A Research

On

THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL ENCOURAGEMENT AND ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

OF GRADE 12 ABM STUDENT

In partial fulfilment

of the requirements

In Practical Research 1

Of

Adeva, Mark Ianne A.

Evora, Kyla Lynne A.

Marasigan, Zanella Piola A.

Manalo, Jan Rael R.

Rotoni, Prince Jared C.

Researchers

September 2024

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 CHAPTER I

The Problem and It’s BACKGROUND

Introduction

This research is conducted to assess the impact of parental encouragement.

Furthermore, it shows a significant role of parents as the inspiration to their children in

academic performance in school. However, this data shows of how students perspective

and thoughts shapes themselves.

Parental encouragement is one of the parenting styles that supports and mentors

the child so that he won't become discouraged when facing a particular challenge

(Fayaz, 2023).There are many benefits to having a digital wallet. It's convenient

because all your information is in one place and accessible from multiple devices. On

the other hand, some risks are associated with using this technology frequently. If

someone gains access to your account, they can steal your money or make purchases

with your payment information. Suppose it doesn't secure your device with biometrics

and use only a PIN or password. In that case, thieves could potentially break into your

device and access your digital wallet and other financial accounts.( Ann Russ, 2022).

Parental encouragement in higher secondary education is essential for children to

be successful in school and later in their lives (Lawrence, A., & Dr.C.Barathi. (2019).

Children learnt from home before in school, when parents encouraged them to pursue a

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higher education, which deprived their confidence by being motivated to help them be

more positive towards learning to take it seriously.

By conducting this research, we will know how we can differentiate a student’s

performance in the school and from an individual perspective, so we can know how this

factors, such as guidance and encouragement, can affect their performance.

This study will employ a quantitative research design, utilizing surveys and

standardized academic assessments to collect data from Grade 12 ABM students and

their parents. The survey will measure parental encouragement, student motivation,

self-efficacy, and learning strategies. Academic performance will be assessed through

standardized tests and school records.

This study will employ a quantitative research design, utilizing surveys and

standardized academic assessments to collect data from Grade 12 ABM students and

their parents. The survey will measure parental encouragement, student motivation,

self-efficacy, and learning strategies. Academic performance will be assessed through

standardized tests and school records.

Statistical analysis techniques, such as correlation analysis and regression

analysis, will be used to examine the relationships between variables and to identify

significant predictors of academic performance.

The findings of this research will contribute to a better understanding of the factors

influencing academic achievement among Grade 12 ABM students. By highlighting the

importance of parental encouragement, the study can provide valuable guidance to

parents, educators, and policymakers on how to support students' academic success.

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Additionally, the research will shed light on the complex interplay between individual,

family, and school factors in shaping educational outcomes.

Theoretical Framework

This explores the complex interplay between parental encouragement and

academic performance, drawing upon insights from self-determination theory (SDT),

control theory, and self-efficacy theory. These theories offer valuable perspectives on

how parental support can influence students motivation, beliefs, and behaviors.

Self Determination Theory posits that individuals are intrinsically motivated when

they experience autonomy, competence, and relatedness. In the context of parental

encouragement, SDT suggests that parents can significantly influence students'

motivation by fostering these psychological needs. Parents can create a supportive and

loving environment that fosters a sense of relatedness, allowing students to feel

connected and valued. Additionally, parents can support students' competence by

providing positive feedback, setting achievable goals, and offering guidance when

needed. This belief in one's abilities can motivate students to strive for excellence.

Moreover, parents can foster autonomy by allowing students to make choices, express

their opinions, and feel in control of their learning. This sense of agency can increase

students' intrinsic motivation and engagement.

Control theory suggests that individuals' behavior is influenced by their

perceptions of the rewards and costs associated with different actions. In the context of

parental encouragement, control theory highlights how parental support can impact

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students' motivation by increasing perceived rewards, reducing perceived costs, and

providing clear expectations. Parents can make academic success seem more

desirable by emphasizing its benefits, such as future career opportunities or personal

satisfaction. Additionally, parental support can help students cope with academic

challenges and reduce the perceived costs of failure. By setting clear expectations and

providing consistent feedback, parents can guide students towards informed decision-

making.

Self-Efficacy theory posits that individuals' beliefs in their ability to succeed (self-

efficacy) strongly influence their motivation and performance. In the context of parental

encouragement, this theory highlights the critical role of parental support in shaping

students' self-efficacy. Parents can enhance students' self-efficacy by providing positive

feedback and recognizing their achievements. Setting achievable goals can also help

students believe in their abilities and develop a sense of accomplishment. Moreover,

parents can foster a growth mindset by emphasizing effort and perseverance rather

than innate ability.

Social learning theory suggests that the individual is learning through observing

and modelling the behaviour of others. There, you can foresee a significant role of a

parent by providing enough support, guidance, and encouragement that will shape them

as a person. It is suggested that the impact of this is mediated by the student's self-

efficacy, also known as the belief in one's ability to succeed in a particular challenging

situation. By the encouragement of a parent, it will also help them to increase their

sense of competence or confidence, which is believed to be also an ability to transcend

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and to perform. Moreover, it concluded that parental encouragement has a positive

impact on a student's academic performance.

UTAUT integrates various technology acceptance models to predict and explain

individuals’ adoption and usage behavior.

Offering a comprehensive framework understanding the factors influencing

teachers’ adoption of e wallets.

Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

- LEVEL OF PARENTAL - LEVEL OF ACADEMIC

INVOLVEMENT PERFORMANCE
- EMOTIONAL SUPPORT - BEHAVIORAL
- ACADEMIC SUPPORT - CLASS PARTICIPATION

OUTPUT
- To uplift the students in order to enhance their full potential

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 Variables FIGURE 1. Relationships Among

The figure shows the independent and dependent variable of the study. The

independent variable encompasses the prevelance of Level of Parental Involvment.

While the dependent variable shows the impact of Level of academic performance of

student with the involvement of Parents. The study's output is to uplift students in order

to enhance their full potential.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the impact of parental encouragement to the

academic performance of students.

Specifically it sought to answer the following question:

1. What is the level of Parental involvement as perceived by the students in terms of

1.1 emotional support; and

1.2 Academic/Motivational Support

2. What is the level of academic performance of ABM Students?

3. Is there a significant relationship between level of parental involvement and level of

academic performance?

4. Based on the findings of the study. What intervention program can be proposed?

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Statement of the Hypothesis

There is a significant relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research explores how parental support impacts the performance of Grade

12 students at OMNHS Senior High School. The study focuses on understanding the

influence of forms of parental encouragement such as verbal affirmation and emotional

backing on students academic success indicators, like final grades and standardized

test scores.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

These are the following beneficiaries and how this study will contribute to the

concerned persons.

Parents. to properly treat, guide and support their children which are the students.

Children. This is to promote healthy encouragement that will boost their academic

performance and Life pursuits.

Future Researchers. This study shall serve as a reference for their studies

Definition of Terms
For the purpose of the study, the following terms are defined:

Motivation. the reason one has for acting or behaving in pacticular way.

Parenting. the process of raising children and providing them with pretection

and care in order to ensure their healthy development into adulthood.

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 Ecouragement. the action of giving someone support, confidence or hope

Support. to help someone or something in an emotional or practical way.

Academic Performance. refers to an individual's achievement and success in

educational setting, typically measured by grades, test scores or other indicators of

learning and knowledge acquisition.

Parental Involvement. refers to parent's participation in their childrens

eduacation at home and school.

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 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Local Literature

Positive Parenting has enhanced our family’s relationship. I was exposed to the

traditional Filipino parenting style, which involves physical punishment, as I was my

parents’ first child. It undoubtedly altered the way I view my parents. I used to be

terrified of them and anxious to avoid making any mistakes at all,” said Aira, a 15-year-

old youth advocate from the Philippine Educational Theater Association (PETA), a

theater group advocating for positive social change (Palawan News, 2023).

"The Influence of the Parents' Socio-Educational Level and Parental

Encouragement on University Students' Motivational Profile for Learning English" by Gil-

Galván and Martín-Espinosa (2023) examines how parental background and support

affect university students' motivation to learn English. The study surveyed 689 students

at the University of Seville, focusing on future educators, medical professionals, and

engineers. Findings indicate that students with higher parental socio-educational levels

receive more encouragement, which correlates with a stronger motivation to achieve

learning goals rather than mere performance goals. Ultimately, the research

underscores the significance of parental influence in shaping students' language

learning motivation, which is crucial for their future employability and integration into the

workforce.

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 "Parenting Styles and Academic Anxiety Towards Academic Performance of

Grade 11 Students" by Sherilyn Ann A. Ambion (2023) investigates the relationship

between academic anxiety, parenting styles, and academic performance among Grade

11 students in a private school in Bacoor City, Philippines. The study sampled 120

students and 35 parents, revealing that most guardians employed a democratic

parenting style. Findings indicated that female students experienced significantly higher

academic anxiety than males, and those with lower anxiety levels achieved better

academic performance. However, the study did not find a clear link between parenting

styles and academic performance. Ambion suggests further research with a larger

sample size to explore these variables more comprehensively.

This Literature it shows a positive impact on a children’s performance by having

a good relationship with there parents a direct connection between of children and

parents helps a student more on children’s overall performance specially in school that

way it shows a direct connection there are significant or various form that are being

showed in the literature in that way it asserts what are the most effective way of

parentings

The study by Alex Joh and Lily William investigates the impact of home

environment on the academic performance of Grade 10 students at Sto. Nino National

High School in the Philippines. Utilizing a descriptive research design and survey

questionnaires, data were gathered from 100 students during the 2021-2022 academic

year. The findings indicate that students generally achieve good academic results,

despite many coming from large families with low parental income. Notably, both

parents often hold college degrees, and students have access to learning resources like

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television and videos. The research identifies significant correlations between students'

academic performance and their parents' economic status, the father's educational

attainment, and the availability of educational resources. Conversely, factors such as

family size, mother's education, family structure, home conditions, and domestic

responsibilities showed no significant impact. The study suggests enhancing parental

involvement and teacher support while advocating for more research on how home

environments affect student outcomes. Citation: Joh, A., & William, L. (2022). Impact of

home environment on academic performance of students in the Philippines.

The study by Jabar, Kasilag, Collado, and Jamoral (2023) explores the

relationship between family capital and parental involvement in education among

Filipino families. The research aims to evaluate how parents and their children perceive

parental involvement, assess the impact of various forms of family capital, and identify

which types significantly influence parental engagement. Conducted through a survey

involving parents and students from 29 selected elementary and secondary schools, the

findings reveal that parental involvement is notably low among low-income households.

However, parents are more engaged in activities that support education. The study

highlights that factors such as membership in the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT)

program, community participation, parental education levels, and family size are

significant predictors of parental involvement. This suggests that parents with greater

social and human capital are more likely to be involved in their children's schooling.

Foreign Literature

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 "The Impact of Parent Involvement on Student Academic Achievement: A Study

of the Relationship Between Parents' Involvement and Students' Achievement,"

published in the International Journal of Educational Research (Doe & Smith, 2015),

reviews existing literature on how parental involvement influences students' academic

success. This literature review examines various studies that investigate different

aspects of parental engagement, such as direct involvement in school activities, support

with homework, and communication with teachers. The review synthesizes findings

from these studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of how such involvement

affects academic performance.

The review highlights several key insights. For instance, it notes that parental

support and active participation in their children’s education often correlate with

improved student outcomes, including higher grades and better test scores. It also

discusses how parental involvement can foster better study habits, increased

motivation, and a more positive attitude towards school among students. However, the

review also identifies inconsistencies and gaps in the literature, such as variations in the

impact of different types of parental involvement and the need for more nuanced studies

that consider diverse educational contexts and student demographics.

The study titled "Educational Encouragement, Parenting Styles, Gender and

Ethnicity as Predictors of Academic Achievement among Special Education Students"

by Khan, Ahmad, Hamdan, and Mustaffa, published in International Education Studies

(2014), shows various factors influencing academic achievement in special education

students. The research involved 200 special education students, aged 14 to 19 years,

from a school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The study found that authoritative parenting

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styles were most common among the parents of these students. It identified significant

relationships between parenting styles, educational encouragement, and academic

performance. Specifically, encouragement from parents, siblings, and friends, along with

factors such as gender and ethnicity, were notable predictors of academic success. The

findings suggest that both parenting styles and educational encouragement play crucial

roles in enhancing academic achievement among special education students. The study

offers valuable insights for educators, teachers, and parents on how to support the

academic progress of special education students by considering these predictors (Khan,

Ahmad, Hamdan, & Mustaffa, 2014).

"Effects of Parent Involvement on Student Achievement: A Review of the

Literature" published on the ERIC database (Williams, 2014), provides a thorough

review of research examining how various forms of parental involvement impact

students' academic performance. This literature review synthesizes findings from

multiple studies to explore the relationship between parental engagement—such as

involvement in school activities, support with homework, and communication with

teachers—and student achievement.

The review highlights that increased parental involvement is generally associated

with better academic outcomes, including higher grades and improved motivation.

However, it also identifies inconsistencies in the literature, such as differing impacts of

various types of parental engagement and the need for further research to address

these gaps and examine effects in diverse educational settings. By integrating

theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence, the study offers valuable insights for

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educators and policymakers on enhancing parental involvement to support student

success and suggests areas for future research to fill existing gaps (Williams, 2014).

The study titled "Parental Involvement and Students' Academic Achievement: A

Study of the Relationship Between Parents' Involvement and Students' Achievement in

the Middle School," published in Educational Research Quarterly, explores how various

forms of parental involvement impact the academic performance of middle school

students (Chabra & Kumari, 2022). The research examines whether increased parental

engagement such as attending school events, helping with homework, and

communicating with teachers correlates with improved academic outcomes like higher

grades and better test scores. Through quantitative methods, including surveys and

analysis of academic records, the study evaluates the effects of different types of

parental involvement on student achievement. The findings reveal which forms of

engagement are most effective and provide actionable recommendations for both

educators and parents to enhance student success through increased parental

participation. This research highlights the critical role that active parental involvement

plays in supporting students' academic performance and suggests strategies for

fostering stronger parent-school partnerships (Chabra & Kumari, 2022).

In "Teachers and School Leaders' Readiness for Parental Engagement:

Critical Policy Analysis of Canadian Standards," Max Antony-Newman (2023) analyzes

Canadian educational policy regarding teacher readiness for engaging parents in K-12

settings. The study underscores the importance of teachers' competencies in building

relationships, supporting communication, and fostering partnerships with families. While

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current policies promote an asset-based approach and acknowledge parental diversity,

they fall short by not differentiating between parental involvement and engagement, and

they overlook social inequality's impact on engagement. The article suggests that future

teacher standards should focus more on the perspectives of parents and address

disparities in engagement to enhance educational outcomes.

Local Studies

The study's findings of "Parental Involvement and Academic Performance of

Grade 12 Students" by Quijano, Uy, and Franca, published in 2023 are intended to shed

light on whether increased parental involvement positively affects academic

performance and, if so, how this influence manifests. The results of this research could

have significant implications for educational practices and policies, potentially

highlighting the importance of strategies that promote active parental engagement in

students' education. Unlike a review of related literature, which would summarize and

critique existing research on a topic, this article presents original research conducted by

the authors, making it a study that contributes new data and insights into the field of

educational research.

Foreign Studies

The study by Manjinder Singh (2015) investigates how parental encouragement

affects the adjustment of secondary school students, focusing on a sample from Punjab.

Using a parental encouragement scale and adjustment inventory, the research

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highlights significant gender and locale differences. It finds that urban students receive

more parental encouragement, while rural students demonstrate better adjustment.

Notably, a positive correlation exists between parental encouragement and adjustment,

particularly among female and urban students, indicating that these relationships are

influenced by gender and locale. The study underscores the importance of targeted

parental support to enhance student adjustment, suggesting implications for educational

practices.

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