated as PRCS. (PPE) may be needed to address the
conditions that may be encountered during
testing.
26
6.3 Acceptable Limits.
6.3.1 The atmosphere of the confined

space shall be considered within acceptable
limits whenever the following conditions are
maintained:
6.3.1.1 Oxygen - 19.5% to 23.5%. E6.3.1.1 Any variation from normal atmos-
pheric oxygen conditions inside the confined
space as compared to outside the confined
space should be investigated. Oxygen
deficiency has no warning properties and
any level below 20.8-21% by volume needs
further investigation.
6.3.1.2 Flammability less than or equal to E6.3.1.2 Any level above zero should be
ten percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL) investigated.
or lower flammable limit (LFL).
6.3.1.3 Toxicity less than recognized E6.3.1.3 Any level above zero should be
exposure limits. investigated. To determine if excessive toxic
levels exist, references such as the most
current American Conference of Govern-
mental Industrial Hygienists, Threshold Limit
Values document should be referenced,
Safety Data Sheets (SDS), NIOSH, Pocket
Guide to Chemical Hazards, and the AIHA,
Workplace Environmental Exposure Levels
(WEEL) Guide or other pertinent information
which may apply to the toxic material.
Consideration should be given to the use of
continuous monitoring equipment. Applica-
ble exposure limits should not be exceeded.
6.3.2 Whenever testing of the atmos- E6.3.2 The recommended method of

phere indicates that levels of oxygen, entering confined spaces requires that an
flammability or toxicity are not within unacceptable atmosphere be corrected and
acceptable limits, entry shall be prohibited controlled prior to entry. In some situations,
until appropriate controls are implemented, this may not be possible or practical and
appropriate work procedures established revised work procedures and/or equipment
and appropriate personal protective equip- may be required to eliminate potential
ment is used. sources. The entrants must be protected by
the use of personal protective equipment
that is appropriate for the actual conditions.
These atmospheric conditions need to be
considered when developing the specific
work plan and rescue procedures. Entry
under these conditions must be part of the
entry permit or a new permit issued.
27
6.3.2.1 If the source of the contaminant

cannot be determined, precautions shall be
adequate to deal with the worst possible
condition which the contaminant could
present in the confined space.
6.3.2.2 If there is the possibility that the

confined space atmosphere can become
unacceptable while the work is in progress,
procedures and equipment shall be provided
to allow the employee to safely exit the
confined space.
7. ENTRY TEAM
7.1 Attendant.
7.1.1 Location. The attendant shall be E7.1.1 This may be supplemented visually
stationed immediately outside the point of or verbally through remote means such as
entry/exit of the confined space to observe radio, hardwire, video, camera, etc.
the PRCS and be able to communicate with Communication equipment should be safe
the occupants throughout the entry. for the intended use.
7.1.2 Personnel Requirements. The E7.1.2 The number of attendants should

number of attendants needed shall be be determined by considering the man-
determined by a qualified person who shall power it will take to carry out duties
consider the manpower necessary to carry assigned to the attendant for the entry(ies).
out the duties. If several entry points are within a few feet
of each other, one attendant may be able to
monitor more than one entry directly, or
more than one entry may be monitored
using remote technology such as multiple
radios and/or video monitors. This would be
dependent upon the attendant's ability to
communicate with the entrants and summon
aid in the event of an emergency.
NOTE: Prior to entering any PRCS, all

members on the entry team will receive
initial training per Section 15 and supple-
mental training as needed to maintain
competency.
7.1.3 Duties. Attendants shall have the E7.1.3 Ensure no additional duties are
following duties: given to the attendant other than observing
the entrant(s) and their duties.
7.1.3.1 Provide standby assistance to E7.1.3.1 Standby assistance may include

entrants entering the confined space. checking breathing air cylinders, or any
ancillary duties that do not require the
attendant to enter the confined space or
28
leave their position, or distract them from

monitoring the entrant(s) in the space(s).
7.1.3.2 Direct entrants to exit the confined E7.1.3.2 Direct entrants to exit the confined
space when any irregularities are observed. space when any of the following is
observed:
a) Whenever unanticipated haz-

ards or other conditions or
operation not allowed by the
permit arise.
b) Whenever entrants exhibit

symptoms of exposure to con-
taminants potentially in the
space.
c) Whenever surrounding opera-

tions or conditions create
hazards for entrants, including
entry of the space by
unauthorized personnel.
7.1.3.3 Initiate evacuation and emergency E7.1.3.3 Attendants should summon the
procedures. rescue team as soon as the attendant
recognizes there may be a problem.
7.1.3.4 Monitor for any conditions or

changes that could adversely affect the
entry.
7.1.3.5 Remain at the entry point and E7.1.3.5 Technology may be used that
maintain communication with the entrant(s) allows for constant communication with
until relieved by another attendant or the entrants and monitoring of the space entry
entry is completed or terminated. point. The attendant may be able to monitor
entrant’s activities in multiple confined
spaces by using available technology like
cameras.
7.1.3.6 Prevent unauthorized entry.
7.1.3.7 Communicate to the rescue team

the emergency cause and situation in the
space.
7.2 Entrant.
7.2.1 Duties.
7.2.1.1 An entrant shall: E7.2.1.1 Hazards that may not be

detectable include structural weakness,
29
1) Recognize potential hazards biological agents, dangerous insects/

that may be encountered dur- animals, engulfment potential and low
ing the entry and proper use volatility hydrocarbons, (e.g., diesel fuels) or
and limitations of equipment for any materials for which direct reading
control of these hazards. In- instrumentation is not available.
spect for hazards not identified
by atmospheric monitoring dur-
ing entry activities.
2) Respond to emergencies,
which includes method(s) for
self-rescue or evacuation.
3) Recognize symptoms and

warning signs of exposure to
potential hazards or prohibited
conditions.
4) Notify the attendant of any

symptoms of exposure, emer-
gency or unacceptable condi-
tion in the confined space.
5) Exit the confined space imme-

diately if symptoms, warning
signs or unacceptable condi-
tions occur or if directed by the
attendant or entry supervisor.
6) Inspect for hazards during

entry activities.
7.3 Attendant(s)/Entrant(s) Commu- E7.3 Communication methods should

nication. Attendant(s) and entrant(s) shall be selected according to hazards and
be able to maintain two-way communication. potential for injury or harm to personnel
entering the space. Signaling, visual contact
and verbal radio communication are
examples of available methods.
7.4 Entry Supervisor.
7.4.1 Duties.
7.4.1.1 The entry supervisor shall:
1) Know the requirements of the

confined space entry program,
including proper execution of
duties of entrants, attendants
and rescue personnel.
30
2) Know the space hazards,

including information on the
mode of exposure, signs or
symptoms and consequences.
3) Verify that all required actions E7.4.1.1(3) An initial external visual inspec-
have been taken prior to tion should be conducted where possible,
endorsing the permit and allow- prior to entry to look for hazards not
ing entry to begin, and ensure identified by the atmospheric monitoring.
that acceptable conditions are
maintained for the duration of
the entry.
4) Verify that rescue services are

available prior to and through-
out the entry and that the
means for summoning them
are operable.
5) Communicate the status and

requirements of the entry to
other entry supervisor(s) when-
ever the entry supervisor is
changed.
6) Terminate entry, assure remov-

al of personnel and equipment
and revoke or cancel the permit
when required.
7.5 Atmospheric Tester.
7.5.1 Duties.
1) The atmospheric tester must

know the hazards of the
confined space and how to
properly conduct tests to
ensure all areas where entrants
will access are tested.
2) Know how to calibrate the test

instrument and be able to
conduct remote sampling.
3) Know the instrument’s sensor

limitations and poisons and be
able to bump test the instru-
ment prior to use.
4) Be able to interpret results and
31
communicate to the entry

supervisor, entry team and
employee bargaining represen-
tative, if applicable.
8. ISOLATION AND LOCKOUT/

TAGOUT
8.1 General. All energy sources which E8.1 The objective is the control of any
are potentially hazardous to confined space situation where unexpected energization,
entrants shall be secured, relieved, discon- start-up or release of stored energy would
nected and/or restrained before personnel cause injury to workers. Energy sources
are permitted to enter the confined space. may include electrical, mechanical,
hydraulic, pneumatic (air), chemical, ther-
mal, radioactive and the effects of gravity.
8.2 Isolation. Methods and means E8.2 Before the method(s) of isolation is
shall be selected and used to prevent flam- selected, a qualified person should consider
mable, explosive, toxic, irritating or oxygen the hazards that may exist or develop to
displacing gases, vapors, liquids and solids include temperature, pressure, flammability,
from entering the space. reactivity, corrosiveness or toxicity of
material in the piping and reactions that
A confined space shall be isolated to could occur with cleaning or purging agents,
prevent entry of material(s) and hazardous as well as any physical hazards. All
contaminants using one or more of the hazardous material lines that could be
following methods: expected to introduce a contaminate, liquid,
solid, high temperature, high pressure or
• Inserting a blank between two other such hazard should be isolated using
flanges, sized for the proper double block and bleed, blanking, discon-
pressure in piping nearest to nection of piping or other such effective
the confined space. means.
• Depressurizing and disconnect-

ing contaminant supply line(s)
and providing a blank or blind
on piping sized for the pressure
leading into the confined
space.
• Misaligning pipe(s) at connec-

tions closest to the confined
space and/or capping, blinding
and/or plugging ends.
• Utilizing two blocking valves

with an open vent or bleed
valve between the blocking
valves. If the bleed valve is not
the same diameter as the line,
then the bleed point should be
32
monitored periodically during

the work shift.
8.2.1 Pipelines or similar conveyances E8.2.1 Pipelines between the confined

between the confined space and point(s) of space and the first valve, blank or associ-
isolation shall be drained, cleaned or flushed ated equipment may contain material or
of hazardous material and known hazardous hazardous contaminants. A qualified person
contaminants as necessary. should ensure that such piping has been
flushed, cleaned or purged. If this is not
possible, i.e., a clogged line, special precau-
tions and procedures necessary to protect
occupants and control the hazards should
be in place.
8.2.2 Precautions shall be taken to E8.2.2 A qualified person should assess

ensure that whenever drains, vents or piping the impact of other equipment in isolating a
are left open that reversal of flows, or air confined space. Interconnected equipment,
contamination from adjacent processing, or vessels or machinery may affect the isola-
chemical handling, cannot enter the tion method(s) chosen.
confined space.
8.2.3 In confined spaces where complete E8.2.3 A decision to enter these or other
isolation is not possible, provisions shall be similar spaces should be based upon
made to isolate the space to the extent assessing the potential for hazardous
possible and control all other processes so contaminants being present and either
the entry team is not in danger and an devising a plan for protecting personnel
evaluation conducted according to Section entering the space or suspending entry until
3. If an atmospheric hazard potential exists, adequate hazard control and protection of
continuous monitoring shall be conducted occupants can be assured. Use of methods
during the entry. such as ventilation or PPE should be
considered.
8.2.4 Special precautions shall be taken E8.2.4 Distillation vessels, boilers, cargo
when entering double walled, jacketed or tanks, adjoining voids on ships and barges
internally insulated confined spaces that and similar type equipment may contain
may discharge hazardous material through cracks or leaks that may produce a hazard-
the vessel's internal wall. ous environment inside the confined space.
8.3 Lockout/Tagout. Machines, equip- E8.3 For more information on the

ment or processes shall be locked or tagged lockout/tagout issue overall, please review
or both per the employer’s energy control ANSI/ASSE Z244.1, Control of Hazardous
program and procedures. Energy - Lockout/Tagout and Alternative
Methods and CFR 1910.147, Control of
Hazardous Energy-Lockout/Tagout.
8.3.1 Where there is a need to test, E8.3.1 Equipment start-up may pose
position or activate equipment by tempo- entanglement, entrapment or engulfment
rarily removing the lock or tag or both, a hazards to occupants inside the space. A
procedure shall be developed and imple- qualified person should access the hazard
mented to control hazards to the occupants. of temporarily removing the locks/tags.
33
8.3.2 Any removal of locks, tags or other

protective measures shall be done in
accordance with the employer’s energy
control program and procedures.
8.3.3 Lockout or tagout, or both, of E8.3.3 Confirming adequate lockout or

equipment, systems and processes shall be tagout, or both, of potentially hazardous
verified prior to permitting entry into the stored or residual energy should be included
confined space. as part of confined space entry permit
review.
9. VENTILATION
9.1 Requirements. When ventilation is E9.1 Consideration should be given to

used to control atmospheric contaminants in the volume of the space to be ventilated; the
the confined space, the selection and set-up output capacity of the ventilating device; and
shall be done by a qualified person with the distribution of air within the confined
knowledge of ventilation principles and the space. In addition, the air movers should
hazards needing controls. The space shall meet the specifications as outlined in
be ventilated until the atmosphere is within ANSI/NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Sys-
the acceptable limits. Atmospheric testing tems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases,
shall be done in accordance with Section 6. Mists and Particulate Solids, ANSI/ASSE
Z9.2, Fundamentals Governing the Design
and Operation of Local Exhaust Ventilation
Systems and ANSI/ASSE Z9.9, Portable
Ventilation Systems.
Ventilation normally consists of a pre-entry

purge of several air changes, then
continuous introduction of fresh air during
occupancy.
Natural ventilation may be acceptable if it

can achieve the same results as the
mechanical ventilation.
Consideration should be given to bonding

and using intrinsically safe air movers when
moving flammable atmospheres. Ventilation
may not be appropriate under conditions
such as the presence of friable or loose
asbestos; significant bird/rodent droppings
presenting a biological risk; gas, vapor, dust
concentrations above UEL, etc.
9.1.1 Air movers or other means of

introducing air into the space shall be placed
in such a manner to minimize the possibility
of introducing air contaminants, which may
create unacceptable limits (e.g., carbon
monoxide).
34
9.1.2 Ventilation shall be maintained

during the entry if there is a potential for the
atmospheric conditions in the confined
space to become unacceptable.
9.1.3 When ventilation is not possible or

feasible for complete elimination of atmos-
pheric hazards, other protective measures
or methods to control air contaminants and
protect entrants shall be determined by the
qualified person prior to authorizing entry.
9.1.4 Ventilation equipment shall be

bonded and grounded to eliminate static
energy. Ductwork shall not cause tripping
hazards or blocked exits. A qualified person
shall ensure the ventilation system reflects
sound ventilation principles of supplying
enough clean make-up air and controlling
the exhaust to prevent creating hazards in
other areas.
10. CLEANING/DECONTAMINATION
10.1 Confined spaces shall be cleaned E10.1 In some instances, the purpose of
and decontaminated of hazardous materials the entry is to clean the confined space. In
as the preferred method of eliminating or these cases, the confined space should be
reducing exposure. Cleaning and decontam- cleaned and decontaminated as much as
ination shall be done to the extent feasible possible before personnel enter. Proper
before entry. PPE and other precautions should be used
to address any hazards, which will remain
after the pre-entry cleaning. Prior to com-
mencing cleaning and decontamination,
care should be exercised in the selection of
cleaning compounds to ensure their
compatibility with the environment in which
they will be used.
10.2 Entry team members and equip- E10.2 Run off and decontamination
ment shall be decontaminated and cleaned should be disposed of per appropriate
as necessary during or after the confined standards.
space activity. Any disposable material or
equipment used shall be properly discarded
per appropriate standards. Entry team
members shall be decontaminated per
specific hazard protocol.
35
11. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIP-

MENT (PPE)
11.1 General. A qualified person shall E11.1 A hazard evaluation should be

determine personal protective equipment done to determine what PPE should be
needed by all personnel entering the used. Combinations of equipment such as
confined space including rescue teams. respirators, full suits, etc., may be needed.
A guide can be found in OSHA 29 CFR
1910.120, Appendix B. The stress placed on
the entrant by PPE, such as heat and loss
of mobility, should be carefully evaluated.
11.2 Selection. Employees shall wear E11.2 Head Protection. Consideration

personal protective equipment selected in should be given to: 1) falling objects, both
accordance with the requirements of the job from within the confined space and also
to be performed. PPE shall meet the through the entryway; and 2) structures and
specifications of applicable standards and equipment that present hazards to the head.
regulations. PPE that will not exacerbate (Ref. ANSI/ISEA Z89.1.)
present hazards or create additional
hazards shall be selected. Fall Protection. Fall protection systems
should be used by trained personnel enter-
ing vertical confined spaces and personnel
exposed to falling into the space as deter-
mined by a qualified person. Fall protection
systems should conform to the ANSI/ASSE
Z359, Fall Protection Code or ANSI/ASSE
A1264.1.
Eye and Face Protection. Consideration

should be given to irritant dusts, vapors,
mists, abrasive particles and flying objects.
Safety glasses, impact goggles, chemical
goggles or face shields appropriate to the
conditions in the confined space and the
work to be performed should be provided as
needed. (Ref. ANSI/ISEA Z87.1.)
Hand Protection. Consideration should be

given to mechanical protection (sharp
edges, abrasions and punctures), chemical
protection (acid, solvents), physical protec-
tion (heat, cold), electrical protection and
handling of slippery tools and materials.
Foot Protection. Consideration should be

given to physical hazards (falling objects,
rolling equipment), chemical hazards (acids,
solvents), slip resistance, electrical conduc-
tivity and generation of sparks. For more
information, reference the footwear pro-
36
tection standards published by the American

Society of Testing and Materials F13
Committee or ASTM F2413-11, Standard
Specification for Performance Requirements
for Protective (Safety) Toe Cap Footwear.
Protective Clothing. Consideration should

be given to temperature, moisture, chemical
resistance, vapor, and liquid permeability,
flame retardancy, static resistance and likeli-
hood of contamination of clothing with toxic
materials. Protective clothing should be
cleaned and decontaminated, or disposed
of, after each use in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions.
Additional PPE standards that should be

considered:
NFPA 1951, Standard on Protective

Ensembles for Technical Rescue Incidents
NFPA 1991, Standard on Vapor-Protective

Ensembles for Hazardous Materials Emer-
gencies
NFPA 1992, Standard on Liquid Splash-

Protective Ensembles and Clothing for
Hazardous Materials Emergencies
NFPA 1994, Standard on Protective

Ensembles for First Responders to CBRN
Terrorism Incidents
Respiratory Protection. Respirators should

be selected and used in conjunction with a
written respiratory protection program as
referenced in OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134,
Respiratory Protection. Respirators selected
should be NIOSH approved, and be used in
compliance with the conditions of its certify-
cation. When open-circuit self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) is used for
emergencies, NFPA 1981, Standard on
Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing
Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services
should be referenced. This document
specifies the minimum requirements for the
design, performance, testing and certifi-
cation of SCBA for fire and emergency
services personnel. SCBA compliant to
37
NFPA 1981 will be used if the potential

hazard atmosphere could include
flammable/explosive hazards. Users should
follow manufacturer's instructions and also
requirements and guidance specified in
NFPA 1852, Standard on Selection, Care,
and Maintenance of Open-Circuit Self-
Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA).
Hearing Protection. If hearing protection is

required, consideration should be given to
how it will affect communications between
the personnel in the confined space and the
attendant. (Ref. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.95.)
11.3 Inspection. PPE shall be inspec- E11.3 PPE use should follow manu-
ted prior to each use. facturer provided user information to
include:
1) Safety considerations and limi-

tations of use.
2) Recommended storage prac-

tices.
3) Inspection frequency and

details.
4) Donning/doffing procedures.
5) Maintenance, cleaning and

decontamination procedures.
6) Retirement and disposal cri-

teria and considerations.
11.4 Discard contaminated and/or single E11.4 See Section E11.3 above and
use PPE per appropriate standards. reference OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1025, OSHA
29 CFR 1926.1101, and all applicable
federal, state and local regulations.
12. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT E12. Rescue equipment should be used

in evacuating personnel from confined
spaces as determined by a qualified rescue
person. Rescue components, including
anchorage connectors, mechanical lifting
devices and other components should
conform to ANSI/ASSE Z359.4, Safety
Requirements for Assisted-Rescue and
Self-Rescue Systems, Subsystems and
Components. Rescue equipment including
38
ropes and cables should never be used to

haul or move equipment, tools, product or
any non-human element.
12.1 Entry and Exit. Each entry and E12.1 This may involve the use of
exit point shall be evaluated to determine ladders. However, if use of a ladder is
the most effective methods and equipment impractical, another means of lowering and
enabling employees to safely enter and exit raising employees should be selected, i.e.,
the confined space. Means for safe entry bosun chairs, winch/hoist devices, etc.
and exit shall be provided and used as Access winches/hoists, bosun chairs,
prescribed by the entry supervisor through- harness components, scaffolds, etc., should
out the duration of the entry. be compatible with the intended use
according to the manufacturer's instructions
and suitable for confined space applications.
12.2 Retrieval Equipment. Appropriate E12.2 In general, mechanical lifting

retrieval equipment and/or methods shall be devices should have a mechanical advan-
ready for use whenever a person enters a tage adequate to safely rescue personnel. A
PRCS. The retrieval equipment shall not manually operated device should be used. If
increase the overall risks of entry. a powered (electric, pneumatic, hydraulic)
lifting device is used, then it should be
equipped with a slip clutch or similar device
to stop motion against a preset resistance
and a back-up manual mode of operation.
Mechanical lifting devices should have a
mechanical advantage of at least three to
one and the capacity to lift entrants
including any attached tools and equipment.
12.3 Fall Protection. Where a potential E12.3 While protection is required to

exists for persons or objects to fall into a reasonably prevent attendants or others
confined space, warning systems, barri- from falling into the confined space, and
cades or other appropriate methods shall be also entrants falling from within the confined
utilized. space, such protection should not interfere
with ventilation or egress from the confined
space. Refer to ANSI/ASSE A1264.1 and
ANSI/ASSE Z359, Fall Protection Code.
12.4 Electrical Equipment. Electrical E12.4 Tools, lighting, communications

equipment used in hazardous locations shall and test equipment which will be used in
meet the appropriate requirements of Article hazardous or classified locations should be
500 of the National Electrical Code (NFPA listed, labeled or otherwise determined to be
70). safe for the class and use by an accredited
nationally recognized testing laboratory
acceptable to the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration or other authority
having jurisdiction.
12.4.1 Where there is potential for E12.4.1 This would include protection such
electrical shock, appropriate electrical equip- as ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI),
ment or systems shall be used. assured grounding systems, double insu-
39
lated tools and/or low voltage systems.
13. SAFETY SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
13.1 Identification. All permit required E13.1 Permit required confined spaces
confined space openings that can be such as vessels, tanks, silos, ovens,
entered without the use of tools, special reactors, etc. may be identified by signage
equipment or key(s) shall have a sign in order to supplement the training of
identifying it as a permit required confined personnel regarding confined space identi-
space. fication and hazards.
13.1.1 Signs shall be maintained in a

legible condition.
13.1.2 The sign shall include the wording E13.1.2 For more information, refer to the
"Danger-Permit Required Confined Space". ANSI/NEMA Z535 standards for safety
signs, symbols and colors, which addresses
symbols and demographic language
variations.
14. EMERGENCY RESPONSE, EVAC-

UATION AND RESCUE
14.1 Emergency Response Plan. A E14.1 These rescue provisions will

plan shall be written to address response to normally be present in the form of
identified or potential emergencies and to emergency response procedures.
provide for timely evacuation, retrieval or
rescue of entrants in a confined space.
Included in these plans shall be:
1) Evacuation when certain haz-

ards are identified during an
entry.
2) Retrieval by trained crew mem-

bers using non-entry methods.
3) Rescue entry by trained emer-

gency response personnel
familiar with confined space
hazards as well as rescue
procedures and equipment.
14.1.1 Determination of what type of E14.1.1 Hazards should be identified to

rescue may be necessary to assist entrants. determine what methods/equipment it will
take to accomplish the rescue.
Consideration should be given to the size

and configuration of the confined space,
whether the space would require a vertical
and/or horizontal rescue, anchor placement,
40
hazards likely to be encountered and the

body size of entering personnel.
Consideration should be given to prevent

abrasive injury to the entrant from the
supporting surface they are being moved
upon. Additionally, entanglement and
obstruction hazards must be negotiated
safely. To avoid further injury, a constant
watch should be utilized any time an entrant
is being physically moved.
14.1.2 Determine the type and availability

of appropriate equipment needed to rescue
or retrieve entrants.
14.1.3 Designation of trained rescue

personnel that are available where PRCS
entries are conducted.
Identification of trained rescue personnel

that are available where PRCS entries are
conducted or placement of trained rescue
personnel where PRCS entries are
conducted.
14.1.4 An effective means to summon E14.1.4 Effective means include audible

rescuers in a timely manner. and visual alarms. Consideration should be
given to safe communication devices based
on surrounding hazards.
Examples of effective means to summon

rescuers in a timely manner may include,
but is not limited to: radio, cell phone, pager,
etc.
14.1.5 Training and drilling attendant(s)

and rescue personnel in preplanning, rescue
and emergency procedures according to
Section 15.
14.2 Atmospheric Monitoring. Shall

be conducted to ensure the safety of the
rescue personnel.
14.3 Respiratory Protection Equip-

ment. All rescue personnel shall use NIOSH
approved pressure demand self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) or NIOSH
approved pressure demand Combination
Type C Airline/SCBA breathing equipment
41
when potential atmospheric hazards exist.

Users shall follow manufacturer's
instructions.
14.4 Rescue Equipment Inspection. E14.4 Selected equipment should meet

All rescue equipment shall be inspected, by recognized consensus standards such as
a qualified person, periodically and prior to the ANSI/ASSE Z359, Fall Protection Code
use, to ensure that it is operable. and NFPA 1983, Standard on Life Safety
Rope and Equipment for Emergency
Services.
15. TRAINING OF THE CONFINED

SPACE ENTRY TEAM
15.1 General Requirements. When a E15.1 Minimum training requirements

confined space entry is allowed following the include the following:
recommendations in the preceding sections,
the employer shall ensure the entry team is • Needs assessment.
adequately trained in the tasks they are
expected to perform. Entry team members • Training topic objectives.
must be trained in their roles and mandatory
training requirements needed to accomplish • Adult learning application and
the mission of entering, working and exiting principles.
the space safely. The following team
members will receive training in order to • Applicable standards and
acquire the knowledge, skills and abilities to resources available for more
function as a confined space entry team: information.
entry supervisor, entrant(s), attendant(s),
atmospheric tester and rescue personnel. • Clear course criteria for
Each in-house team member shall have a completion including passing a
certification documenting training. This also post test.
includes in-house rescue personnel.
• Training given by a qualified
instructor with extensive exper-
ience and advanced training in
confined space regulations,
standards, equipment and
systems.
• Training evaluation and a con-

tinuous improvement system,
along with written training
program plan and record-
keeping.
• Documentation or certification
of the satisfactory completion
of the training should be
available.
42
For general requirements regarding training,

refer to ANSI/ASSE Z490.1, Accepted
Practices in Safety, Health and Environ-
mental Training.
15.1.1 Written Record of Training.

Records shall be maintained and include, as
a minimum:
1) Employee’s name
2) Trainer’s name
3) Date(s) of the training
4) Training duration
5) Training content
15.2 Entry Supervisor.
15.2.1 Roles: E15.2.1 Entry supervisor’s best practices

and evaluation:
1) Evaluate the conditions in and
around any permit space that is 1) Inspect site conditions and
to be entered. ensure proper selection of
tools and explain limitations to
2) Oversee entry conditions, as team members.
necessary, to determine if the
entry conditions are acceptable
for entry.
3) Where acceptable entry condi-

tions are present, either author-
ize entry to begin or allow entry
operations already underway to
continue.
4) Take necessary measures to

protect personnel from permit
hazards.
5) Have the authority to terminate

the entry.
15.2.2 The entry supervisor must be E15.2.2 Best practices for supervisor’s
trained to: training:
1) Know the hazards that the 1) Have supervisor list the

entry team may be faced with hazards and potential hazards
during entry. of the space.
2) Know mode, signs and symp- 2) The supervisor needs to know

toms and consequences of the signs and symptoms of
exposures. exposures and overexposures,
43
so quiz them on warning

3) Remove unauthorized individ- properties and what levels of
uals. hazards are life threatening.
4) When necessary, transfer 3) Ask the supervisor how they

responsibility to another entry would remove an unauthorized
supervisor. individual and who they would
notify of such action.
5) Cancel the permit.
4) Discuss the transfer of super-
visor responsibilities and have
them document the transfer in
writing (signature with date and
time is recommended).
5) Cancel and collect permits to

discuss later. Ensure all in-
volved are aware of permit
cancelation.
15.2.3 The entry supervisor must also E15.2.3 Best practices for entry supervisor
verify that: verification:
1) All appropriate entries are 1) Verify all equipment is working

made on permit (no blanks). properly and inspected prior to
use by testing, inspection or
2) All necessary tests are recent history of use.
conducted.
2) Know the limitations of test
3) Procedures and specified instruments and what the
equipment are in place. readings indicate.
4) Rescue services are available. 3) Have the supervisor demon-

strate some issues with tools
5) Means of summoning rescue and equipment-GFCI protec-
are operable. tion versus low voltage tools.
4) If appropriate, ask what

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) meas-
ured at 2 ppm at a ground
portal opening in a refinery
indicates. H2S is heavier than
air, and 2 ppm is probably
background levels at some
parts of a refinery. The PEL is
20 ppm ceiling and the TLV is
10 ppm 8-hour TWA so it is not
considered a toxic level at
2 ppm.
5) Show a few respirators, gloves
44
and explain their limitations.

Ask where they could be used
or not used.
6) Research the rescue team

capabilities and response time
whether in-house or outside
service is selected.
7) The employer should chal-

lenge the supervisor with mock
scenarios such as the follow-
ing: the phone or radio for
contacting the rescue service
just went dead, what would
you do?
15.3 Authorized Entrant.
15.3.1 Roles: E15.3.1 Entrant’s best practices and

knowledge evaluation:
1) Entrants know the task to be
performed and know the 1) Ask entrants what are the
hazards of the space including existing hazards of the space,
the mode, signs and symptoms and see if they know.
of exposures.
2) Inquire if they know of any
2) Know how to properly use potential hazards of the space
equipment including any testing or any potential hazards from
equipment, ventilating, com- the work they will be
munication, PPE and other performing.
necessary equipment under
1910.146(d)(4). 3) Ensure all entrants are
physically fit to do the confined
3) The entrant communicates with space activities and use the
the attendant as necessary. correct PPE properly.
4) Always equip all authorized

entrants with an approved
hazardous location flashlight.
5) Have the entrants periodically

watch other entrants.
6) Ensure entrants that use 120

VAC equipment and lighting
are protected by GFCI.
7) Protect entrants from heat and

cold related hazards.
45
8) Entrants should be aware of

activities in the space, from the
space’s process energy to
activities of other entrants that
may affect their hazard expo-
sures.
9) Entrants should inform the

entry supervisor of any un-
usual circumstances that arise
during the entry activities i.e.
equipment failure, PPE issues,
space structural problems.
This should be discussed in
the debriefing prior to putting
the space back on line or at
least prior to next entry.
10) Ask entrants who trained them

and when the training was
done?
11) Ask them how they will keep in

contact with the attendant and
how often is that done?
12) Inquire if they had any close

calls and the results of them?
15.3.2 Authorized Entrant Training: E15.3.2 Entrant’s best practices and know-
ledge evaluation:
1) Entrants are trained to alert the
attendant whenever any warn- 1) Ensure all entrants are physi-
ing sign or symptom of expo- cally fit to do the confined
sure to a dangerous situation space activities and use the
or the entrant detects a correct PPE properly.
prohibitive condition.
2) Always equip all authorized
2) Exits the space immediately entrants with an approved
whenever an order is given to hazardous location flashlight.
evacuate by the attendant or
entry supervisor or the entrant 3) Have the entrants periodically
recognizes any warning sign or watch other entrants.
symptom of exposure to a
dangerous situation or prohibi- 4) Ensure entrants that using 120
tive condition. VAC equipment and lighting
are protected by GFCI.
3) Exits the space if an evacua-
tion alarm is activated. 5) Protect entrants from heat and
cold related hazards.
4) Entrants are trained to inform
46
entry supervisor of unusual 6) Entrants should be aware of

circumstances. activities in the space, from the
space’s process energy to
5) The entrant must be trained in activities of other entrants, that
the above skills and have a may affect their hazard expo-
current certificate of training on sures.
file with the employer.
7) Entrants should inform the
entry supervisor of any unu-
sual circumstances that arise
during the entry activities i.e.
equipment failure, PPE issues,
space structural problems.
This should be discussed in
the debriefing prior to putting
the space back on line or at
least prior to next entry.
8) Ask entrants who trained them

and when the training was
done?
9) Ask them how will they keep in

contact with the attendant and
how often is that done?
10) Inquire if they had any close

calls and the results of them?
15.4 Attendant.
15.4.1 Roles: E15.4.1 Attendant’s best practices:
1) An individual stationed outside 1) Ask what they would do if they

one or more permit spaces who had to use the restroom or
monitors the authorized en- leave their post to get some
trants. specific equipment.
2) Performs all attendant’s duties 2) Impress on them that they do

assigned in the employer’s not perform any other activity
permit space program. that takes away from their
attendant duties. This means
no cell phone use or texting
that is not connected with entry
activity. No reading a book or
newspaper or leaving their
post for any other reason.
15.4.2 Attendant Training Require- E15.4.2 Attendant’s best practices regard-

ments. The person selected as the ing training:
attendant needs to be trained in the
47
following, and have a current certificate of 1) Ask the attendant to list the
training on file with the company: hazards of the space.
1) Know the hazards that may be 2) Ensure you are able to see or
faced with during entry. communicate with each entrant
who enters a permit space.
2) Know the mode, signs, symp- Have a good flashlight and pen
toms and consequences of and paper to document any
exposures and be aware of issues. A plastic 5-gallon
behavioral effects of entrants to bucket may help in carrying
hazard exposures. equipment, tools, water, knee
padding and rope to assist
3) Continuously maintain an entrants. Use safety glasses
accurate count of authorized and gloves, and carry extra
entrants in the permit space. batteries.
4) Remain outside the permit 3) Ask if they would attempt non-

space, unless relieved by entry rescue if the entrant was
another attendant. not in line of sight.
5) Communicate with authorized 4) Inquire how they would know

entrants as necessary to when to call the rescue team?
monitor entrant’s status and to (Give some examples of out-
alert entrants of the need to side activities or hazards that
evacuate space. would initiate an evacuation
i.e. lightning storm, tank over-
6) Monitor the space to determine flow or rupture etc.)
if it is safe, and order evac-
uation if attendant detects a 5) Ask if the entry supervisor
prohibited condition. needs to give permission to
call the rescue service. Ask if
7) Summon rescue and emer- they (attendant) know the
gency services as soon as the rescue service.
attendant determines it is
needed. 6) Inquire if they know why they
were chosen to attend the
8) Warn any unauthorized person confined space entry, and if
of the need to stay away from they know what their job is.
the confined space activity.
9) Advise the person to exit imme-

diately if they have entered the
space.
10) Inform the entrants and entry

supervisor if any unauthorized
persons have entered the
permit space.
11) Perform non-entry rescue, if

applicable.
48
12) Perform no other duties that

will interfere with attendant
duties.
15.5 Atmospheric Tester.
15.5.1 Roles: E15.5.1 Atmospheric tester’s best practices

for training and skill evaluation:
1) The atmospheric tester selec-
ted by the employer must have 1) Read the test instrument man-
the understanding, knowledge ufacturer’s instruction booklet.
and skills to test or monitor the
permit space to ensure con- 2) Familiar with test instrument
ditions in the permit space are and has used it before in prac-
acceptable before entry is tice or test situations. Have the
authorized to begin. tester take readings in the lab,
sink drains and floor drains
2) This individual also tests or and explain the readings.
monitors the permit space as
necessary to determine if 3) Know how to calibrate the test
acceptable entry limits are instrument and know the dif-
being maintained. ference between full calibration
and a bump test. Document all
3) Immediately provides test re- instruments’ history. Know
sults to employer, entry super- what the readings indicate
visor, entrants and employee during calibration. Use the
representative as required by manufacturer’s recommended
1910.146(d)(5). calibration gas and pro-
cedures. For example for
methane, ask what 2% volume
methane gas should read at
the LFL/LEL sensor. (Answer:
40% LFL.)
4) Know how to and practice

remote sampling techniques.
Have atmospheric tester ex-
plain how they would sample
10 feet in front of them in a
tunnel. Ask what is the issue of
steam in a space? (Answer:
obscures visibility and may
lower the oxygen.)
5) Know the instrument’s limita-

tions and sensor poisons and
the history of the space’s
previous testing, if applicable.
49
15.5.2 Atmospheric Tester Training.

The atmospheric tester training must
include:
1) The means and methods by

which atmospheric hazards are
evaluated in permit spaces.
2) The knowledge and skills

necessary to properly calibrate,
use and interpret the results of
the specific test instrument.
3) The limitations of the specific

test instrument.
4) The reasons for testing atmos-

pheric hazards in the following
order: first for oxygen, next for
flammable gases and vapors,
and then for toxic atmospheric
hazards.
15.6 Rescue Personnel.
15.6.1 Roles: E15.6.1 Rescue teams best practices and

evaluations:
1) Whether in-house or outside
rescue services, they must 1) The hazards of the permit
have the ability to respond to a space must be communicated
permit space rescue summons to the rescue service. The
in a timely manner, considering employer must ensure the
the hazards identified. rescue capabilities are evalu-
ated prior to the selection. If
2) Ability, in terms of proficiency the confined space involves
with rescue-related tasks and hazards posing an immediate
equipment, to function appro- threat to life or health, rescue
priately while rescuing entrants providers must be located out-
from the type of permit spaces side the space ready for entry
identified. at a moment’s notice. If the
hazards involved are not im-
mediately life-threatening, the
rescue providers must be
capable of responding within a
reasonable time commen-
surate with the nature of the
hazard. For example, if the
danger to entrants is restricted
to mechanical hazards that
50
would cause injuries (e.g.,

broken bones, abrasions) a
response time of 10 or 15
minutes may be adequate. A
response time of up to half an
hour could be reasonable in
some circumstances.
2) Guidance as to qualifications
and training requirements for
rescue providers may be found
in NFPA 1670, Standard on
Operations and Training for
Technical Rescue Incidents
and NFPA 1006, Standard for
Rescue Technician Profes-
sional Qualifications.
3) Performance-based standards
such as, but not limited to,
NFPA 1006, NFPA 1670 and
NFPA 1983 should be utilized
in determining rescuer pro-
ficiency.
4) The in-house persons selected

need to be physically able to
perform rescue tasks in a
timely manner dependent on
the hazards, and be medically
able to wear the PPE required
(fit tested and trained for
respirator use i.e. SCBA or
airline combination unit).
5) If an outside rescue service is

to be used for rescue, it must
be selected and evaluated
prior to entering the permit
space. The evaluation should
consist of two components: an
initial evaluation in which
employer decides whether the
potential outside rescue ser-
vice is adequately trained and
equipped to perform permit
space rescues of the kind
needed at the facility and
whether such rescuers can
respond in a timely manner,
and a performance evaluation
51
in which employer measures

the performance of the outside
rescue service during a prac-
tice rescue.
6) In-house rescue teams should

also be familiar with:
 Horizontal rescue tech-

niques requiring slide
boards, backboards or the
use of wristlet or anklets.
 Non-entry rescue tech-

niques and set-up. Also,
when entering the space
for entrant packaging, it is
necessary to prevent any
further injury, so practice
with equipment is essen-
tial.
7) Persons selected for the

rescue team must also be
proficient in the type of rescue
to be conducted such as the
following (question team mem-
bers if applicable):
 High angle rescue issues

and special equipment and
training needed to retrieve
entrants from a water tow-
er, ventilation ductwork, a
bag house or elevated
tower. Ask how they would
accomplish that special
rescue, and if they require
special equipment.
 Horizontal rescue, which

may require a slide board,
sheets of pliable plastic,
wristlets or anklets such as
rescue from an oven, hori-
zontal pipeline or abrasive
blast tunnel. Question how
they would package the
victim and get them medi-
cal attention as soon as
possible.
52
8) Practice rescuing mannequins

in types of spaces that may
require actual rescue to ensure
proficiency. The outcome may
surprise you.
15.6.2 Rescue Team Training. Persons E15.6.2 To ensure the in-house rescue
selected for the in-house rescue team must team is proficient at rescuing from permit
receive training as an authorized entrant spaces, the employer must make all the
and be proficient in the following areas: spaces available to the team so they can
plan their strategies. They must practice
1) Rescuers will have access to rescuing from a permit space or a
the permit space to be entered, representative space at least once every 12
and practice at least once months. They are not required to practice in
every 12 months. each and every permit space at the facility.
2) Rescue team is equipped for,

and proficient in, provided
rescue equipment i.e. harness-
ses, lifelines, tripod or davit
arm, rope and pulley or
mechanical winch, stokes
stretcher or back board, basic
first aid and CPR procedures,
and at least one member is
currently certified.
3) If the rescue is a non-entry

rescue, the rescue person
(usually the attendant) must
also be proficient in the
following:
 Facilitation of non-entry
rescue. The entrant shall
wear a full body harness
with a lifeline attached,
determined by the employer
would be best, with the
other end attached to an
anchor point outside or to a
mechanical winch, rope and
pulley.
 The retrieval equipment

whether tripod and
mechanical winch, rope and
pulley, davit arm or what-
ever is going to be used.
They need to know not to
53
attempt non-entry rescue if

the entrant is not in line of
site to ensure further injury
is not inflicted on the victim
being rescued. An excep-
tion to this is if another
entrant is communicating
with the attendant during
the rescue.
16. MEDICAL SUITABILITY E16. Work in confined spaces may

involve a variety of stressors which should
The physical and psychological suitability of be evaluated by a physician or other
persons to adequately perform required licensed health care professional (HCP)
duties of confined space work shall be against an essential job function based job
considered as needed prior to working in description specific to the confined space,
confined spaces. as appropriate.
Examples include, but are not limited to,

thermal extremes (hot or cold), vertigo,
claustrophobia, and physical and psycho-
logical stressors associated with specific
confined space environments.
Observation during field activities asso-

ciated with confined space work or training
may be useful in assessing candidates'
physical or psychological medical suitability
for this type work.
The confined space (entry team) employer

should make the final decision regarding
medical suitability after reviewing recom-
mendations and input after reviewing the
HCP’s recommendations and input.
17. CONTRACTORS
17.1 Hazard Appraisal. When an

employer contracts work that involves con-
fined space entry, the employer shall inform
the contractor about the confined space
including:
• The classification of the space

(e.g., permit or non-permit).
• Hazards and operations within

or near the space.
54
• The employer's experience with

the space.
• Any precautions or procedures

that the host employer had
implemented for the protection
of employees in or near the
confined space where contrac-
tor personnel will be working.
17.1.1 Employers shall evaluate potential E17.1.1 It should be noted that a variety of
contractors to ensure they have appropriate employer/contractor interface scenarios are
qualifications for the full scope of work to be possible. The employer may be on a scene
performed, including a confined space and physically controlling day-to-day
safety program meeting this standard. contractor operation; the contractor may be
working largely independently of employer
oversight; or some other interface may be in
place. The key factor is to ensure
responsibility/authority is clearly delineated
in the project contract to avoid confusion
and/or omission of elements key to safe
confined space entry operations.
17.2 Identification of Rescue Respon- E17.2 Pre-entry planning should be

der. The employer and contractor shall conducted between the contractor and the
establish who will serve as the rescue employer to establish who will be respon-
responder in an emergency and what sible to perform rescue and provide medical
system will be used to notify the responder services in the event of an emergency
that an emergency exists. situation. If the contractor expects to use the
employer's rescue capability, this should be
This does not preclude the contractor from agreed upon before the entry and the
performing their own hazard analysis and method of contacting the rescue responder
atmospheric verification. established.
17.3 Permit System. Contractors shall E17.3 Contractors may submit a copy of
ensure a permit confined space program is their permit entry program with the contrac-
being followed, meeting the requirements of ting entity, or agree by contract to follow the
this standard. If the confined space is a permit program of the contracting entity. The
permit space, entry is allowed only through contractor and host employer may arrange
compliance with a permit space program. for the contractor employees to adhere to
the host employer's permit space program
or to follow the contractor's program. If the
host employer's program will be used, the
contractor must be informed of the
program's requirements and be given a
copy of the completed permit for retention
and review purposes. Likewise, if the
contractor's program will be used, the
contractor must inform the host employer
of the requirements of the contractor's
program.
55
17.4 Coordination. When both employ-

er and contractor personnel will be working
in or near a permit space, the two parties
must coordinate their activities to ensure all
entry roles are complementary.
17.5 Ongoing Dialogue. The contractor

must inform the host employer immediately
of any hazards encountered or created
during the course of entry. A debriefing must
be held at the conclusion of the entry
operation concerning any additional hazards
or problems encountered and corrective
measures to be taken prior to future entry.
56
Appendix A
Logic Diagram for Confined Space Entry
Scope (Section 1)
Definitions (Section 2)
Identification of Hazards
(Section 3)
Evaluation of Hazards
(Section 3)
Permit
No Required? Yes
Non-Permit Confined Space Permit Required Confined

(Section 4) Space (Section 5)
Entry Requirements as Entry Requirements

Needed (Section 6 - 17) (Section 6 - 17)
Proceed With Entry
Periodically Re-evaluate
Hazards and Operations
Yes Activities or
Conditions
Change?
No
Complete Work
57
Appendix B
Standards and Other Referenced and Related Materials

on the Subject of Confined Spaces
United States Standards
Occupational Safety and Health Administration

29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards
29 CFR 1910.95, Occupational Noise Exposure
29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
29 CFR 1910.134, Respiratory Protection
29 CFR 1910.146, Permit-Required Confined Spaces
29 CFR 1910.147, The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout)
29 CFR 1910.252, Welding, Cutting and Brazing: General Requirements
29 CFR 1910.268, Telecommunications
29 CFR 1910.269, Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
29 CFR 1910.272, Grain Handling Facilities
29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances
29 CFR 1910.1025, Toxic and Hazardous Substances: Lead
29 CFR 1915, Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment
29 CFR 1915 Subpart B, Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres in
Shipyard Employment
29 CFR 1915.76, Scaffolds, Ladders and Other Working Surfaces: Access to Cargo Spaces and
Confined Spaces
29 CFR 1917, Marine Terminals
29 CFR 1918, Safety and Health Regulations for Longshoring
29 CFR 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction
29 CFR 1926.651, Excavations: Specific Excavation Requirements
58
29 CFR 1926.800, Tunnels and Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air:
Underground Construction
29 CFR 1926.1101, Toxic and Hazardous Substances: Asbestos
29 CFR 1926.1201-1213, Confined Spaces in Construction
U.S. Department of Transportation – Office of Pipeline Safety

49 CFR 192, Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline: Minimum Federal Safety
Standards
American National Standards Institute

ANSI/NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
ANSI/NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
ANSI/NFPA 86C, Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using a Special Processing Atmosphere
ANSI/NFPA 86D, Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using Vacuum as an Atmosphere
ANSI/NFPA 385, Flammable and Combustible Liquid Tank Vehicles
ANSI/API 2015, Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks, Planning and Managing
Tank Entry from Decommissioning Through Recommissioning
ANSI/API 2016, Guidelines and Procedures for Entering and Cleaning Petroleum Storage
Tanks
ANSI/ASSE A1264.1, Safety Requirements for Workplace Walking/Working Surfaces and Their
Access; Workplace Floor, Wall and Roof Openings; Stairs and Guardrail Systems
ANSI/ASME B16.5, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: NPS 1/2 through 24
ANSI/ASME B31.1, Power Piping
ANSI/ASSE Z9.2, Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust
Ventilation Systems
ANSI/ASSE Z9.9, Portable Ventilation Systems
ANSI/AWS Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes
ANSI/ISEA Z87.1, Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protective Devices
ANSI/ASSE Z88.2, Practices for Respiratory Protection
ANSI/ISEA Z89.1, Industrial Head Protection
ANSI/ASSE Z244.1, Control of Hazardous Energy - Lockout/Tagout and Alternative Methods
59
ANSI/ASSE Z359, Fall Protection Code
ANSI/ASSE Z359.0, Definitions and Nomenclature Used for Fall Protection and Fall Arrest
ANSI/ASSE Z359.1, Safety Requirements for Personal Fall Arrest Systems, Subsystems and
Components
ANSI/ASSE Z359.2, Minimum Requirements for a Comprehensive Managed Fall Protection

Program
ANSI/ASSE Z359.3, Safety Requirements for Positioning and Travel Restraint Systems
ANSI/ASSE Z359.4, Safety Requirements for Assisted-Rescue and Self-Rescue Systems,

Subsystems and Components
ANSI/ASSE Z490.1, Accepted Practices for Safety, Health, and Environmental Training
ANSI/NEMA Z535 Series, Safety Signs and Colors
American Petroleum Institute

API RP 1141, Guidelines for Confined Space Entry on Board Tank Ships in the Petroleum
Industry
API 2026, Safe Access/Egress Involving Floating Roofs of Storage Tanks in Petroleum Service
API 2207, Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work
API 2217A, Guidelines for Work in Inert Confined Spaces in the Petroleum Industry
American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME B31.3, Process Piping
American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM D4276-02, Standard Practice for Confined Area Entry
ASTM F13, Pedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear
ASTM F1764-97, Standard Guide for Selection of Hardline Communication Systems for
Confined Space Rescue
ASTM F2413-11, Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective (Safety)
Toe Cap Footwear
National Fire Protection Association Standards

NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work
NFPA 86. Standard for Ovens and Furnaces
60
NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and
Noncombustible Particulate Solids
NFPA 306, Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels
NFPA 326, Standard for the Safeguarding of Tanks and Containers for Entry, Cleaning, or
Repair
NFPA 329, Recommended Practice for Handling Releases of Flammable and Combustible
Liquids and Gases
NFPA 385, Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids
NFPA 1006, Standard for Technical Rescuer Professional Qualifications
NFPA 1670, Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents
NFPA 1852, Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Open-Circuit Self-Contained

Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
NFPA 1951, Standard on Protective Ensembles for Technical Rescue Incidents
NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for

Emergency Services
NFPA 1983, Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services
NFPA 1991, Standard on Vapor-Protective Ensembles for Hazardous Materials Emergencies
NFPA 1992, Standard on Liquid Splash-Protective Ensembles and Clothing for Hazardous
Materials Emergencies
NFPA 1994, Standard on Protective Ensembles for First Responders to CBRN Terrorism
Incidents
International Standards and Publications

Australian Standard 2865, Safe Working in a Confined Space
S.I. No. 218, Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Confined Spaces) Regulations, Irish Statutory
Instruments
Statutory Instrument 1997 No. 1713, The Confined Spaces Regulations, United Kingdom Health
and Safety Executive
Safe Work in Confined Spaces: Confined Spaces Regulations: Approved Code of Practice,
Regulations and Guidance, United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive
61
Related Books and Publications
TLVs® and BEIs®, American Congress of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2009
Krug, Terry W. and Rose, Vernon E., Confined Space Entry an AIHA Protocol Guide. American
Industrial Hygiene Association, 1995
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPA) and Workplace Environmental Exposure

Level (WEEL) Handbook. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2008
Chambers, Gary (Editor). Confined Space Entry: An AIHA Protocol Guide. American Industrial
Hygiene Association, 2001
Chelton, C.F. (Editor). Manual of Recommended Practice for Combustible Gas Indicators and
Portable Direct-Reading Hydrocarbon Detectors. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1993
Cohen, Beverly S. Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., 2001
DHHA (NIOSH), Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health, 2007
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 80-106, Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Working in
Confined Spaces. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1979.
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 86-110, Alert: Request for Assistance in Preventing
Occupational Fatalities in Confined Spaces. National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, 1986
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-103, Worker Deaths in Confined Spaces: A Summary of
NIOSH Surveillance and Investigative Findings. National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, 1994
DiNardi, Salvatore R. (Editor). The Occupational Environment: Its Evaluation, Control, and
Management. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2003
Finkel, Martin H. Guidelines for Hot Work in Confined Spaces: Recommended Practices for
Industrial Hygienists and Safety Professionals. American Society of Safety Engineers, 2000
Grund, Edward V. Lockout/Tagout: The Process of Controlling Hazardous Energy. National

Safety Council, 1995
Harris, Michael K., Lindsay E. Booher and Stephanie Carter. Field Guidelines for Temporary
Ventilation of Confined Spaces. American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1996
Kelley, Stephen. Lockout/Tagout: A Practical Approach. American Society of Safety Engineers,

2001
Lack, Richard W. (Editor). The Dictionary of Terms Used in the Safety Profession. American
Society of Safety Engineers, 2001
62
Maslansky, Carol J. and Steven P. Maslansky. Air Monitoring Instrumentation: A Manual for
Emergency, Investigatory, and Remedial Responders. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993
McManus, Neil. Safety and Health in Confined Spaces. NorthWest Occupational Health and
Safety, a division of Training by Design, Inc. Lewis Publishers an imprint of CRC Press, 1999
Ness, Shirley A. Air Monitoring for Toxic Exposures an Integrated Approach. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1991
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Certified Equipment List.
Available as an online search at http://www2a.cdc.gov/drds/cel/cel_form_code.asp
Selected Occupational Fatalities Related to Fire and/or Explosion in Confined Work Spaces as
Found in OSHA Fatality/Catastrophe Investigations. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (U.S. DOL/OSHA), 1982
Perper, Janet B. Direct-Reading Colorimetric Indicator Tubes Manual. American Industrial

Hygiene Association, 1993
Rekus, John F. Complete Confined Spaces Handbook. Lewis Publishers an imprint of CRC
Press, 1994
Roop, Michael, Thomas Vines and Richard Wright. Confined Space and Structural Rope
Rescue (Lifeline). Mosby, Inc., 1998
Schroll, R. Craig. Confined Space Safety & Rescue. FIRECON, 1990
Spellman, Frank R. Confined Space Entry: Guide to Compliance. CRC Press, 1998
Spencer, Amy Beasley and Guy R. Colonna. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials.
National Fire Protection Association, 2001
63
Appendix C
Examples of
Confined Space Surveys and Permits
Committee Note: These examples are included in the appendices to provide readers with an
example of some survey and permit forms used in business and industry. It is not meant to
constitute in any way that these are the only forms to use, nor do these appendices specify any
specific format or model to follow.
The information and materials contained in this appendix have been developed from
sources believed to be reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers
(ASSE) as secretariat of the ANSI accredited Z117 Committee or individual committee
members accept no legal responsibility for the correctness or completeness of this
material or its application to specific factual situations. By publication of this appendix
material, ASSE or the Z117 Committee does not ensure that adherence to these
recommendations will protect the safety or health of any persons or preserve property.
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
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76
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an authorized representative of ASSP and you. If any provision of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable for any
reason, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable, and such decision shall not
affect the enforceability (i) of such provision under other circumstances, or (ii) of the remaining provisions hereof under
all circumstances. Headings shall not be considered in interpreting the Agreement.
8. EXPORT: You may not load or export or re-export any of the Product or any underlying information or technology
except in full compliance with all United States and other applicable laws and regulations.
BY ACCESSING THE PRODUCT, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE READ THE TERMS OF
THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY ITS TERMS.
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ANSI/ASSP Z117.

American National Standard

Safety Requirements for

American Society of Safety Engineers

Approved August 4, 2016

Effective January 1, 2017

American National Standards Institute, Inc.

Caution Notice: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn

Published October 2016 by:

American Society of Safety Engineers

Copyright ©2016 by American Society of Safety Engineers

No part of this publication may be reproduced

Printed in the United States of America

• modify or correct the deficiencies when possible; or

• employ alternate means to accomplish the work without exposing personnel; or

Terry Krug, CIH, CSP, Chair

Organization Represented Name of Representative

Aluminum Association Mark Eliopulos

OBSERVERS (non-voting organizations):

National Fire Protection Association Guy R. Colonna, P.E.

Appendix A Logic Diagram for Confined Space Entry ............................. 57

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z117.1

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION

1.2 Exceptions. This standard does

1.3 Purpose. The purpose of this E1.3 This standard is a performance

1.4 Application. This standard is

2.1 Atmospheric Tester. A qualified

2.2 Attendant. Person assigned to

2.3 Biological Hazards. Microbial E2.3 Microorganisms may cause toxic

2.4 Blinding/Blanking. Inserting a E2.4 A blank is designed as a flat plate

2.5 Confined Space. Enclosed area E2.5 Examples of confined spaces

2.7 Emergency. Any occurrence

2.8 Engulfment. The surrounding and

2.9 Entrant. A person authorized by

2.10 Entry. Ingress by persons into a

2.11 Entry Supervisor (Entry Leader).

2.12 Evacuation. An unaided emergen- E2.12 This is referred to in OSHA 29

2.14 Hazardous Atmosphere. An

2.15 Horizontal Rescue. Methodology

of the space’s floor or other horizontal level

2.17 Isolation. A process of physically E2.17 Disconnecting and separating

2.19 Lockout/Tagout. The placement E2.19 For more information regarding

of both.) 29 CFR 1910.147.

2.20 Non-Permit Confined Space

19.4%-16% Increasing pulse rate, tiredness

2.22 Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere. E2.22 Oxygen enriched atmospheres

2.23 Permissible Exposure Limit E2.23 OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z,

2.24 Permit Required Confined Space

requires written authorization for entry.

2.26 Qualified Person A person, who

2.27 Rescue. Assistance in exiting the

2.28 Rescue Service. A team of

2.29 Serious Hazards. Conditions

2.30 Shall. Denotes a mandatory

2.31 Should. A recommendation that is

2.32 Threshold Limit Value (TLV®). A

2.33 Toxic Atmosphere. An atmos- E2.33 Resources to assist in determining

known acceptable levels. current editions of:

The American Conference of Governmental