NANURI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Taguanao, Indahag, CDO, Philippines, 9000

READING 7B
Long test I

English Name: _____________________ Date:

Korean Name: _____________________ Score:

Directions: Read the following passage then answer the questions that follows.

Questions 1-10 refer to the following passage

The term "folk song" has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a good
deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definition provided by the International
Folk Music Council states that folk music is the music of ordinary people, which is passed on
from person to person by being listened to rather than learned from the printed page. Other
factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many performances over a number of
years); variation (changes in words and melodies either through artistic interpretation or failure
of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a song by the community in which it evolves).

When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usually impossible
to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a-couple of
friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves one
of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while" the other,
perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and improve a couple of
lines of text. If this happened a few times there would be many different versions, the song's
original composer would be forgotten, and the song would become common property. This
constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk music. Consequently, modem popular
songs and other published music, even though widely sung by people who are not professional
musicians, are not considered folk music. The music and words have been set by a printed or
recorded source, limiting scope for further artistic creation. These songs' origins cannot be
disguised and therefore they belong primarily to the composer and not to a community.

The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated rural community. In such
a setting folk songs and dances have a special purpose at every stage in a person's life, from
childhood to death. Epic tales of heroic deeds, seasonal songs relating to calendar events, and
occupational songs are also likely to be sung.

1. The passage mainly discusses how heat ______.

(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth’s atmosphere
(B) is transported by ocean currents
(C) can be measured and analyzed by scientists
(D) moves about the Earth’s equator

2. The word “convert” line 5 is closest in meaning to _____.

(A) mix (B) change (C) adapt (D) reduce

3. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth’s polar regions in which of the
following ways?

(A) The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere

(B) The amount of heat they receive from the Sun
 (C) The strength of their large-scale winds.
(D) The strength of their oceanic currents

4. Why did the author mention “the stove” in line 10?

(A) To describe the heat of the Sun (B) To illustrate how water vapor is stored
(C) To show how energy is stored (D) To give an example of a heat source

5. According to the passage, most ocean water evaporation occurs especially _____.

(A) around the higher latitudes (B) in the tropics

(C) because of large-scale winds (D) because of strong ocean currents

6. According to the passage, 30 percent of the Sun’s incoming energy _____.

(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes

(B) is transported by ocean currents
(C) never leaves the upper atmosphere
(D) gets stored as latent heat

7. The word “it” in line 17 refers to ______.

(A) square meter (B) the Sun’s energy

(C) latent heat (D) the atmosphere

8. The word “primarily” in line 17 is closest in meaning to ______.

(A) chiefly (B) originally (C) basically (D) clearly

9. The word “prevailing” in line 18 is closest in meaning to _____.

(A) essential (B) dominant (C) circular (D) closest

10. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT _____.

(A) low latitudes (line1) (B) latent heat (line 4)

(C) evaporate (line 6) (D) atmosphere (line11)

Questions 11-20 refer to the following passage

Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the
same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the
species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called "social hormones,"
affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones
are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method).
Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others
produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of
the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.

Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways.

Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can
be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a
very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or
visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the
stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication
by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may convey different meanings and
consequently result in different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their
concentration or when presented in combination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via
the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species,
such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is
difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the
technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing these pheromones.

Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm
substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes,
mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste
determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen
substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to
predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm
pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.

11. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate

(B) How pheromones are produced by insects
(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult
(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species

12. The word "serve" in line I is closest in meaning to _____.

(A) improve (B) function (C) begin (D) rely

13. The purpose of the second mention of "hormones" in line 4 is to point out ______.

(A) chemical signals that are common among insects

(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals
(C) similarities between two chemical substances
(D) how insects produce different chemical substances

14. The word "sole" in line 5 is closest in meaning to ______.

(A) obvious (B) best (C) only (D) final

15. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through pheromones
occurs is dependent on how quickly they ______.

(A) lose their effectiveness (B) evaporate in the air

(C) travel through the air (D) are produced by the body

16. According to the passage, the meaning of a message communicated through a

pheromone may vary when the _______.

(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed

(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted
(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone
(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms

17. The word "detecting" in line 21 is closest in meaning to ______.

(A) controlling (B) storing (C) questioning (D) finding

18. According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of pheromones
difficult?

(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.

(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.
(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.
(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.

19. The word "sedentary" in line 27 is closest in meaning to ______.

 (A) inactive (B) inefficient (C) unchangeable (D) unbalanced

20. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that ______.

(A) also communicate using sight and sound

(B) live underground
(C) prey on other insects
(D) live in organized groups

Questions 21-30 refer to the following passage

Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is
supplemented with seeds and fruits. Not long after the last Ice Age, around 7,000 B.C. (during
the Neolithic period), some hunters and gatherers began to rely chiefly on agriculture for their
sustenance. Others continued the old pastoral and nomadic ways. Indeed, agriculture itself
evolved over the course of time, and Neolithic peoples had long known how to grow crops. The
real transformation of human life occurred when huge numbers of people began to rely
primarily and permanently on the grain they grew and the animals they domesticated.
Agriculture made possible a more stable and secure life. With it Neolithic peoples flourished,
fashioning an energetic, creative era. They were responsible for many fundamental inventions
and innovations that the modern world takes for granted. First, obviously, is systematic
agriculture---that is, the reliance of Neolithic peoples on agriculture as their primary, not merely
subsidiary, source of food.

Thus they developed the primary economic activity of the entire ancient world and the
basis of all modern life. With the settled routine of Neolithic farmers came the evolution of
towns and eventually cities. Neolithic farmers usually raised more food than they could
consume, and their surpluses permitted larger, healthier populations. Population growth in turn
created an even greater reliance on settled farming, as only systematic agriculture could sustain
the increased numbers of people. Since surpluses o food could also be bartered for other
commodities, the
Neolithic era witnessed the beginnings of large-scale exchange of goods. In time the increasing
complexity of Neolithic societies led to the development of writing, prompted by the need to
keep records and later by the urge to chronicle experiences, learning, and beliefs.

The transition to settled life also had a profound impact on the family. The shared needs
and pressures that encourage extended-family ties are less prominent in settled than in
nomadic societies. Bonds to the extended family weakened. In towns and cities, the nuclear
family was more dependent on its immediate neighbors than on kinfolk.

21. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Why many human societies are dependent on agriculture

(B) the changes agriculture brought to human life
(C) How Neolithic peoples discovered agriculture
(D) Why the first agricultural societies failed

22. The word "precarious" in line 1 is closest in meaning to _____.

(A) uncertain (B) humble (C) worthy (D) unusual

23. The author mentions "seeds and fruits" in line 2 as examples of _____.

(A) the first crops cultivated by early agricultural societies

(B) foods eaten by hunters and gatherers as a secondary food source
(C) types of food that hunters and gatherers lacked in their diets
(D) the most common foods cultivated by early agricultural societies
24. The word "settled" in line 13 is closest in meaning to _____.

(A) advanced (B) original (C) involved (D) stable

25. According to the passage, agricultural societies produced larger human

populations because agriculture ____.

(A) created more varieties of food

(B) created food surpluses
(C) resulted in increases in leisure time
(D) encouraged bartering

26. According to the passage, all of the following led to the development of writing
EXCEPT ___.

(A) the need to keep records

(B) the desire to write down beliefs
(C) the extraction of ink from plants
(D) the growth of social complexity

27. The word "chronicle" in line 20 is closest in meaning to _____.

(A) repeat (B) exchange (C) understand (D) describe

28. According to the passage, how did the shift to agricultural societies impact
people's family relationships?

(A) the extended family became less important.

(B) Immediate neighbors often became family members.
(C) the nuclear family became self-sufficient.
(D) Family members began to wok together to raise food.

29. The author mentions the following as results of the shift to agricultural societies
EXCEPT ___.

(A) an increase in invention and innovation

(B) emergence of towns and cities
(C) development of a system of trade
(D) a decrease in warfare

30. Which of the following is true about the human diet prior to the Neolithic period?

(A) It consisted mainly of agricultural products

(B) It varied according to family size.
(C) It was based on hunting and gathering.
(D) It was transformed when large numbers of people no longer depended on the
grain they grew themselves.